4 Utah 197 | Utah | 1885
It appears from the findings of the district court, that on the second day of October, 1882, the plaintiff entered
The court also found that plaintiffs were, at the time of the contract, the owners of the engine, boiler and saw mill described above, and another engine, boiler and saw mill, all described in the complaint, and that they were of the
The defendant insists that the terms and conditions of the contract manifest an intention to create a secret lien on the property, and should be construed to be a chattel mortgage, and invalid because not executed and recorded according to the Idaho statute. The plaintiff claims that the intention was, as shown by the contract, that plaintiff should retain the title unless payment should be made according to the terms of the notes,' and that the purchaser should have a right to the possession and use of the property until the seller should feel insecure, or until default in payments.
The intention of the parties, as expressed in the contract, evidently was to give to the purchaser the possession and use of the property until the seller should feel insecure
By this contract the vendor expressly retained the title to the property. This right cannot be likened to a lien. A lien is a claim which one person has on the property of another, as a security for some debt or charge: “it is not, in strictness, either a jus in re or a jus ad rem; that is, it is not a property in the thing itself, nor does it constitute a right of action for the thing; it more properly constitutes a charge upon the thing.” Nor can it be construed as a mortgage. A mortgage is made by the person having the property or title, to another for security: Herford v, Davis, 102 U. S., 235, cited by defendant’s counsel, was a sale of certain cars to a railway company in Missouri. The contract, in spme respects, is like the one in hand: in others, not: The parties to it characterized the transaction as a loan of cars for hire, when it clearly was not. The notes executed were all due within four months. This contract gave a much longer time. In that case, collateral security in bonds to a larger amount than the notes secured was taken, and in the receipt given the seller acknowledged that he received the bonds as collateral security for the notes given in payment for the property. In this no col-laterals were taken. And by the contract in the case cited the proceeds of the sale, in case they exceeded the notes, were to be paid to the purchaser. In this the vendor retained such surplus as damages. In the case cited, the court held that the contract passed the title to the purchaser; that it did not amount to a lease or a conditional sale, and that it was invalid as a mortgage: Hervey et al.
Russell & Co. were tbe owners of tbe property with respect to which this contention has arisen. They sold upon condition tbat they were to retain tbe title unless tbe consideration should be paid at tbe times agreed upon, and tbe possession was given to tbe purchaser. It differs from a contract in which tbe parties agree that tbe creditor shall take tbe title as security, tbe debtor retaining tbe possession. Tbe possession remains tbe same. Possession and its change involve actions and are accompanied with circumstances which do not attend tbe mere change of title and ownership without possession. Tbe presumption of ownership from former possession and title is added to tbe presumption from present possession, and therefore more likely to mislead persons wishing to deal with tbe vendee with respect to tbe property. The change of possession is more likely to be known to third parties than the mere change of .title. Nor is tbe contract now in question like one in which a stock of goods is sold to a merchant for retail, tbe seller retaining tbe title and giving possession to tbe purchaser. Retailing tbe goods is an indication of ownership in addition to tbat of possessing. Nor is this
Courts have sustained contracts belonging to each of these three classes. They have held that the purchaser of the debtor, as well as the debtor himself, is bound when the latter, by agreement, in good faith puts the title to his property in his creditor as security; and that the possession in the case named with the mere right to sell at retail cannot, as against his vendee, pass the title in any other way. That the right to consume in the case named gives no authority to dispose of by sale. That the right of the purchaser of the vendee, the consumer in such case, is subject to the right of the person holding the title according to the first contract.
The courts of Illinois and some other states, hold that conditional sales of the class involved in this case are invalid as against creditors and purchasers of the conditional vendee. The purpose of the rule is to prevent fraud. The argument against such sales is, that possession of personal property is evidence of ownership, and to intrust persons with that evidence without the title, gives them the means of defrauding and imposing upon others. This argument may also be made against loans, bailments and leases of personal property. But it has been uniformly held that the purchaser of the borrower, the bailee or lessee, takes subject to the rights of the vendor, or the bailor, or the lessor.
In considering this contract, we may refer to some general principles. Every p erson competent to contract is presumed to know that possession alone is not sufficient to confer title as against the owner, and if the! purchaser relies upon it without inquiry, he does it at his peril. The law construes contracts according to the intention of the parties, and allows them to contract with whomsoever, and upon whatever terms they may desire. A man should
In an early case in Massachusetts, Coggill v. Hartford & N. H. R. R. Co., 3 Gray, 545, Bigelow, J., said: “The vendee in such cases, having no right to the property, can pass none to others. He has only a bare right of possession, and those who claim under him, either as creditors or purchasers, can acquire no higher or better title; such is the necessary rule of carrying into effect the intention of the parties to a conditional sale and delivery: There is no good reason or equity in placing the burden of a fraudulent sale by a vendee in violation of the condition on which he received the property upon a bona fide vendor, rather than upon a bona, fide purchaser. On the contrary, if either is to lose by his fraudulent act, it should be the latter, who has dealt with a party having no authority, instead of the former, who relies upon a valid subsisting contract as the foundation of his claim. It is the duty of the purchaser to inquire and see that his vendor has a good title to the property which he undertakes to sell.”
From the terms and conditions of the contract between the plaintiff and Phelan & Ferguson, we' are of the opinion that their intention was that the title to the engines, boilers and saw mills, should not pass to the latter until the price agreed upon should be paid by them according to the notes given. And we hold that plaintiff’s title must prevail over the claim of the defendant. These conclusions, we think, are supported by reason, and stand upon principle. They appear to be in harmony with the weight of authority: Brown v. Haynes, 52 Maine, 578; Rogers v. Whitehouse, 71 Maine, 222; Kimball v. Jackson, 42 N. H., 242; Fish v. Ewen, 46 N. H., 173; Armington v. Houston, 38 Vt., 448; Coggill v. Hartford & N. H. R. R. Co., 3 Gray, 545; Burbank v. Crocker, 7 Gray, 158; Goodell v. Fairbrother, 12 R. I., 233; Cragin v. Coe, 29 Conn., 51; Heine v. Roberts, 48 Conn., 267; Ballard v. Burgett, 40 N. Y., 314; Cole v. Mann, 62 N. Y., 1;
Tlie judgment of tlxe district court is affirmed.