198 Mo. 654 | Mo. | 1906
This cause was certified to this court by the Kansas City Court of Appeals, for the reason that the conclusions reached and announced by a written opinion are in conflict with a decision by the St. Louis Court of Appeals in the case of Kavanaugh v. Railroad, 75 Mo. App. 78, which was also certified to this-court because one of the judges held that the ruling of the majority was in conflict with prior decisions of that court. This cause reached the Kansas City Court of Appeals by appeal on the part of the defendant from a judgment in the circuit court of Worth county in favor of plaintiff. The opinion announced by the Kansas City Court of Appeals was by Broaddus, J., in which the entire court concurred. It is apparent therefore that had it not been for the Kavanaugh case decided by the St. Louis Court of Appeals, which was afterwards certified to this court and decided by this court, 163 Mo. 54, the present controversy would in all probability have never reached this court. It is here and the record is before us for consideration.
OPINION.-
We have carefully examined the evidence in detail .as developed at the trial of this cause, and find that the statement of the controlling facts as made by the
“The" finding of the jury and judgment thereon was for the plaintiff and defendant appealed.
“The suit is for the killing of plaintiff’s horses on defendant’s tracks, they having escaped from plaintiff’s enclosed premises through a gate at a farm crossing. There is no dispute as to those facts. It is shown by all the evidence that the track of defendant runs through plaintiff’s land and that the same is fenced; that at the point where the plaintiff’s horses escaped from his premises, the defendant had erected a gate for his use in crossing its track, as his farm was situated on both sides of said track; and that said gate was not a statutory gate, not being hung and fastened in the manner required by statute, but otherwise a,s to construction was a proper gate. The gate In controversy was not hung on hinges or fastened by hooks or latches, but was suspended at one end upon a cleat which was attached to two upright posts set up in the ground, and was secured by shoving the other end between two other upright posts. There is little or no controversy about the character of the gate except that some of the witnesses state that the gate was old and somewhat dilapidated — others, that it was substantially a good gate. The horses were killed during' the night of November 4, 1897. In the evening prior, about five o’clock, the gate was closed. When Corbett and other witnesses were informed that stock were on the track they went to the place about eleven or twelve o ’clock of the night mentioned, saw the stock that had been injured and found the gate wide open.
*659 “The witnesses generally agree that the gate as constructed did not easily open and shut — and judging from a description of the gate such must have been the fact. The proper way to open said gate was to slide it back over the cleat until its weight was about equally divided on each side of the cleat and then it could be easily opened or shut. These undeniable facts conclusively show that the horses did not open the gate in the manner it was found by the witnesses. There was. an attempt to show that the gate was not closed on the evening preceding the killing of the stock, or that the gate was not securely fastened.
“The physical facts as well as the testimony of witnesses show that the gate was intentionally opened by some person, and left open.
“Certainly, the gate as constructed and hung was not such as the statute required. Under the statute in question, for failure upon the part of railroads to erect and maintain the required fences and gates they are liable for all damages ‘which shall be done by its agents, engines or cars to horses, etc., occasioned by the failure to construct and maintain fences’ (which also includes gates).
“The facts in this case are very much like those in Kavanaugh v. Railroad, 75 Mo. App. 78, except in that case the gate was secured by hook and staple, and the court came to the conclusion that the gates (there were two gates in that case) must have been opened by some person passing through during the night, and upheld the finding of the trial court, which was for the plaintiff.
“In the case of Morrison v. Railroad, 27 Mo. App. 418, the facts were greatly different. There it was shown that the gate was made of wire and boards and one of the posts had entirely rotted off, so that the gate was suspended by the wires and planks, and it had no latch or other fastenings. The only way it*660 would open and shut was hy lifting up. the gate and post and placing it in position. ‘ This was so troublesome to persons passing through, that the result was that the gate, as a rule, stood open; and the plaintiff kept his horses up to avoid their escaping through this gate onto the railroad track. This gate had been in this condition for two or three months prior to the injury complained of. ’ Judge Philips, who delivered the opinion of the court, refers to the case of Ridenore v. Railroad, 81 Mo. 227, and distinguishing that one from the one he was considering, uses the following language: ‘But the chief difficulty, in my mind, is as to one element of fact in the case at bar, which distinguishes it, in a marked degree, from all others to which attention has been directed.’ He then states facts as given above. The case was for negligence under the statute for carelessly and negligently suffering the gate to be left out of repair. The court found that by reason of the defective condition of the gate, ‘it was habitually left open,’ ‘as a rule was left open.’
