Lead Opinion
OPINION
Appellant Kevin Wayne Rotenberry appeals his conviction for tampering with physical evidence. Because the indictment failed to state an offense, we vacate the trial court’s judgment and dismiss the indictment.
Background
The significant facts are largely uncontested. Appellant’s grandmother, Peggy Dudley, was at one time married to a man named Patrick Cunningham. Cunningham was last seen alive in 1996. Peggy divorced Cunningham in November 1996, claiming that he had abandoned her in August 1996. Peggy died sometime before October 2003.
In 2003, Appellant’s cousin, Dustin Tub-bleville, who was in custody for an unrelated offense, told police that Cunningham had been murdered and was buried in the back yard of Appellant’s home. Tubble-ville said that Appellant had killed Cunningham after Cunningham beat Peggy, carried him in the trunk of his car to his Colleyville home, and with the help of his father, cut up Cunningham’s body and buried it in the back yard. Tubbleville also claimed that the family dog dug up the body, so Appellant and his father buried it deeper.
Based on Tubbleville’s tip, the Texas Rangers began an investigation into Cunningham’s whereabouts that eventually led to the issuance of a warrant to search the premises of Appellant’s home. Various law enforcement agencies assembled to execute the warrant on March 31, 2004.
On the morning of March 31, before police executed the warrant, Colleyville Police Officer David Martz contacted Appellant by phone and asked him to come to the Colleyville police station. Appellant reported to the police station as requested, and Officer Martz interviewed him for about an hour. Officer Martz told Appellant that he was investigating Cunningham’s disappearance and asked Appellant if he knew where Cunningham was. Cunningham told Officer Martz that he did not know where Cunningham was and that he believed Cunningham might have moved to Florida.
After the police read him his rights, Appellant told them that his grandmother had killed Cunningham, who had a history of physically abusing her, in 1996. He said that after his grandmother killed Cunningham, she called Appellant and asked him to help dispose of the body. According to Appellant, his grandmother, who was familiar with the Colleyville home because she lived there at one time, told him to put Cunningham’s body in a disused septic tank in the backyard. Appellant told police that he did as his grandmother asked and put the body in the septic tank.
Based on information provided by Appellant, police located an unused septic tank in the home’s backyard and found skeletal remains, later determined through DNA analysis to be Cunningham’s, inside the tank.
Appellant was initially charged with Cunningham’s murder, but the grand jury indicted him for tampering with or fabricating physical evidence. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 37.09(a)(1) (Vernon 2003). In four counts, the indictment alleged that Appellant concealed an unidentified body in a septic tank on August 1, 2001, August 1, 2002, August 1, 2003, and March 1, 2004.
In November 2004, Appellant was rein-dicted for tampering with or fabricating physical evidence by “leaving or hiding” the body in the septic tank on March 30, 2004. In December 2004, the State amended the indictment to allege in a second paragraph that Appellant tampered with or fabricated evidence by telling Officer Martz on March 31, 2004, that he did not know where Cunningham was.
Later in December 2004, Appellant was reindicted again. In five paragraphs with minor variations, this third indictment alleged that Appellant “concealed” Cunningham’s body by telling Officer Martz on March 31, 2004, that he did not know where Cunningham was with the intent to impair the availability of Cunningham’s body as evidence in an investigation.
Finally, Appellant was reindicted a fourth time on February 1, 2006. This last indictment alleged as follows:
[0]n or about March 31, 2004, [Appellant] did then and there, knowing that an investigation into the disappearance of Patrick Cunningham was pending or in progress conceal a thing, to-wit, a human body by telling Detective David Martz that he had not seen Patrick Cunningham since the time that Patrick Cunningham had abandoned [his grandmother] and that he did not know where Patrick Cunningham was located when in fact the defendant had hidden the body of Patrick Cunningham in a septic tank at the residence of Richard Roten-berry with the intent to impair its availability as evidence in the investigation.
In a second paragraph, the indictment made the identical allegation but recited the street address of the home where the body was found.
Appellant filed a motion to quash the final indictment for failing to allege an offense, and the trial court denied the motion. A jury found Appellant guilty as alleged in the indictment and assessed punishment of eight years’ confinement,
Discussion
In his fourth point, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to quash the indictment because the indictment failed to state an offense. Specifically, Appellant contends that he did not “conceal physical evidence” when he told Officer Martz that he did not know where Cunningham was. We agree.
Upon the filing of a timely motion to quash, an indictment must be analyzed to determine whether it states on its face the facts necessary to allege that an offense was committed, to bar a subsequent prosecution for the same offense, and to give the accused notice of the precise offense with which he is charged. De-Vaughn v. State,
Under penal code section 37.09, captioned “Tampering With or Fabricating Physical Evidence,” a person commits a third-degree felony if, knowing that an investigation or official proceeding is pending or in progress, he “alters, destroys, or conceals any record, document, or thing with intent to impair its verity, legibility, or availability as evidence” in the investigation or official proceeding. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 37.09(a)(1).
