347 F.2d 813 | D.C. Cir. | 1965
Lead Opinion
This is an appeal at government expense from conviction for assault with a deadly weapon under 22 D.C. Code Ann. § 502 (1961) and assault with intent to kill under D.C. Code Ann. § 501 (1961).
In the early morning hours of a party, an altercation developed between the complaining witness and a woman guest. Appellant, who was a friend of the woman, left the room, returned promptly with a pistol and shot the complainant at least three times. Appellant then went to Precinct Station #1 and surrendered himself and the pistol at 6:00 a. m., saying that he had shot the victim but would tell them no more.
An officer testified to these admissions as follows:
“Well, he stated that the complainant had been in the front room of the house arguing with Joe and his wife. * * * And that he went in and told him to be quiet. Then he went back in the dining room and Taylor then came into the dining room and sat down and Lenora Miles, the complainant’s [sic] girl friend, came into the room and Taylor started to yell at her and slapped her a couple of times and knocked her down. He said he got up, went down in the basement and got a gun and came back and started shooting at him. He said that Taylor had taken a swing at him when he came back with the gun, but missed. And he didn’t recall how many times he fired the gun.”
Record, pp. 169-70.
Appellant took the stand in his own behalf and admitted the shooting, contending that he had acted in genuine fear for the bodily safety of his girl friend who was being attacked by the complainant. He testified that when he left the dining room to get the gun, the complainant was still struggling with the girl and holding her around the neck. On cross-examination, by way of impeachment, the prosecutor confronted appellant with a brief portion of a written statement which appellant admitted having signed.
In light of the continuous movement between the precinct station and the scene of the shooting and since the record indicates that no opportunity for sustained interrogation of appellant was present, we conclude that the police testimony as to the oral statements by appellant was admissible under the doctrine of spontaneous threshold admissions. See United States v. Mitchell, 322 U.S. 65, 64 S.Ct. 896, 88 L.Ed. 1140 (1944); Crump v. United States, No. 17939, 118 U.S. App.D.C. 302, 335 F.2d 724, p. 727 n. 3; Ramey v. United States, No. 17774, 118 U.S.App.D.C. 355, 336 F.2d 743.
The procedures and activities of a local police precinct station are not to be equated to the orderly, step by step development of a court trial or appellate argument, where each participant has an assigned role which is fitted into an established pattern. In a police station there are people coming and going; telephone calls can constantly interrupt officers engaged in other' activities. Calls, interruptions, reports of crimes, the arrival of witnesses, suspects, complainants do not occur in a regulated pattern as, for example, with clients calling at a lawyer’s office or patients waiting their turn to see a doctor; the parallel is more accurately the emergency receiving room of a general hospital.
Moreover, it is a fundamental error to assume that each police officer at all times knows all that other officers may know about any given case in its early stages. The situation existing at the time of the events under review is quite unlike that revealed in the record before us in full detail, which discloses that the totality of police information, now known to have been reliable, warranted presentment to a magistrate 15 or 20 minutes before the challenged statement was made. It is quite easy after the event— with the benefit of hindsight — to pinpoint the time when probable cause ripened and when police officers could have appropriately taken a suspect to a magistrate with reasonable assurance he would also find probable cause to hold an accused; but we are not prepared to say that such a brief delay, after appellant had already admitted the shooting, is fatal to any use of later utterances which simply elaborated on his original admission that he had shot someone. When we accept a threshold utterance of an accused who spontaneously and promptly tells police that he “shot a man,” it places too much stress on common sense to say that we should exclude
We have examined the record in light of appellant’s contentions on the issues relating to instructions on self-defense and criminal responsibility, comments of the trial judge, and denial of a speedy trial and find no error warranting reversal. Additionally, we have considered appellant’s claim that he was entitled to a mental examination by experts of his own choice at government expense, rather than being limited to members of the Staff of St. Elizabeths Hospital. There is no absolute right to examination by an expert of the accused’s choice and in the circumstances of this case we find no abuse of discretion in denying such a request. Cf. Watson v. Cameron, 114 U.S.App.D.C. 151, 312 F.2d 878 (1962); Appel v. Overholser, 82 U.S.App.D.C. 379, 164 F.2d 511 (1947).
