| N.C. | Dec 5, 1833
"I will and bequeath to my beloved wife, Margaret Alexander, my dwelling-house where I now live, with all the outhouses and barns, during her life or widowhood, together with an absolute right to two beds and furniture, etc., which latter I will at her whole disposal.
"I will and bequeath to my daughter, Abigail M. Rudisell one black woman slave, Peggy, and one black girl called Retty, together with her two beds and furniture, and all the household and kitchen furniture that I gave her after she married; and also the one-half of all my land that lies on the east side of the road that leads from Charlotte to Beattie's Ford, all to be for her and her heirs' proper use, and the issue of said Peggy and Retty in the same way, the land to be equal in quality and quantity.
"I will and bequeath to my son Amyzy W. Alexander all my tract of land, containing, etc.
"I will and bequeath to my daughter Hannah G. Neil one black woman, named Sally, and one named Betsey, together with her two beds and furniture, with all the household and kitchen furniture that I gave her after she married, and also the one-half of all my land that lies on the east side of the road that leads from Charlotte to Beattie's Ford, all to be for her and her heirs' proper use, and the issue of said Sally and Betsey in the same way, together with their hires.
"I also will to my wife, during her lifetime or widowhood, all my household and kitchen furniture, with an absolute gift of the best bureau, and small falling-leaf table, to be at her disposal.
"I will to my daughter Abigail Rudisell the two lots in Charlotte whereon William Rudisell has built a tan-yard."
The will contained devises and bequests to his sons, which were (431) expressed in general terms, viz.: "I will and bequeath," etc., without any words from which an intention could be inferred either to qualify or enlarge the estate. The plaintiff by her next friend filed this bill seeking to secure to her separate use one of the slaves mentioned in the second clause above quoted. The defendant claimed under a purchase from her husband, and the only question was whether the testator by his will had secured the legacy to the plaintiff to her sole and separate use. Upon looking through this will I am by no means certain that I can gather from it the intention of the testator upon the point involved in this suit, or that the construction I am obliged upon *346 auhority [authority] to put upon his words be not against his intention. I believe, however, that the claim of the wife cannot be sustained upon adjudged cases or original principles.
At law a gift of chattels to the wife is a gift to the husband, and under a devise the right of the latter to be tenant by the curtesy attaches in the same manner as if the estate of the former had accrued by deed or descent. As a general principle, the rule of equity is the same. Because the reason for investing the husband with the property is as strong in equity as at law, namely, that he can manage it better than the wife, dispenses with the charges of a trustee, and ought to have it, as he is legally chargeable with the maintenance of the wife and family. But in equity certainly there may be a separate interest given to the wife which cannot be at law. The question always is whether one was intended by the testator. As I just remarked, I understand that upon this, as upon most other questions upon the rights to property, equity follows the law, and, therefore, that while a separate estate can (432) by the law of this Court be given to the wife, yet it is not favored. The Court does not gather that intention by a measuring cost, but only sustains it when it is unequivocal and expressed in unambiguous terms. The words "separate use" are appropriate to this purpose. Any others may have the same effect standing by themselves, or in context with others, which express the whole legal idea belonging to the first — that is, not barely an interest in the wife, but the entire interest in her to the exclusion of the husband. Thus in Ex parte Ray, 1 Mad., 199, "sole" was said to be tantamount to "separate," but even in that case there were those other words, "such estate and effects to be and remain to the sole use, benefit, and disposition" of the feme. So in Hartley v. Hurle, 5 Ves., 540;Lee v. Prieaux, 3 Bro., Ch. 383, a trust to pay the profits "into the proper hands of the wife"; or to pay an annuity to the feme covert, the trustee not being bound to see to the application of the money, but to be discharged by her receipt, were deemed sufficient. In the last case, because as no other receipt would discharge the trustee but that of the feme, she must be entitled to receive it without or against the will of the husband. In the former, because evidence under her hand must be sufficient evidence of payment into her hand, and, therefore, as the receipt of the