| U.S. Cir. Ct. | Jun 15, 1883
(charging jury.) The plaintiff, being a dealer in all sorts of iron at the city of Chicago, imported from Liverpool to tho city of Toledo, to fill a contract with a ear-manufacturing company of Lafayette, Indiana, 1,000 pieces of iron, formed in a shape and size to be used as car axles, in the manufacture of railroad cars by the car company. They wore called in the shipment “iron forgings for axles.” When they arrived at the port of Toledo the collector required him to pay the duty provided by law to be charged upon “axles,” being 2J- cents per pound. The plaintiff claimed he was only to be charged the duty required to be paid on bars of “rolled or hammered iron,” being but cents per pound. The plaintiff paid the collector, under protest, the sum of 2J cents per pound, and this suit is to recover from tho defendant, under the provisions of the statute, the difference between those rates of duty; being the sum of $3,077.10, and interest thereon from the different times at which tho sums were paid.
The statutes of the United States, (section 2501, in Schedule E,) after describing various forms of iron manufactures, and fixing the duty on each class, provides that on “all other descriptions of rolled or hammered iron, not otherwise provided for, one cent and one-fourth per pound.” Afterwards, and in another part of the section, after also describing various forms of iron manufactures, provides
In this suit the plaintiff claims that he should have been charged with only 1J cents per pound, and that the articles should have been classed and rated as “hammered iron,” under the statute; and the defendant claims that he was to be charged the duty provided upon “axles,” and should be rated under that provision of the law.
The question for you to determine from the evidence is, to which of these classes of importations the articles imported by the plaintiff belong. Were they axles within the meaning of the law, or wei;e they only bars of “hammered iron‘t ” This is a question of fact that you must settle from the evidence you have heard on the trial of this case. Much of the evidence consists of that of experts engaged in making and trading in iron and manufactures of iron in various forms. This evidence is to be considered by you. Its weight and reliability always depend very much on the capacity and knowledge of the witness as an expert,—his experience and means of enabling him to form opinions upon the subject about which he may testify.
Our tariff laws undertake to regulate our commerce with foreign countries by fixing rates and duties upon some articles of trade used in commerce, and placing others upon what is called the “free list,” and it is intended by them to name and cover all articles that may enter into our commercial trade, either on the duty list or on the free list. The names given to different articles in these laws are to be understood and construed to mean what they were understood to mean in the commerce and trade of the country, and among those engaged in trade and commerce at the time of the passage of the acts, and as recognized by the customs department at the same time, and not at periods since the passage of the law. The commercial character of these importations does not depend upon the mere fact that they were or were not finished “axles,” fit to be used withouji any other labor upon them in the construction of railroad ears; but whether they were understood and recognizéd in commerce and the business of trade as “axles” by those engaged in such trade at the time of the passage of the law. If they were in fact “axles,” such as named in the statute, then less evidence would be required to show that they were so understood in the trade. If not in fact such axles, then greater evidence should be required to show that they were so understood to be “axles” in the trade of the country, and so recognized in such trade.
Now, gentlemen, if under the whole evidence there be doubts as to the construction of the statute as to the character of the articles imported, it is your duty to give to the importer, the plaintiff in this case, the benefit of those doubts. So that the evidence ought to satisfy you, by a fair preponderance of proof, that 'these articles were properly scaled and scheduled in the charging of duties; but if you are ■not so satisfied, the presumption should be in favor of this plaintiff,—
Verdict for defendant. Motion for new trial overruled, and exceptions taken by plaintiff to the charge of the court, and refusal to instruct as reguested by the plaintiff.