Rosenbledt v. Wodehouse
25 Haw. 561
Haw.
1920
Check Treatment

OPINION OF THE COURT BY

KEMP, J.

The petitioner Morris Rosenbledt as trustee for three of the lawfully begotten children of Elizabeth Hart (nee Wond) filed his petition in the land court in which he claimed title to an undivided 3/7 interest in the land described in the petition and sought to have his title to said undivided interest registered. The respondents, trustees under the will and of the estate of Bathsheba M. Allen, deceased, appeared and claimed an undivided interest in said lands somewhat in conflict with the claim of petitioner. ' Other respondents made claims partly in сonflict with the claim of the trustees o'f the Allen estate. Questions of law were reseiwed to this court by the judge of the land court and in the opinion reported in 24 Haw. 298 it was held that only the title of the petitioner could be registered in this proceeding and that thе conflicting claims of the various respondents could not be adjudicated therein. It was also held that *563Elizabeth took an estate in fee simple in said land by the deed under which all the parties claim and the land court acting upon the advice thus given it decreed that the petitioner had title to an undivided 3/9 interest in said land. From this decree the petitioner comes to this court on writ of error.

The first question to he determined is whether the former opinion of this court on the reserved questions holding that Elizabeth took an estate in fee simple is now the law of the case and as such binding upon us, or are we at liberty to reexamine that question and if we come to a different conclusion to disregard our former opinion.

There is no contention that the decree entered is erroneous provided the deed in question conveyed to Elizabeth an estate in fee simple, as formerly held by this court. If therefore ‍​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​​​​‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‍the holding that Elizabeth took an estate in fee simple in said land is now the law of the case therе is nothing before us open for review. Petitioner has cited the City of Hastings v. Foxworthy, 63 N. W. 955, as a leading case supporting his contention that the doctrine generally referred to as the law-of the case should not he recognized. That question was recently before this сourt and we held with a majority of the state courts and the Supreme Court of the United States that a question decided when a case is before us on appeal will not be reexamined when the same case again comes before us on a subsеquent appeal. (Wong Wong v. Skating Rink, 25 Haw. 347.)

But the plaintiff in error contends that inasmuch as an opinion on reserved questions merely advises the court reserving the questions to this court what the law on some abstract question is such an opinion does not fall within the rule under discussion. In Lewers & Cooke v. Atcherly, 222 U. S. 288, 295, it is said: “The decree *564overruling' the demurrer of-the defendant to the bill of the Kápiolani Estate also is relied upon. But as that case has not passed to a final decree, and the defendant bought'the land in controversy pendente lite, it can stand no better than its vendor the party to the suit. * * * If that сase instead of this had been prosecuted to final decree there was nothing in its former action to hinder the Supreme Court from adopting the principle now laid down, even though it thereby should overrule an interlocutory decision previously reached.” If an interlocutory decision previously reached does not fall within the rule under discussion it would appear that with more reason it ought to be held that a decision rendered on reserved questions might be overruled when the case in which the questiоn was reserved comes before us on appeal, and under the circumstances of this case, to which we will now refer, we think it entirely proper for ns to reexamine the question of the proper construction of the deed in question and reаch a. conclusion independent of what was heretofore held.

When the matter was here on reserved questions the petitioner contended that Elizabeth took a life estate with remainder in fee simple to her lawfully begotten children who might survive her, that is, that the remainder was contingent upon their survival. At that time it was contended, and is now contended, by the trustees of the Allen estate that the remainder to the lawfully begotten children became vested ‍​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​​​​‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‍immediately upon the birth of a lawfully begotten child subjеct to open and let in after-born lawfully begotten children. The petitioner has now abandoned his former contention and makes the same contention as the trustees of the Allen estate. The remaining respondents have filed no brief and made no argument but submitted their case upon the brief filed for the trustees of the Allen estate. It *565appears that all of the parties making contentions at this time are united in their belief that the former opinion of this court was erroneous. It also appeаrs that most of the interests which would lose by a rescission of our former, opinion and adopting the contention now made before us have been acquired by parties appearing and making this contention.