husband is not necessary, his interest is excluded. Here there is no trust created, but a bequest of personalty and a devise of land to the daughter, all in one clause, to which are added these words, "to be for her and her heirs' proper use." I have found no case in which these or similar words have been considered tantamount to separate use. They are the appropriate words in deeds operating under the statute of uses, which are almost the only species of conveyance used in this State, and an unskillful person (such as the draftsman of this will certainly was) *347 might very naturally transfer them into a will, without intending to give to them any peculiar force in this instrument, as demonstrative of any meaning of the testator, but that the devisee or legatee should have the absolute property. It is true, such words are not necessary in a will; and it is likewise true that we have no right to reject any (433) words, but must give effect to every one used. But the question is, what effect? Can we say the testator meant by these expressions to give a separate estate to the wife, instead of the absolute property, merely upon the ground that they were not necessary to the latter purpose? The words are not appropriate terms to express either intent, since a will does not raise a use and since "proper" has not the same meaning as "separate." I admit, however, that no technical terms are necessary to express either intent. But yet it is to be considered whether the intention to create a separate use can be collected here. It is argued that it is, because the words are unnecessary, and unmeaning unless they have that effect, and therefore a different inference is to be made from them than if found in a deed. This argument, if followed out, would carry us to this extent, that every personal bequest to a married woman was to her separate use, for as at law a gift to the wife is a gift to the husband. why in a will give it to the former at all, instead of the latter, unless it was intended that the former and not the latter shall have the legacy? There is a possibility, and even a probability, that such was the intention. But a possible or probable intention will not sustain the wife's claim. It must be plain and more than a conjectural exclusion of the husband. Hence, although the words might bear the construction contended for, yet if they will bear the other also, if there be an equal probability that they meant to express something else, namely, the interest devised, and not the uses to arise on that intent, the claim of the wife is repelled. It is said, however, that these words, "proper use" have received this meaning in a will; and Hartley v. Hurle is relied on as authority in point. I have already remarked on that case. It was a trust "to pay the profits in the proper hands" of the daughter, a feme covert. It did not turn on the word "proper," but upon the "payment into the hands" of the legatee; and was supported as a separate interest in the wife, notwithstanding the omission of the usual words, "notwithstanding her coverture," because her receipt was necessarily a sufficient discharge to the trustee, without her husband joining. So it was (434) held in Adamson v. Armitage, 19 Ves., 419, that a trust to pay income for "her own sole use and benefit" made a separate estate, but this was on the word "sole." A case was cited there and in Lamb v.Milnes, 5 Ves., 517, in which it was said to have been decided that the words "for her own use and benefit" would have been sufficient without "sole." But upon examination that case was found to be the other way, as is stated *348 in a note to Lee v. Prieaux. And there are two subsequent cases upon these very words, "own use and benefit" — Willis v. Sayres, 4 Mad., 409, and Roberts v. Spicer, 5 Mad., 491. It is true that in the former case there was a previous express legacy in trust for the separate use of the wife, and in the latter property was given in another clause to trustees for the wife, "not subject to the debts of the husband," and the Court said these express separate provisions made it clear that the others were not of that character. But it was likewise held that upon the force of the particular words "her use" or "her own use" in the clauses then under consideration no separate use could be implied; for "her use" expressed nothing that would not arise without them, and "her own use" meant no more. I think no person can find a difference between "her own" and "her proper use." Upon authority, therefore, this disposition even in England would not, as I conceive, be held to secure the property separately to the wife; much less ought it to be here, since such provisions are uncommon among us, and it may therefore be asserted that when intended the purpose will be very explicitly expressed.
Upon the words of this clause alone, therefore, my opinion is decisively against the bill.