Affirmed.
. A stipulation of police officers’ testimony on this point was read to the jury:
“At 6 a.m. on December 15, 1962, Perry appeared at No. 1 Precinct and in the presence of Sergeant H. W. Collier and Lieutenant G. A. Marino, surrendered a gun and himself saying:
“ ‘You are looking for me, here is the gun.’ Lieutenant asked, ‘are you Russell Perry?’”
Record, p. 153.
. Did you not say, Mr. Perry (reading):
“Then I pulled Jerome back into the dining room and told him to go to bed and then Lenora came back to the dining room and Jerome then pulled away from me and grabbed Lenora around*815 the neck and she then pulled away from him and then he began to punch her in the face with his fists. I tried to separate them and he knocked Lenora to the floor and she struck her head on the dining room table. At this time, I lost control of my senses and I thought of the gun that was downstairs in the basement and I ran downstairs and got it. I then came back upstairs and started shooting at Jerome.”
Record, pp. 235-36.
This statement was not introduced in the Government’s case in chief: it was apparently taken by police officers between 7:05 and 8:30 a.m. that morning, after appellant had been booked. At bench conference the prosecuting attorney indicated that he would offer a portion of the statement for impeachment purposes only. Defense counsel offered no objection either at the bench or before the jury to the prosecutor’s use of the excerpt from the statement. In view of the lack of objection on this point, we cannot overlook the possibility that defense counsel determined as a matter of trial tactics to offer no objection, possibly because he felt that the statement was more corroborative than impeaching of appellant’s testimony. This would have been a reasonable tactical judgment on his part. We find no reversible error in the prosecutor’s limited use of the written statement in this case.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting) :
This case seems to me to present the following serious questions:
(1) Was the oral confession or the written confession obtained from appellant during a period of unnecessary delay in bringing appellant before a magistrate, under the requirements of Rule 5(a), and the decision in Mallory v. United States?
(2) Can appellant be deemed to have waived objection to the wrongful use of either confession at trial, and, if not,
(3) Did the introduction of either confession create a significant possibility of prejudicing the jury, not. merely on the appellant’s credibility, but on the testimony crucial to appellant’s defense?
In my view, the oral confession was obtained in clear violation of Rule 5(a), Fed.R.Crim.P. Appellant entered a police station at 6 A.M., December 15, 1962, identified and surrendered himself and his gun, and stated that he had shot Jerome Taylor. He further stated that he would not answer any more questions. Two minutes earlier the police had gone to the house where the shooting occurred and had taken down the names of the witnesses. At 6:05 or 6:10 appellant was taken to the scene of the shooting, where he was questioned by the police. At that time he again refused to say anything beyond a simple admission of the shooting. Appellant and several witnesses to the shooting were brought to the police station at 6:20 or 6:30 A.M. The police again questioned appellant, this time for a period of ten or perhaps twenty minutes. Appellant then gave an oral confession in elaboration of his original statement. A written confession was prepared, and Perry signed it. Later in the day, he was taken before a committing magistrate.
In Naples v. United States, 113 U.S. App.D.C. 281, 284, 307 F.2d 618, 621 (1962), we said:
“After the admissions by Naples, the police clearly were in position to present him before a committing magistrate. Available then was the further evidence to be supplied by the apartment manager who had discovered the body. The testimony of the coroner and that of police at the scene could have been adduced.”
After Perry had twice admitted the shooting, and after the police had had an opportunity to adduce evidence from witnesses to the affair and the officers at the scene, and to examine the revolver in which five rounds of ammunition had been expended, the police — in the words of the Naples case — “clearly were in position to present * * * [Perry] before a committing magistrate.” In Naples, this court sitting en banc found a Mallory violation where the defendant
The police practice here clearly violates the strictures of the Supreme Court in Mallory v. United States, 354 U.S. 449, 454, 455, 77 S.Ct. 1356, 1359, 1 L.Ed. 2d 1479 (1957). The Supreme Court there held that an arrested person “is not to be taken to police headquarters in order to carry out a process of inquiry that lends itself, even if not so designed, to eliciting damaging statements to support the arrest and ultimately his guilt,” and that “the delay must not be of a nature to give opportunity for the extraction of a confession.” Contrary to the Supreme Court’s mandate, Perry was not brought “before a judicial officer as quiekly as possible so that he * * * [might] be advised of his rights and so that the issue of probable cause * * * [might] be promptly determined,” but was subjected to interrogation that more than lent itself to the elicitation of damaging statements.
