366 Mich. 151 | Mich. | 1962
Lead Opinion
(for dismissal of appeal). This case does a stubbornly perverse high court no measure of credit. At none but our threshold can be laid the disastrous responsibility for that quite unnecessary loss of public money—to say nothing of an irreparable injury already done the public interest—
For more than 9 months an important highway construction project, that of uniting near Pontiac requisite links of new interstate United States highway 1-175, has been held up for want of summary dismissal of this unrighteous appeal or, in lieu thereof, summary determination (under Court Rule No 70, § 5 [1945] ? of that which our majority has finally found and attested, that is, an appeal of no reviewable substance (see the separate opinion of Mr. Justice Souris).
Our failure to deal promptly with a proceeding calling for summary treatment may have cost the highway fund as much as $242,000. Whatever the final loss-amount may be, it is inexcusably too much (see presently quoted affidavit of Mr. Hill). Furthermore, an integral part of the project undertaking will remain unstarted until, at long last, we pass to decision from indecision by means of currently pregnant opinions. Even then, the continuing fault resting here, such part of the project cannot be completed until next summer or next fall. Little wonder, this case of Rowe being fresh in highway department minds, that the State highway commissioner trumpets grim objection—before the presently assembled constitutional convention—to current proposals that his authority to determine the necessity for taking highway rights-of-way be transferred to judicially supervised courtrooms.
The loss and delay facts to which allusion is made above were communicated to us, through the attorney general, by affidavit of Howard E. Hill,
Mr. Hill’s affidavit stands uncontroverted. He gave careful detail of his estimate—of the cost of ■impending delay—as being the sum of $242,000. The principal point made in his affidavit was that an existing high-pressure gas main, extending partially across the taken property, “can only be disrupted during an off-peak loading period which is during the months of June, July and August.” Needless to say, the 3 mentioned summer months have come and passed into history. The affidavit proceeds:
“In addition to the described public inconvenience, the State highway department, by reason of the described delay, would be subject to the following costs and charges resulting from the delay:
“(a) Moving in and out charges on the concrete pavement equipment, estimated as $20,000;
“(b) Moving in and out charges on the bridge equipment, estimated as $5,000;
“(c) Moving in and out charges on the grading equipment, estimated as $10,000;
“(d) Signing and barricading costs to keep the public from unprotected and illegal use of partially completed expressway, and to maintain cross-roads, estimated as $5,000;
“(e) Estimated costs to repair erosion, wash-outs and sodding losses in work completed, but which cannot be accepted from the contractors, estimated as $4,000;
“(f) Maintenance cost on county roads required to be used as substitute routes for hauling, borrow and materials, estimated as $3,000;
*155 “(g) Contractors’ interest charges on investment in materials, loss on overhead, lost time in rearranging- schedules, contingency for scheduled increase in material and labor costs after September, 1961, additional cost of 2 set-ups for batch plants and hauling on county roads in by-passing Baldwin avenue, extended bond and insurance costs, et cetera, estimated as $195,000.
“The total possible and estimated costs of delay is estimated at $242,000.”
Here is the record of our incredible course of yaw and crabsidle. Appellants’ claim of appeal, as of right—from Judge Adams’ order dismissing cer-tiorari—was filed with our clerk March 2, 1961. March 22, 1961, the attorney general filed motion to dismiss appellants’ said appeal, assigning want of application for and grant of leave to appeal per requirement of Court Bule No 60, § 1 (1945). April 26,1961, by majority vote, the attorney general’s said motion was denied. May 25, 1961, the attorney general moved for reconsideration of our said order denying motion to dismiss appeal. June 28, 1961, by unanimotts vote, we ordered that the attorney general’s motion for reconsideration be granted and that an order enter dismissing appellants’ appeal “for want of application and grant of leave.” July 14, 1961, appellants moved “to reconsider the granting of the motion of appellee, John C. Mackie, to dismiss appellants’ appeal.” October 23, 1961, by a seated majority of 4 (Justices Edwards, Souris, Carr, and Dethmers),
“The attorneys of record for all of the parties that are involved in this appeal hereby respectfully move that the Court waive the 30-day notice requirement contained in section 1 of Court Rule No 70 (1945) and permit this case to be placed on the 1962 January term of the Court at the foot of the call. This request is based on the urgency of obtaining a decision from the Court as soon as possible. We believe that the Court, on the basis of the pleadings that are already on file in this cause, is well aware of the fact that vital construction work on an important interstate highway is being held in abeyance pending the outcome of this ease.”