The indictment alleged that Appellant concealed Cunningham’s body by telling Officer Martz that he did not know where Cunningham was. It is crucial to identify and distinguish between the two acts of concealment comprising Appellant’s conduct. Appellant concealed physical evidence — Cunningham’s body — when he hid the body in the septic tank. He concealed information — the fact that Cunningham was dead and the location of the body-when he told Officer Martz that he did not know where Cunningham was. The distinction between physical evidence and information is the crux of this case.
The State could not charge Appellant with concealing physical evidence by hiding Cunningham’s body in the septic tank in 1996 because the three-year statute of limitations expired before the indictment was presented to the grand jury in 2004. See Tex.Code CRiM. Proc. Ann. arts. 12.01(6) (Vernon Supp. 2006), 12.04, 12.06 (Vernon 2005). Instead, the State charged Appellant with concealing physical evidence by telling Officer Martz on March 31, 2004 that he did not know where Cunningham was.
The State’s theory of liability is flawed because when Appellant lied to Officer Martz on March 31, 2004, he concealed information, not physical evidence. Section 37.09 criminalizes the concealment of physical evidence, not the concealment of information. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 37.09(a)(1) (“A person commits an offense if ... he ... conceals any record, document, or thing....”). It bears repeating that the statute under which Appellant was indicted and tried is captioned “Tampering With or Fabricating Physical Evidence.” Id. § 37.09 (emphasis added). The caption is one factor courts may con
Another factor courts may consider when interpreting a statute is laws on the same or similar subject. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.023(4). The two sections of the penal code immediately preceding section 37.09 criminalize the concealment of information when a person makes a false statement to law enforcement officials material to a criminal investigation or relating to a missing person. Under section 37.08, “False Report to Peace Officer or Law Enforcement Employee,” a person commits a Class B misdemeanor if, with intent to deceive, he knowingly makes a false statement that is material to a criminal investigation and makes the statement to a peace officer conducting the investigation. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 37.08 (Vernon 2003). Under section 37.081, “False Report Regarding Missing Child or Missing Person,” a person commits a Class C misdemeanor if, with intent to deceive, he knowingly makes a false statement to a law enforcement officer relating to a missing person. Id. § 37.081 (Vernon 2003). In this case, an information tracking the language of sections 37.08 or 37.081 might have been sufficient to allege an offense; the indictment tracking the language of section 37.09 was not sufficient. Lying to conceal information material to an investigation is a crime, but it is not a violation of section 37.09.
The State relies on two cases as support for its position that one may conceal information, and therefore commit an offense under section 37.09, by making a verbal misrepresentation to law enforcement officers. See King v. State,
The case before us is distinguishable from King and Sanford. First, in King the question on appeal was the sufficiency of the evidence to show the appellant’s intent to hinder the fugitive’s apprehension; thus, King offers no guidance as to what
Second, in Sanford, the appellant was tried for “harboring or concealing” the fugitive, and the court did not distinguish between “harbor” and “conceal.” Sanford,
Third, and most significant, is the difference between the relevant statutes themselves. In this connection, we must also consider our recent decision in Chase v. State along with Sanford and King. See Chase v. State, Nos. 2-06-00063-CR, 2-06-00064-CR,
When statutory words are not defined, we give words their plain meanings — unless the act clearly shows that they were used in some other sense. Daniels v. State,
To determine in what sense the Legislature used of the word “conceal” in the various statutes, we look to the statute’s captions. Section 32.33 is captioned “Hindering Secured Creditors.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 32.33 (emphasis added). Section 38.05 is captioned “Hindering Apprehension or Prosecution.” Id. § 38.05 (emphasis added). Section 37.09, by contrast, is captioned “Tampering With or Fabricating Physical Evidence.” Id. § 37.09 (emphasis added).
We now compare the definitions of the words “tampering with or fabricating” as used in the caption of the statute relevant to this case and the term “hindering” as used in the other statutes. “Tampering” means “the act of altering a thing; esp., the act of illegally altering a document or product, such as written evidence or a consumer good.” Black’s Law DictionaRY 1494 (8th ed. 2004). “Fabricate” means to invent, forge, or devise falsely. Id. at 627. “Hindering” means to obstruct or delay progress. WebsteR’s Ninth New Collegiate DICTIONARY 571 (1983).
Lying about the presence of a fugitive will “obstruct or delay” the apprehension of the fugitive; thus, in the context of section 38.05, lying to police could constitute “concealing.” Likewise, refusing to disclose the location of secured property to a creditor is will “obstruct or delay” the creditor’s recovery of the property and thus “conceals” the property under section 32.33.