This case is strikingly similar to Spriggs v. United States, 118 U.S.App. D.C. 248, 335 F.2d 283 (1964). Spriggs was questioned during a form-filling process after arrest and prior to arraignment. As in the instant case, the police continued the interrogation after the prisoner twice indicated that he wished to say nothing. Spriggs holds that time is not decisive, and that the confession must be excluded if any of the delay is used for the purpose of obtaining a confession.
“ * * * time is but one factor. There always remains the question whether the time was utilized to obtain a confession by secret police interrogation after arrest and prior to a magistrate’s hearing. For a confession so obtained is not ‘spontaneous’ * * Supra at 251, 335 F.2d at 286.
In Spriggs, we ruled the confession inadmissible. I think we should do likewise in this case. Here, as in Spriggs, the police had more than enough evidence to present the prisoner to a magistrate. Unlike the delay in Heideman v. United States, 104 U.S.App.D.C. 128, 131, 259 F.2d 943, 946 (1958), cert. denied, 359 U.S. 959, 79 S.Ct. 800, 3 L.Ed.2d 767 (1959), the delay here between arrest and confession was not “consumed only by the [preliminary] questions * * * and by the preparing of papers, booking, photographing, fingerprinting and transportation.”
Jackson v. United States, 114 U.S.App. D.C. 181, 184, 313 F.2d 572, 575 (1962), does not support the Government’s position, and in fact provides a standard which clearly renders the confession in this case inadmissible. In Jackson, appellant “freely and spontaneously admitted his participation in the crime as soon as Lt. Daly began to talk with him
Defense counsel for Perry objected to the officer’s testimony about the detailed oral confession, “on the ground it violates the Mallory rule.”
While I doubt whether the erroneous admission of the details of a confession, over defendant’s objection, could ever be deemed harmless error,6
“grabbed Lenora again and pushed her up against the buffet, grabbed her around the neck and was choking her and she was going down on her knees gasping for breath.
* * * * * *
“He was choking her for quite some time * * *.
“ * * * when I seen that nobody could do anything to prevent him from choking her and she was at the sideboard going down, she was struggling, trying to get up, I went downstairs and got the gun. ******
“I went downstairs and it was in the drawer and I just reached in there and got it and came back upstairs and started shooting.”
One of the crucial issues before the jury was whether the defendant used more force than was necessary under the circumstances. If the omission of any reference to “choking” in the confession were construed by the jury as proof that Mr. Taylor had not been choking Miss Miles, but had merely slapped her and knocked her down, the jury might well have concluded that appellant used excessive force. Indeed, in its closing argument the Government asserted that Miss Miles had merely been struck, and in its direct examination of the police officer, Government counsel emphasized, several times, that appellant had said only that Miss Miles had been struck and knocked down.
“The Government argues that, in any event, the admission of the written confession was harmless error, being merely cumulative. It may be seriously questioned whether any written and signed confession in a criminal case can ever be merely cumulative. A confession is a most persuasive form of proof. It is difficult to conceive its admission being non-prejudicial to the defendant under any circumstances.” (Footnotes omitted).
I respectfully dissent.
Before BAZELON, Chief Judge, and FAHY, WASHINGTON, DANAHER, BASTIAN, BURGER, WRIGHT and McGOWAN, Circuit Judges, in Chambers.
ORDER
There not being a majority of the circuit judges of this circuit in favor of a rehearing of the above-entitled • case by the court en banc, the petition for rehearing en banc is denied.
Dated: January 8, 1965
FAHY, Circuit Judge, did not participate in the foregoing order.
Statement of WRIGHT, Circuit Judge, with whom BAZELON, Chief Judge, joins, for their votes favoring rehearing en banc.