“In McMillan v. Railroad, 70 Mo. App. 568, the gate in controversy was hung on hinges and secured by a hook which fitted into a loop1 made by a wire twisted around the post. The fastening of the gate had a play of two or three inches up and down. The gate would fly open by force of the wind or other slight pressure. Judge Smith in delivering the opinion of the court showed the similarity of that case to that of Freet v. Railroad, 63 Mo. App. loc. cit. 554, and makes this significant statement: ‘Indeed, there is but one conclusion to be drawn from the evidence, and that is that the gate got open for want of sufficient fastening. ’
“In Freet v. Railroad, supra, Judge Smith also delivered the opinion of the court, and in commenting on the gate in question, said: ‘The gate was old and greatly out of repair. One of the posts and a hinge of the gate were loose. The appliances for fastening*661 the gate were a hook and staple, but these could not be used on account of the condition of the post on each side of the gate. The defendant knew of the insecure condition of the gate. Its section man, who passed along every day, saw its condition of insecurity. He furnished a piece of wire which was used by him in fastening the gate.’ He concluded that the gate came open as a result of the insecure fastening.
“In Duncan v. Railroad, 91 Mo. 67, the evidence was similar to that in the case of Morrison v. Railroad, supra. The gate in question there had no kind of fastening at any time. Sometimes it was fastened with a rail or sticks, but neither would prevent it from being blown open by the wind. The natural inference was that it got open because it had no fastening.
“We can find but one cause in all the books parallel with the one at bar, and that is Kavanaugh v. Railroad, supra, which has been certified to the Supreme Court of the State because one of the judges held that the ruling of the majority-was in conflict with prior decisions of said court.
“We do not think the true rule has been laid down in that case, and it is not sustained upon either principle or precedent.
“It appears to us that the conclusion of the court therein is founded alone upon theory and not upon evidence, and as such has been condemned. [See Fitterling v. Railroad, 79 Mo. 509; Rothwell v. Railroad, 59 Iowa 192.]
“The concluson of the judge who delivered the opinion of the court that because the gate in question was a sliding gate; that it was securely fastened the evening preceding the night of the injury; and that it was opened and left opened by some person during the night, but that it would not have been so left open if it had not been the kind of gate described, but a statutory gate, we believe is founded upon theory only,*662 and is not necessarily deducible from the facts of the case. The person who opened and left open the gate may or may not have closed it if it had been any other kind of gate.
“The additional facts that the crossing was used by persons in the neighborhood, and that section men and tramps were in the habit of going through the gate do not help the conclusion to any great extent. It was a mere theoretical possibility.
“In the case at bar the gate was found wide open just after the injury. The person who' took the trouble to open it to its fullest extent may have been more inclined to have shut it if it had been a statutory gate, but it is not a necessary inference that he or she would have done so. And this is all the case has to stand on.
‘ ‘ The gate in question had never previously to the injury complained of been found open, and there had been no complaint that it was insecure. It does not appear that the injury in this case was caused by the failure of the defendant to erect and maintain the required gate, but was the direct result of the wrongful act of some persons without defendant’s knowledge and consent, leaving the gate open, through which plaintiff’s horses escaped onto defendant’s track and were killed. [Ridenore v. Railroad, 81 Mo. 227.]
“It follows, therefore, that defendant’s first instruction which was a demurrer1 to plaintiff’s case, should have been given. The conclusion arrived at dispenses wdth the necessity of deciding whether the court committed error in overruling defendant’s motion for a continuance. The cause is reversed.
“Certified to the Supreme Court.”
The Kavanaugh case, criticised in the foregoing opinion, was subsequently decided by this court and the conclusions reached by this court are in harmony with the views expressed by the Kansas City Court of Appeals.
To entitle plaintiff to recover in this action it must first appear that defendant was negligent in failing to erect and maintain á gate as-provided by the statute, and, secondly, that the injury to plaintiff’s stock was the result of such negligence. It may be that the gate did not conform to the requirements of the statute; yet unless such negligence was the proximate cause of the accident there can be no recovery.
There is an entire absence of evidence to show that plaintiff’s stock strayed upon defendant’s right of way by reason óf a defective gate, nor is there sufficient evidence to authorize the court or jury in making a fair and legitimate inference that such defective gate was the cause of the accident. But the reverse is indicated by the testimony of the witnesses, as well as the physical facts, that the gate was opened by some person and left open and by this means the accident occurred. As was said by this court in the Kavanaugh case: “So long as the gate remained shut and fastened, the gate was sufficient and plaintiffs’ cows were secure. But when the -gate was left open in manner as aforesaid, then it became wholly immaterial whether or1 not the gate was so constructed as to be ‘easily opened and shut,’ because, being left open, the method of its construction was not, and could not be-, the proximate cause of the injury; the opening was that cause. ’ ’
Upon the facts as disclosed by the record in this cause the conclusions reached by the Kansas City Court of Appeals were clearly correct. Entertaining the views as herein indicated, the judgment of the -circuit court should be reversed, and it is so ordered.