But upon this clause, in connection with the rest of the will, I admit the question is more doubtful. The testator gives to this daughter in the beginning of his will two female slaves, some articles of furniture (which he says he gave her upon her marriage), and a tract of land, "all to be for her and her heirs' proper use, and the issue of the slaves in the (435) same way." He had another daughter, Mrs. Neil, to whom in another clause he gives similar property exactly in the same words. All his other children are sons, to whom he makes dispositions of personalty and realty without expressing what estates he gives them, or using the word "heirs." By another clause there is a devise to the plaintiff of two lots in Charlotte, on which her husband has built a tan-yard, without any other words; and for the purpose of paying his debts he directs certain land and the residue of his estate to be sold and gives the surplus, after payment of debts equally to be divided amongst all his children and his wife. By the first clause in the will the testator gives to his wife certain lands for life, and also an absolute property in some personal things, and adds, "which latter I will at her disposal," and in the eleventh clause gives to his wife during life all his household and kitchen furniture, with an absolute property in the best bureau and table, adding, "to be at her disposal."
The doubt upon this will, taken altogether, arises on the difference in the terms in which the lots in Charlotte and the property now claimed are given to the same person. That is increased when we find the provision for the only remaining daughter stated in the same words, while *349 nothing like it is said in the devises to the sons. This raises a strong probability that some difference was meant either in the extent or nature of the interest of the sons and daughters, and as to the property given to this daughter in the two clauses by which she is provided for. The question is whether that difference consists in raising a separate use. I am not sure that it was not the meaning of the testator. I incline to think it was. But I am not sure it was. I conjecture so; because if he did not mean an absolute gift in the ordinary way, that is the next and most natural thing we should expect him to mean. But it will not do to guess. The husband cannot be excluded without plain recorded words or a necessary implication. Here "proper use" is applied in the will as well "to her heirs" as to herself; which rebuts the idea that it (436) was intended to convey the sense of sole or separate use of the wife, in respect either of her then or any subsequent husband. The thought which dictated the sentence may, I apprehend, have been rather the interest of the children of the daughters. To the sons and the daughters he intended the whole property, and expecting the sons to be able to provide for their families, he does not fetter the gifts to them by any provision of his own. It is otherwise as to his daughters, and therefore he adds that the gifts to them shall be not only for their proper use, but also for the proper use of "their heirs" or children; which intention is the more strongly to be implied from the superaddition of the issue of the said slaves in the same way. What way? Not to the wife, as against the husband; for no such provision could be necessary for that purpose, since if the wife had the separate estate in the mothers, she would have it also in the increase. But as the words "her heirs' proper use," in the mind of the testator, appropriate only to the land, and showed only that he intended the children to take an interest in that, he feared that they might not have the increase of the slaves. He says, therefore, expressly that such shall be the case. I acknowledge that this is not clear, and it is true that if such was the intention of the testator, it cannot upon these words be effectuated; for the children cannot take under this clause, but the whole vests in the mother. But we are seeking the intention of the testator as to the creation of a separate estate, and therefore if the words, though not effectual for the purpose, were used to a different end, they cannot raise the former intention. "The issue of the slaves to go in the same way" seems to me to make it at least probable that the whole clause upon which this claim is founded was introduced to restrain alienation by the husband and wife, or by the latter alone, so that the property should go to the issue; the testator deeming it sufficient that the issue should take by succession, which would fall on them if the alienation was forbidden. This, too, is fortified by these provisions for the wife, the only other female mentioned in the will. Where the (437) *350 testator gives to her absolutely in terms, he further grants in each case his permission that it may be alienated by saying, "to be at her disposal."
Upon the whole, therefore, although I think it more than probable that the testator meant to exclude the husband, I am constrained to decide in favor of his right, because the conclusion is not manifest. The words in the particular clause do not themselves in their natural sense import it sufficiently. In their context they show that the testator may have meant something else besides a simple disposition in absolute property to his daughters, but are not sufficiently explicit to have the effect on the one hand of destroying the right of the husband more than, on the other, of admitting the issue as purchasers. If the testator had either or both of those intentions, he has expressed himself too defectively to enable the Court to control the operation of the general terms of disposition, and the bill must be dismissed with costs.
PER CURIAM. Bill dismissed.
Cited: Robinson v. Lewis,