Royal v. StateRoyal v. State
In this intеrlocutory appeal, Luther Royal appeals from the trial court’s order denying his motion to dismiss, special demurrer and motion to quash, and plea in bar with resрect to Counts 1 through 16 (insurance fraud) and Count 19 (theft by taking) of the indictment. With regard to all specified counts, each of these motions asserted that the statute of limitation had expired because the State had actual knowledge of the crimes more than four years before indicting Royal. With regard to Count 19, Royal contended that the indictment fails to state “any factual basis to indicate how the alleged criminal acts were supposed to have been committed.” For the reasons еxplained below, we reject Royal’s statute of limitation argument as to all specified counts and dismiss as moot his claim with regard to Count 19 of the indictment.
1. Based upon the four-year statute of limitation applicable to the crimes with which he was charged,
The appellate standard of review for a plea in bar asserting a statute of limitation defense is a de novo review of the issue[s] of law[ ]. As this ruling involves a mixed question of fact and law, we accept the trial court’s findings on disputed facts and witness credibility unless they are clearly erroneous, but independently apply the law to the facts.
(Citation, punctuation and footnote omitted.)
State v. Campbell,
On May 3, 2006, an employee of Royаl called UNUM’s fraud hotline and reported that Royal was receiving disability payments even though he “was in the office all day conducting the same level of work he has . . . always conducted.” She also reported that he took extended motorcycle trips and that “a surv[eillance] team would show significant activity.” UNUM forwarded thе tip to one of its investigators, who requested a copy of Royal’s claims file from the UNUM claims representative assigned to it. He also talked with the tipster.
The investigator testified that he did not automatically believe the employee based on her word alone, but that after talking with the claims representative handling Royаl’s claim, they decided to conduct surveillance. Surveillance performed on three occasions in June 2006 did not confirm the tipster’s allegations. After the surveillance failed to substantiate the tipster’s report that a crime had been committed, the investigator traveled to Georgia from Tennessee on July 5, 2006 to meet with thе tipster and review any documents supporting her fraud claims. Based on documentation provided during that interview, the investigator believed he had some corroboration of the employee’s allegations, but it was not “enough at that point” to report the suspected insurance fraud to the insurance commissioner. The invеstigator explained that he wanted supporting documents because
[tjhere’s no way we could go on just the word of — an individual calling in telling us this. . . . [T]he company takes very seriously the relationship between the company and our insured. . . . [W]e realize that what my job leads to in many cases is what we’re doing here today in the criminal process, so we take that very seriously and we’re not going to make a harsh judgment or — or to turn somebody — throw somebody into that system when we don’t have everything that we feel has convinced us that we have a reasonable suspicion that we need to do it and meet our mandatory reporting requirements.
After the interview of another witness on August 1, 2006, the investigator talked with an investigator with the Georgia Office of Insurance. On August 10, 2006, the insurance investigator filed a formal referral of suspected insurance frаud to the Georgia Office of Insurance.
Royal contends the specified counts
1
are barred by the four-year statute of limitation because the victim, UNUM, had actual knowledge of the crime at the time оf the tip on May 3, 2006, and the State indicted him more than four years later on July 1, 2010.
Under this statute, “[t]he crime victim’s knowledge of the crime is imputed to the State.” Campbell, supra,
In this case, the record shows that the employee calling the fraud hotline may have had actual knowledge of the crime on May 3, 2006, but the defrauded insurance company, the victim, did not acquire actual knowledge of the sрecific acts constituting the crime until July 5, 2006. Based on these facts, the trial court did not clearly err by finding that the victim insurance company first had actual knowledge of thе crime on July 5, 2006. See
Higgenbottom v. State,
The Supreme Court’s decision in
Jenkins v. State,
[t]he tolling exception to the statute of limitations cannot be based upon the subjective opinion of the district attorney as to whether there was enough evidence to file charges against a particular person. Otherwise, there would be tolling of the statute оf limitations for routine investigation into a crime; the State could build a case against a non- murder suspect for five or ten years and then file charges when it believes that it has obtained sufficient evidence by claiming that the statute of limitations was tolled until that moment. Such a broad interpretation of the tolling period would permit thе exception to swallow the rule. The evidence shows that the State had actual knowledge of [the defendant]’s identity as a suspect for the crimes shortly aftеr they were committed, but it did not indict him until more than seven years had elapsed. Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s ruling on the dismissal of the non-murder charges due to the expiration of the statute of limitations.
Id. at 603 (1) (A).
The question here is when the victim acquired actual knowledge of the specific acts constituting the crime, not who committed a known crime as in Jenkins. Our holding that the tolling period ended when the UNUM investigator obtained first-hand knowledge of the acts forming the crimes is analogous to the tolling period ending in Jenkins when the State received the DNA rеsults first identifying the defendant in that case as the perpetrator.
2. Royal contends that Count 19 is fatally defective because “it is not sufficient to enable [him] to prepare for trial and respond to the charges against him.” The State concedes the issue, and the trial court granted the State’s motion to enter a nolle prosequi of Count 19 before the trial court received this court’s order granting Royal’s interlocutory application and before Royal filed his notice of apрeal. Because the nolle
Judgment affirmed.
Notes
The counts at issue allege that Royal committed insurance fraud by making specific false statements in claim forms submitted between February 9, 2004 and June 30, 2006. They also allege that the crimes were “unknown to the State until and after July 5, 2006.”
Our opinion in
State v. Bair,