The panel opinion in this case introduces the latest in a series of “doctrines” which, at least to me, appear to circumvent the teaching of the Supreme Court in Mallory v. United States, 354 U.S. 449, 77 S.Ct. 1356, 1 L.Ed.2d 1479 (1957), and McNabb v. United States, 318 U.S. 332, 63 S.Ct. 608, 87 L.Ed. 819 (1943), as well as the decisions of this court in Spriggs v. United States, 118 U.S.App.D.C. 248, 335 F.2d 283 (1964); Jones v. United States, 113 U.S.App.D. C. 256, 307 F.2d 397 (1962); Naples v. United States, 113 U.S.App.D.C. 281, 307 F.2d 618 (1962); and Williams v. United States, 113 U.S.App.D.C. 7, 303 F.2d 772, cert. denied, 369 U.S. 875, 82 S.Ct. 1145, 8 L.Ed.2d 277 (1962). In these eases the Supreme Court and this court have made it clear that ordinarily, and at least until the accused has been advised of his rights and has been accorded the additional protections the law provides, criminal convictions are to be based on evidence produced by proper police investigation and not out of the mouth of the accused.
I must confess to a complete inability to distinguish between the statements used against appellant in this case and those ordered excluded in the cases herein cited. And I must also say that the “continuous movement doctrine” helps me very little in understanding why the panel did not follow these prior precedents of this court and the Supreme Court.
. There is no evidence in the record that any police officer took the trouble to advise Perry of his rights.
. The Heideman case held that the police are entitled to ask an arrested person what he knows about a crime, and, “If he denies knowledge,” whether he wishes to comment on the evidence, and “If the suspect continues to deny knoioledge,” whether he has anything further to say. Here, the accused had admitted the offense, the police had abundant additional evidence to that effect; the possibility, emphasized in Heideman, of “no charge being made” was virtually nil. Under these circumstances it would be facetious to argue that appellant was being questioned for his own good.
. Metoyer v. United States, 102 U.S. App.D.C. 62, 250 F.2d 30 (1957), involved a confession made “at once” in response to “the opening question of the Washington police sergeant.”
. Upon giving himself up and admitting the shooting he said “I am not answering any more questions.” At the house he “stated that he did do the shooting but he wasn’t going to say anything else.”
. And if they did not think they had such evidence they should have released appellant. See Naples v. United States, supra.
. I cannot see how defendant’s failure to request a hearing detracts from the strength of his objection, especially since the only matter in serious dispute was a question of law, not of facts.
. See Jones v. United States, 113 U.S.App. D.C. 256, 307 F.2d 397 (1962):
. A further material contradiction between the oral confession and appellant’s testimony at the trial was that the former contained a statement that Taylor had taken a “swing” at Perry when he returned with the gun, while the latter asserted that Taylor was again trying to assault Miss Miles.
. “We have learned the lesson of history, ancient and modern, that a system of criminal law enforcement which comes to depend on the ‘confession’ will, in the long run, be less reliable and more subject to abuses than a system which depends on extrinsic evidence independently secured through skillful investigation. * * * ” Escobedo v. State of Illinois, 378 U.S. 478, 488-489, 84 S. Ct. 1758, 1764, 12 L.Ed.2d 977 (1964). (Footnotes omitted.)
. See Stephen, A Histoby op the Cbiminal Law of England 441 (1883); Chapee, The Blessings of Libebty 186-190 (1956).
. The panel opinion, page 815, reads:
“In light of the continuous movement between the precinct station and the scene of the shooting and since the record indicates that no opportunity for sustained interrogation of appellant was present, we conclude that the police testimony as to the oral statements by appellant was admissible under the doctrine of spontaneous admissions. * * *”
. Jackson v. United States, 109 U.S.App. D.C. 233, 285 F.2d 675 (1960), cert. denied, 366 U.S. 941, 81 S.Ct. 1666, 6 L. Ed.2d 852 (1961); Goldsmith v. United States, 107 U.S.App.D.C. 305, 277 F.2d 335, cert. denied, sub nom. Carter et al. v. United States, 364 U.S. 863, 81 S.Ct. 106, 5 L.Ed.2d 86 (1960) ; compare Killough v. United States, 114 U.S. App.D.C. 305, 315 F.2d 241 (1962) (en banc).
. Fredricksen v. United States, 105 U.S. App.D.C. 262, 266 F.2d 463 (1959).
. See cases cited in first paragraph of text.