OPINION OF THE COURT
An internal memorandum from a corporate staff attorney to a corporate officer communicating advice regarding a company form that was the subject of an imminent defamation action is protected from disclosure in that action by the attorney-client privilege (CPLR 4503 [a]).
As alleged in the complaint, in April 1984, plaintiff, a physician specializing in radiology, opened a facility for medical diagnostic testing through the use of a Diasonics NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) Imaging Scanner. Over the next year and a half, plaintiff performed NMR scans on numerous patients, among them subscribers of defendant health insurer, Blue Cross and Blue Shield. Defendant allegedly rejected more than 2,000 claims by plaintiff’s patients seeking reimbursement for the scans. In rejecting claims, defendant sent its subscribers a form containing the following statement: "Your contract does not cover procedures which are experimental or whose effectiveness is not generally recognized by an appropriate governmental agency.” Apparently, the procedure had in fact been approved by the Federal Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Devices and Radiological Health.
After several times notifying defendant of the FDA approval and unsuccessfully seeking correction of the statement, on May 2, 1985, plaintiff drew up a summons and complaint for defamation. In the complaint, plaintiff pleaded that hundreds of his patients who had received defendant’s rejection notice condemned him for using an unapproved, experimental nuclear procedure that could harm them physically. Plaintiff alleged that Blue Cross knew that the language used in rejecting his patients’ claims was false and fraudulent, but
The focus of this appeal is an internal Blue Cross memorandum dated May 2, 1985 — the date of the summons and complaint — from Edward Blaney, Jr., to Dr. Mordecai Berkun. Blaney was a lawyer employed by Blue Cross on its counsel’s staff, not a company officer; Berkun was an officer of Blue Cross and its Medical Director. Copies of the memorandum were indicated for C. Ammarati, Blue Cross Vice-President of Professional Affairs (Berkun’s staff superior), and J. L. Shurtleff, Blue Cross Vice-President and General Counsel (Blaney’s staff superior).
In response to discovery requests, defendant identified the Blaney memorandum but withheld production on grounds of attorney-client privilege, work product and material prepared for litigation. While the document has not been made public, defendant has described its contents, paragraph by paragraph, as follows. According to defendant, the first paragraph refers to conversations between Blaney and plaintiff’s attorney regarding a possible defamation suit based on the rejection form; the second concerns conversations between Blaney and the FDA regarding plaintiff’s NMR Imaging System; the third paragraph sets forth Blaney’s understanding of Blue Cross’ NMR reimbursement policy and his understanding of new language that was going to be used to deny NMR claims; and the final paragraph expresses Blaney’s opinion and advice regarding the rejection language of the form, and requesting comments from the Medical Director.
On plaintiff’s motion for production of the memorandum in its entirety, Supreme Court reviewed the document in camera and directed that it be turned over to plaintiff. A divided Appellate Division reversed, concluding that the memorandum was a privileged attorney-client communication as well as work product, and it granted plaintiff leave to appeal to this court on a certified question. The dissenters would have ordered production because the thrust of the memorandum "concerns the quality of a business judgment and does not in any significant way involve a lawyer’s learning and professional skills reflecting legal research or theory.” (
To begin with points of agreement, no one questions that
Beyond these points of agreement, the attorney-corporate client privilege has raised nettlesome questions — particularly as to communications from corporate agents to counsel (see, e.g., Waldman, Beyond Upjohn: The Attorney-Client Privilege in the Corporate Context, 28 Wm & Mary L Rev 473 [1987]; Saltzburg, Corporate and Related Attorney-Client Privilege Claims: A Suggested Approach, 12 Hofstra L Rev 279 [1984]; Sexton, A Post-Upjohn Consideration of the Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege, 57 NYU L Rev 443 [1982]). But even where the communication in issue is — as here — from the staff attorney to the corporate agent, difficult questions may arise.
For example, unlike the situation where a client individually engages a lawyer in a particular matter, staff attorneys may serve as company officers, with mixed business-legal responsibility; whether or not officers, their day-to-day involvement in their employers’ affairs may blur the line between legal and nonlegal communications; and their advice may originate not in response to the client’s consultation about a particular problem but with them, as part of an ongoing,
Obviously, not every communication from staff counsel to the corporate client is privileged. It is equally apparent that no ready test exists for distinguishing between protected legal communications and unprotected business or personal communications; the inquiry is necessarily fact-specific (8 Wigmore, Evidence § 2296, at 566-567 [McNaughton rev ed 1961]). However, certain guideposts to reaching this determination may be identified by looking to the particular communication at issue in this case. Here, as the Appellate Division noted, the "memorandum is clearly an internal, confidential document. Nothing indicates that anyone outside the defendant company had access to it.” (
For the privilege to apply when communications are made from client to attorney, they "must be made for the purpose of obtaining legal advice and directed to an attorney who has been consulted for that purpose.”
(Matter of Grand Jury Subpoena [Bekins Record Stor. Co.].,
The subject of the memorandum was plaintiff’s imminent defamation suit based on the language of defendant’s rejection form. The memorandum, written the very day plaintiff’s summons and complaint were drafted, began by referring to Blaney’s conversations with plaintiff’s counsel and went on to express the lawyer’s views regarding the rejection language of
So long as the communication is primarily or predominantly of a legal character, the privilege is not lost merely by reason of the fact that it also refers to certain nonlegal matters
(id.; see also,
Gergacz,
Attorney-Corporate Client Privilege,
at 3-30 [1987]). Indeed, the nature of a lawyer’s role is such that legal advice may often include reference to other relevant considerations
(see, United States v United Shoe Mach. Corp.,
Plaintiff finally asserts that even if the memorandum is privileged, the privilege should give way to "strong public policy considerations,” citing
Matter of Priest v Hennessy
(
Chief Judge Wachtler and Judges Simons, Alexander, Titone, Hancock, Jr., and Bellacosa concur.
Order affirmed, etc.