We pass now to a consideration оf the deed in question. The instrument and the facts showing the relationship of the parties are fully set out in our former opinion and need not be repeated here. Contrary to what was heretofore held we think that at common law under this deed Elizabeth would tаke an estate in fee tail. In Booke v. Queen’s Hospital, 12 Haw. 375, 381, this court in discussing “the rule in Wild’s case” said: “It was further resolved that in the case of a devise simply to A, and to his children or issue, without the words ‘after his decease’ or their equivalent, if he had children at the time of the devise, he and they would take jointly for lifе, that being the manifest intent and there being nothing to prevent its taking effect, but that if he did not have children at the time of the devise, he would tala an estate tail, since there was a manifest intent that the children or issue should take, and as immediate devisees they could not take, because they were not in rerum natura, and by way of remainder they could not take, for that was not the intent, because the gift was immediate, and therefore A would take an estate tail and ‘children’ would be a word of limitation.” With the exceptiоn of the substitution of the words “lawfully begotten children” for the words “heirs of the body” the language used in the deed under consideration is more nearly paralleled by the language used in the devise which was under consideration in Kinney v. Oahu Sug. Co., 23 Haw. 747, than any other that has come before *566this court. In that case Mrs. Bishop devised tо K and K “and to the heirs of the body of either the lot of land called ‘Mauna Kamala’ situated at Kapalama, Honolulu ; upon default of issue the same to go to my trustees upon the trusts below expressed.” In this case the grant is to “Elizabeth Wond as a wedding gift аnd also for the better support, maintenance and livelihood o'f the said Elizabeth Wond, her lawfully begotten children, their ‍​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​​​​‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‍heirs and assigns,” with habendum “unto the said Elizabeth Wond, her lawfully begotten children, their heirs and assigns to their only. proper use and behoof forever.” From the above it is seen that the grant in this case is to “Elizabeth Wond, her lawfully begotten children, their. heirs and assigns” without such words as “after her decease” and she had no children at the time of the execution of the deed. Accordingly under the rule in Wild’s case and the holding in Kinney v. Oahu Sug. Co., supra, which we will notice later, this deed would at common law have conveyed to Elizabeth Wond an estate in fee tail unless other provisions of the deed clearly show a different intent. In a subsequent clause of the deed under consideration it is provided that the land shall revert to the grantor if Elizabeth should die without leaving lawfully begotten children. This clause is quite analogous to the clause in the devise under consideration in Kinney v. Oahu Sug. Co., supra, providing for a disposition of the property in the event there should be a default of issue. If this deed сontained no further provisions than the ones we have mentioned the parallel between it and the devise construed in Kinney v. Oahu Sug. Go., supra, would be complete, and in that case the conclusion of the court is summed up in the following language: “We take the view that whеre it does not appear that in the particular case a life estate and remainder would more nearly comply with the ulti*567mate disposition of the property and the direct benefits to be conferred thereby Avhich the grantor and testator had in mind the attempted fee tail should take effect as a fee simple in the first taker. This, because both are estates of inheritance and belong to the same genus; both, at common law, were subject to the incidents of dower and curtesy, and were without impeachment of waste; the tenant in tail could bar the entail; an estate tail, in point of law, bears little resemblance to a life estate and remainder; and the laAV generally favors the first taker. In short, in such a case as this a holding that the first taker shall have an estate in fee simple will go as near as may be under the law toward effectuating the futile intent to create an estate tail.”

The only clause in this deed which has no parallel in the devise under discussion in that case is the one which forbids the alienation by Elizabeth. We thus have the grantor making a conveyance under which, if all of its provisions could be given effect, Elizabeth ‍​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​​​​‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‍Wond would have taken an estate in fee tail with one of its incidents, namely, the right to alienate and thus bar the entail, cut off by the clause against alienation. But, as has often been held, an estate tail cannot be created nor exist here (Rooke v. Queen’s Hospital, supra; Nahaolelua v. Heen, 20 Haw. 372) and the clause against alienation is void (Simerson v. Simerson, 20 Haw. 57).

What course then should a court pursue Avhen confronted with such a deed? “In some of the States in which fees tail do not exist the estate is considered a fee simple in the first taker; in others a life estate in the first taker and remainder in fee simple in the issue, while in others it is considered one or the other according to which appears to most nearly carry out the intention of the testator” (Rooke v. Queen’s Hospital, supra). The one alternative would be to hold the attempted grant *568void, but so far- as we are aware uo court lias pursued that course. In attempting to give to a deed which conveys an estate that cannot exist the effect that will most nearly carry out the intention of the grantor all of the prоvisions of that deed, both legal and illegal, must be considered. Hence the language which would create an estate tail and the clause against alienation, although void, are not to be entirely disregarded in the attempt to give to the deed the effect most nearly approximating the grantor’s intention. (Hubbird v. Goin, 187 Fed. 822.)

As we have already said, it was undoubtedly the intention of the grantor to grant to his daughter Elizabeth an estate in fee tail with one of the incidents of such an estate cut off by the clause against alienation. If it were not for this clause against alienation we think the case would clearly fall within the ruling in Kinney v. Oahu Sug. Co., supra, and there could be no question as to the correctness of our former holding. We also think that since the grantor expressed clearly that he did not desirе Elizabeth to have the light to sell the land — a right incident to an estate in tail — it will more nearly ‍​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​​​​‌​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‍carry out his intention to hold that his futile attempt to convey to her an estate in fee tail with the right to bar the entail cut off resulted in conveying to her only a life estatе with remainder in fee simple to her lawfully begotten children.

On the question of whether the remainder was to-only such of her lawfully begotten children as survived her or was vested immediately upon the birth of a lawfully begotten child, subject to open and let in other lawfully bеgotten children, we think it must be held that the latter is .the estate granted although much can-be said in favor of the other. It is hard to tell which holding would more nearly carry out the expressed wish *569of the grantor. Under this holding, because of the circumstances of the case, the illegitimate children of Elizabeth will be slightly benefited, a result which the grantor evidently did not desire as is evidenced by his use of the words “lawfully begotten children,” but since all of the grantor’s intentions as expressed in his deed cannot be carried out and since the lаAv favors the immediate vesting of estates Ave resolve the donbt in favor of a remainder Avhich vested immediately upon the birth of a lawfully begotten child subject to open and let in la.AV-fully begotten children born thereafter.

E. G. Peters and H. R. Hewitt (Peters & Smith on the brief) for plaintiff in error. I. M. Stamback (H. Holmes with him on the brief) for defendants in error.

These conclusions necessitate a modification of the decree entered in the land court as to the quantity Of petitioner’s interest, but in justice to the judge of the land court it should be said that he Avas in duty bound to follow the former decision of this court construing the deed and no error is therеfore chargeable to him.

The decree is reversed and the cause remanded Avith instructions to the judge of the land court to enter a modified decree in accordance Avith the vieAvs herein expressed and the facts already before him.