Lead Opinion
By thе first paragraph of Section 1178-21, General Code, “the director” is “authorized to * * * establish * * * ‘limited access highways’ * * * in the manner * * * in which said director may now * * * establish * * * highways * * i. e., as provided in Section 1178-20, General Code. It is apparently conceded that the director has taken all the formal procedural steps requirеd to establish the foregoing 13.58-mile portion of Route 40 in Madison County as a limited access highway.
It is contended by plaintiffs that the statutes do not authorize the director “to change a short, isolated section of an ordinary state road into a ‘limited access highway.’ ” Although the 13.58-mile section of Route 40 involved in the instant сase might be described as
There is nothing in the statutes to indicate that the shortness of this section represents any impediment to its establishment as a limited access highway or a part of such a highway. Although the record discloses that sections of Route 40, totalling over 55 of the 227 miles in Ohio, have already been designated as limitеd access, plaintiffs contend that the 13.58-mile section involved in the instant case “was not being incorporated into an existing or projected limited access highway but was being constituted a limited access highway, in and of itself,” and the director had no authority to do that. This contention is answered by the words of the seсond paragraph of Section 1178-21, General Code, which clearly contemplate that “an existing highway in whole or part” may be “designated as, or included within, a limited access highway. ’ ’
Plaintiffs state in their brief that “the crux of this case is the meaning of the words,” found in the definit-ition of a “limited access highway” in the fourth paragrаph of Section 1178-21, General Code, which words are, “access to which [a limited access highway] may be allowed only at highway intersections designated by the director.” It is the contention of plaintiffs that these words mean that “access [to a limited access highway] is allowable only at highway intersections designated by the director.” If this contention were sound, then, where the General Assembly used the words in the second paragraph of Section 1178-21, General Code, “existing easements of access may be extinguished,” it should have used
Plaintiffs also contend that the director had no authority to designate the 13.58-mile section of Route 40 involved in the instant case as a “limited access highway, ’ ’ because it was not ‘ ‘ especially designed for through traffic” and consequently could not come within the definition of a “limited access highway” found in the fourth paragraph of Section 1178-21, General Code. It may be observed that, before designating this section of Route 40 as a limited access highway, the director had the duty to determine and presumably did determine that it was “especially designed for through traffic.” Even if plaintiffs did not have the burden of proving that this section of Route 40 was not “especially designed for through traffic,” considerable weight should be given to this administrative determination by thе director. See State, ex rel., Speeth et al., Commrs., v. Carney, Aud., ante, 159, 186.
The stipulation, that substantial portions of this section were not “originally ‘especially designed’ as a limited access highway,” is of no significance with respect to this question, since other stipulations indicate that such original design was at least as remote as the year 1837. The mere fact, that а highway is designed so that it may and will be used by abutters and by local traffic, is not inconsistent with a conclusion that such highway is especially designed for through traffic. It is obviously not necessary that a highway be designed exclusively for through traffic
As we view it, Section 1178-21, General Code, was enacted to authorize and empower the director to take action that he might otherwise have been unauthorized to take with respect to highways, and to avoid consequences from his taking of action in locating and constructing highways that might otherwise have followed his taking of such action. For example, apart from that statute, an abutting property ownеr has an easement or right of access over an ordinary highway by reason of the fact that his property abuts upon that highway. State, ex rel. McKay, Exr., v. Kauer, Dir.,
The provisions of Section 1178-21, General Cоde, do not require the director to extinguish all easements of access to a limited access highway, or to construct so-called “service highways” to provide access to a limited access highway, or to prevent access to a limited access highway except at designated highway intersеctions. Those provisions merely authorize and empower the director with respect to such extinguishment, construction, and prevention of access. The extent to which he shall exercise the authority and power conferred upon him is left to his discretion. See State, ex rel. Kauer, Dir., v. Defenbacher, Dir.,
As to that portion of the section of Route 40, that is involved in the instant case and extends to the west of Lafayette, plaintiffs argue that property owners on the north side have been treated unequally in the following respects: (1) Prom some, the director
Plaintiffs also point out that owners of property, abutting on the south side of that portion of the road west of Lаfayette and on both sides of the road to the east of Lafayette, still retain all access rights.