I turn from this internal record of our doings to the question raised by the attorney general’s said motion to dismiss appeal. The question, simply stated, is whether appellants’ remedy of review, “under statute, or, in the absence of statute, under common law, is [was] by certiorari, mandamus or other discretionary writ.”
Even since the leading case of Sullivan v. Haug, 82 Mich 548 (10 LRA 263), was decided in 1890, Michigan lawyers and judges have tested this ultimate question by inquiring whether the legislature has provided “a statutory remedy by appeal.” If not, then “redress against judgments of inferior courts must be by certiorari or mandamus.” (Quotation from Sullivan at page 557.) That such is the test of pertinent appellate remedy appears in a long line of cases following Sullivan, notably Renaud v. State Court of Mediation and Arbitration, 124 Mich 648 (51 LRA 458, 83 Am St Rep 346); United States Gypsum Co. v. Kent Circuit Judge, 150 Mich 668 (a condemnation case); Van Leuven v. Ingham Circuit Judge, 166 Mich 115; J. F. Harts Co. v. Lukaszcewski, 200 Mich 230; Bishop v. Judge of Recorder’s Court, 207 Mich 537; Chicago, D. & C. G. T. J. R. Co. v. Simons, 210 Mich 418.
In the last cited case the plaintiff condemner claimed an appeal as of right from an order confirming an award in favor of the appellee landowners. The latter moved successfully to dismiss such appeal. Mr. Justice Fellows spoke for the unanimous Court (p 420):
“This Court, in consonance with other courts of last resort, has uniformly held that appeals are statutory, do not exist at common law, and that the legislature in its discretion may prescribe in what cases and under what circumstances appeals may be taken. Sullivan v. Haug, 82 Mich 548 (10 LRA 263); Messenger v. Teagan, 106 Mich 654; Kundinger v. City of Saginaw, 59 Mich 355; J. F. Harts Co. v. Lukaszcewski, 200 Mich 230. Plaintiff must, therefore, look to the statute and to the statute alone for its right to be here heard.”
The foregoing merely confirms the general rule that circuit court certiorari proceedings are reviewable in this Court by appeal upon leave. 11 Callaghan’s Michigan Pleading and Practice, § 92.45, p 803, states as follows under the heading “Review in Supreme Court of certiorari judgment”:
“If a certiorari proceeding is instituted in a circuit*159 court, the .judgment therein is ordinarily reviewable in the Supreme Co,urt only by an appeal by leave of. court in the nature of mandamus.”
And see In re Fitch Drain No. 129, 346 Mich 81, 95, 96. On that occasion, by 4-to-3 vote of the Court, it was held generally that Court Rule No 60 (1945) requires leave to appeal from certiorari proceedings in circuit court. The dissenting Justices found (see pages 91 through 95 of report) that certain provisions of the drain code permitted an-“inference” that the legislature intended to grant remedy of review, as of right, from the drain proceedings- in-question. Whatever may be said of our divided opinions in the Fitch Case, there is no known statute-from which like succor by “inference” may be-drawn for this-unauthorized appeal of Rowe. At least none has been cited or mentioned to date.
To recapitulate: Ever since the legislatively provided power of the State highway commissioner, to-make determinations of necessity, was constitutionally upheld by this Court (Fitzsimons & Galvin, Inc., v. Rogers, 243 Mich 649; In re Dillman, 255 Mich 152), the exclusive remedy of review of such'determinations has been by circuit court certiorari and thereafter by application for leave to appeal to this Court. I would hold so again for this -case of Rowe.
I record again my continuant vote to dismiss this errant appeal; an appeal claimed of right from an order dismissing circuit court certiorari proceedings which themselves, as finally found by today’s majority, were statutorily defective. Doing so, I note of due fairness that present Justice Otis M. Smith had no part in upholding appellants’ said appeal, and that present Justice Adams was the attorney general who pleaded with this Court to dismiss what should have been dismissed—on his said motion —last April.
Plaintiffs sought to review by certiorari
1. No written notice of intention to remove the cause to circuit court by certiorari was given to the defendant;
2. No bond was executed and served upon defendant by plaintiffs ;
3. The defendant was not paid the fee required to be paid for making a return to the certiorari ;
4. Application for the writ of certiorari was not made within 10 days after determination of necessitv.
Briefs were filed with the court, following which the trial judge delivered a bench opinion in which he concluded that the appeal by certiorari was not timely brought. An order of dismissal was filed from which plaintiffs appeal.