But lying to police about the location of physical evidence does not “alter, invent, or forge” physical evidence. Thus, “conceal” in the context of “tampering with or fabricating physical evidence” does not fairly encompass the act of lying to police. It would encompass the act of actually hiding the evidence under the second defi
In summary, the word “conceal” must be read in light of the various statutes’ captions. The difference between the captions — “hindering” in the two, “tampering with or fabricating” in the one-compels different interpretations of the word “conceal.” While “concealing” by lying or withholding information is “hindering,” it is not “tampering with or fabricating.” Thus, while the word “conceal” as used in sections 32.33 and 38.05 reasonably includes both “the act of refraining from disclosure” and “the act of removing from sight or notice or hiding,” the caption and other terms in section 37.09 clearly show that “conceal” is limited to the latter sense in the statute relevant to this case. Therefore, the interpretations of the term “conceal” in Sanford, King, and Chase do not guide our interpretation of the same term in this case.
We hold that the indictment failed as a matter of law to allege an offense under penal code section 37.09, and we sustain Appellant’s fourth point. Because his fourth point disposes of the entire appeal, we do not consider his other points. See Tex.R.App. P. 47.1. We vacate the trial court’s judgment and dismiss the indictment. See Tex.R.App. P. 43.2(e).
CAYCE, C.J. filed a dissenting opinion.
Notes
. In Boykin v. State, the court of criminal appeals noted that "[ajlthough Section 311.023 ... invites, but does not require, courts to consider extratextual factors when the statutes in question are not ambiguous, such an invitation should be declined” unless the language of the statute is ambiguous or would lead to an absurd result.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting.
I respectfully dissent. The majority’s interpretation of section 37.09 of the Texas Penal Code fails to give the language of the statute its plain meaning and is in conflict with a prior recent opinion of this court defining “conceals” in a different section of the penal code.
The pertinent language of section 37.09(a)(1) defines the offense of “Tampering With or Fabricating Physical Evidence” as follows:
(a) A person commits an offense if, knowing that an investigation or official proceeding is pending or in progress, he:
(1) alters, destroys, or conceals any ... thing with intent to impair its ... availability as evidence in the investigation or official proceeding.1
Section 37.09 does not, however, define “conceals.”
In construing a statute, our primary responsibility is to give effect to the legislature’s intent as expressed in the language of the statute.
In Chase v. State, Justice Gardner, writing for another panel of this court, defined the word “conceals” in section 32.33 of the penal code as to “keep from the knowledge and observation of others,” “refrain from disclosing or divulging,” and “hide, secrete, or withhold from the knowledge of others.”
The majority acknowledges the same universally recognized definition of “conceals” that we adopted in Chase, but it holds that the word means something different here. According to the majority, the legislature intended that the word be given a much narrower definition when used in section 37.09 because the caption of section 37.09 (“Tampering With or Fabricating Physical Evidence”) is different than the caption of section 32.33 (“Hindering Secured Creditors”). Thus, the majority suggests that when construing section 32.33 of the penal code we must give “conceals” its plain meaning, but when construing section 37.09 of the code we may disregard its plain meaning in favor of a definition that we think better fits the statute’s caption. This “double standard” of statutory construction is without precedent and results in the majority’s rewriting section 37.09 by giving “conceals” a narrowly circumscribed definition that the legislature itself did not give it.
When called upon to interpret a statute, it is not our function as a court to give a statute a meaning that the legislature did not clearly intend simply because we disagree with the operation of the statute as written. Yet, this is what the majority has done here. If the legislature had intended that the definition of “conceals” in section 37.09 exclude “the act of refraining from disclosure” — conduct that the majority concedes is reasonably included within the definition of “conceals” as used in section 37.09 — the legislature could have easily said so. Nothing in section 37.09 or its caption, however, evidences such an intent.
The word “conceals” in section 37.09 of the penal code has the same plain meaning as the word “conceals” in section 32.33 of the code. This meaning has not changed since Chase was decided, and nothing in section 37.09 or any other part of the penal code “clearly shows” that the word was intended by the legislature to be used in some other sense than we held it was to be used in section 32.33.
Because the evidence was sufficient to show that appellant withheld information regarding the location of Cunningham’s body with intent to prevent it from being available as evidence in a criminal investigation, the jury properly found him guilty under section 37.09 of the penal code. We should, therefore, affirm the judgment of the trial court.
For all of these reasons, I dissent.
. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 37.09(a)(1) (Vernon 2003) (emphasis added).
. R.R.E. v. Glenn,
. State v. Hardy,
. Tex Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.011(a) (Vernon 2005).
. Daniels v. State,
. Chase v. State, Nos. 02-06-00063-CR, 02-06-00064-CR,
. Chase,
. See Daniels,
. Chase,