Although Section 1178-21, General Code (see especially second paragraph thereof), apparently authorizes such action by the director, it is contended that, • if so construed, that statute is repugnant tо the equal protection clauses of the state and federal Constitutions. In the state Constitution, Section 2 of Article I provides that “government is instituted for” the “equal protection and benefit” of “the people”; and, in the federal Constitution, Section 1 of Article XIV, Amendments, provides that “no state shall * * * deny to any рerson * * * the equal protection of the laws.”
It may be observed that the director may extinguish an existing easement of access to a limited access highway by purchase, gift, agreement or by condemnation (second paragraph of Section 1178-21, General Code). It is obviously only where such extinguisnment is by condemnation that any constitutional question can possibly be raised. Where the director does proceed to extinguish such an easement of access by condemnation, he is exercising, on behalf of the state, the state’s power of eminent domain; and the owner of such easement of access is, under the applicable statutes, admittedly entitled to compensation in money for such easement of access. In most instances, the value of such owner’s land will be substantially lessened by the extinguishment of such easement of
It is apparent that, wherever an easement of access to a highway by an abutting property owner is extinguished, then, to the extent of the inevitable resulting elimination of potential interference with travel on the highway, there will necessarily be an increase of the right of use of the highway by the public, and the taking of such an easement of access will therefore he a taking for the public welfare or for public use within the meaning of those words as used in Section 19 of Article I of the Constitution.
Thus, plaintiffs and other similarly situated proрerty owners, in complaining about the director extinguishing their rights of access, are confronted with the facts that the property rights taken from them are being taken pursuant to an exercise of the state’s right of eminent domain for the public use and the public welfare and in exchange for full compensation. Cеrtainly, therefore, they cannot rely on the ordinary limitations, on the exercise of the right of eminent domain. Babin v. City of Ashland,
These plaintiffs are not in the position of parties whose property rights have been interfered with merely by an exercise of the police power or of the power of taxation. Such parties wоuld have received no compensation for the loss resulting from such interference with their property rights, and- therefore they might have a valid complaint because such rights of others similarly situated had not been similarly interfered with. The rights of these plaintiffs have been interfered with not merely by an exercise of the police power or of the power of taxation but by an exercise of the state’s power of eminent domain. To the extent that their rights have been interfered with, there has been a lawful taking of their property for public use and they will be fully compensated.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversеd and final judgment is rendered for the Director of Highways.
Judgment reversed.
Dissenting Opinion
dissents for the cogent reasons unanimously expressed by the lower courts.
It is not even contended that this highway meets the statutory definition of a so-called limited access highway. Under the provisions of Section 1178-21, General Code (Section 5511.02, Eevised Code), it must be a thorоughfare “especially designed for through traffic and over which abutting property owners have no easement or right of access by reason of the fact that their property abuts upon such highway and access to which may be allowed only at highway intersections.” As pertinently observed by the lower courts, the defendant does not contend that this highway was “especially designed for through traffic.”
Ñor can it be seen how any contention could be made that this is a highway especially designed for through traffic when one considers the manner in which this highway was constructed. In 1940 the first section of this four-lane highway was constructed from Columbus to West Jefferson with no mention of limited access. In 1948 and 1949, the second section was similarly constructed from the west limits of West Jefferson to the east limits of Lafayette. Then, in 1951 the section under consideration was constructed, and at that time the entire section from West Jefferson to the Madison-Clarh county line was designated a limited access highway. To grant the highway director this аuthority would permit him, in his unbridled discretion, to designate any existing highway, regardless of its age or original construction, a limited access highway and extinguish all existing rights of access thereon.
Ñor does the defendant contend that this highway meets the requirement that it must be a thoroughfare “over which abutting property owners have no easement or right of access by reason of the fact that their property abuts upon such highway and access
Not only does this discrimination fail to meet the requirement of the statutory definition but it is a clear violation of thе equal protection clauses of the federal and state Constitutions.
If it is held that such authority is conferred on the defendant Director of Highways, it would seem that this legislation should be re-examined immediately by the General Assembly. Ohio, of course, is in need of highway improvement, but, even in these days of steadily increasing bureaucracy, it is to be wondered whether it is necessary therefor to employ the heavy hand of government in this discriminatory fashion.