Elaintiffs rely solely upon the claim that application for review by certiorari was made by them as soon as they discovered the commissioner had made
We do not consider it necessary to pass upon the claim made by plaintiffs. Even if we were to assume its validity, the order of dismissal would have to be affirmed for plaintiffs’ failure to comply with the several statutory requirements summarized above and upon which defendant’s motion to dismiss was also based. Defendant’s averments with reference thereto, and the affidavits in support thereof, were not denied by plaintiffs and were, therefore, admitted for purposes of the motion to disnaiss.
We do not condone defendant’s failure to give plaintiffs timely notice of Ms determination of necessity, without which notice plaintiffs’ statutory right to review such determination is rendered ineffectual. We note, however, that the statute’s constitutionality in the absence of a requirement for service of notice of such determinations was not challenged in this appeal. We also note, and here record, that the attorney general advised this Court during oral argument that the State highway commissioner, notwithstanding the absence of statutory requirement therefor, now undertakes to serve notice of such determinations of necessity as soon as they are made.
Affirmed. No costs.
Justices Black and Kavanagh dissented. Justices Kelly and ' Otis 3VL Smith did not participate.
The quotation is from Court Rule No 60, § 1(b) (1945), as same stood when each of our contradictory orders in this Rowe case, detailed above, was considered and resolved during 1961. The rule was amended effective December 1, 1961 (364 Mich xiv). The reader has a right to guess that the amendment was stimulated—in part at least —by the record of indecision portrayed above.
Por reeent instances where statutory determinations of necessity —made by the State highway commissioner—have arrived in this Court solely by application and grant of leave, see New Products Corp. v. State Highway Commissioner, 352 Mich 73 (per Carr, J.), and Lookholder v. State Highway Commissioner, 354 Mich 28 (per Black, J.). In both cases this Court voted unanimously to grant timely applications for leave to review circuit court orders entered under said section 27. If either appeal had been regarded as of right, the application doubtless would have been returned to counsel with appropriate advices. Courts do not usually waste their time with study and decision of timely applications for leave to appeal from orders that are appealable of timely right.
“It is the general rule that unless the statute expressly gives an appeal there is no appeal, nor can a review be had by writ of error, in special or extraordinary proceedings, not according to the course of the common law. Lorimer v. Wayne Circuit Judge, 116 Mich 682; Cross v. People, 8 Mich 113; Smith v. Superintendents of the Poor, 34 Mich 58; Auditor General v. Pullman Palace Car Co., 34 Mich 59; Detroit & T. S. L. R. Co. v. Hall, 133 Mich 302; Boyne City, G. & A. R. Co. v. Anderson, 146 Mich 328 (8 LRA NS 306, 117 Am St Rep 642, 10 Ann Cas 283); Sparrow v. Ingham Circuit Judge, 109 Mich 272. Proceedings to condemn land are special and summary in character and, while subject to judicial review and supervision for certain purposes, are not judicial proceedings. Toledo, A. A. & G. T. R. Co. v. Dunlap, 47 Mich 456, 462; Michigan, O. & I. R. Co. v. Monroe Circuit Judge, 144 Mich 44.” (United States Gypsum Co. v. Kent Circuit Judge, 150 Mich 668, 672, 673.)
CL 1948, § 213.197 (Stat Ann 1958 Rev § 8.198), and CL 1948, § 678.22 et seq. (Stat Ann § 27.3502 et seq.).
CL 1948, § 213.174 (Stat Ann 1958 Rev § 8.174)
Court Rule No. 18, § 3 (1945).
CLS 1956, § 678.23 (Stat Ann 1959 Cum
CL 1948, § 678.25 (Stat Ann § 27. 3505).
CL 1948 � 678.29 (Stat Aim � 27.3509).
CL 1948; 213.197' (Stat Ann"1958 Rev � 8.198).
Concurrence Opinion
(concurring). On June 28, 1961, I joined in the unanimous vote ordering that the attorney general’s motion for reconsideration be granted and that an order enter dismissing appellants’ appeal “for want of application and grant of leave:” '
On October 23, 1961, I dissented in the order reconsidering the granting of the motion to dismiss appellants’ appeal and vacating our order of June 28, 1961. Nevertheless, a majority of this Court so ordered and we are now bound to consider this matter as a full-fledged appeal.
■ ' I concur in the reasoning of Justice Souris in his opinion and affirm the dismissal of the action for the reasons stated in his opinion.
