201 Mo. App. 262 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1919
Lead Opinion
— This is an action to recover damages for personal injuries sustained by plaintiff, on December 17, 1912, by reason of falling into an opening or cellarway in the sidewalk on the north side of Oarr Street, a public street in the city of St. Louis, in front of and adjoining a building and premises owned by the defendants Louise Biddle and Katherine Biddle Barrett on the northwest corner of Third and Carr Streets, and known as 1101-1105 Carr Street. The suit was instituted against Louise Biddle and Katherine Biddle Barrett as owners, and against the Gunn Fruit Company, a corporation, as the lessee of the premises. During the progress of the trial it appeared that the Gunn Fruit Company, having, in 1915, sold its business to another corporation, was no longer in existence. At the close of all the evidence in the case plaintiff dismissed the action as to said lessee. There was a verdict and judgment for plaintiff against the defendant owners, who have brought the case here by appeal.
The petition counts upon negligence on tlie part of the appellants in failing to provide said opening with a cover or grating of the character required by an ordinance of the city of St. Louis, being section 1292 of article 12 of the Revised Code of the city of St. Louis (1912). This ordinance, which appellants are charged to have violated, provides as follows:
“An opening in a paved sidewalk leading into an area or vault beneath or into a cellar shall be fitted with a wood or iron cover or grating set in flagging even with the surface of the sidewalk and said cover or grating shall have no lock, hinge, nor any fastening projecting above the sidewalk, and shall be secured in such manner as to prevent accident to any one passing over it. Any person who shall fail to comply with the provisions of this section, or who shall leave an opening in a sidewalk uncovered shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars.”
On the evening of December 17, 1912, plaintiff was on her way to her home from her place of employment nearby, and in passing over the sidewalk in front of this building, in a westerly direction, fell into an opening or cellarway in the north side of the walk adjacent to the building. This opening in the sidewalk, it is said, was about four and one-half feet in length, from north to south, and about four feet in width, surrounded by stone flagging or coping, and afforded access to the cellar or basement of the building by means of steps leading from the sidewalk. One witness, however, said that the opening extended only about three feet from the building, leaving about six feet of the sidewall?: to the south thereof. The testimony shows that. a porch extended from the building over this .sidewalk. And at the time of plaintiff’s - injury the sidewalk was to some extent obstructed by Christmas trees placed along the south sides thereof and also, it is said, along the building at the north edge thereof. There is testimony for plaintiff tending to show that these trees obstructed a large portion of the sidewalk toward the curb, leaving a rather narrow passageway on the north side of the walk, but testimony for defendants tends to show that the trees át the outer edge' of the sidewalk were, for the most part, in the street, and obstructed the sidewalk but little.
Plaintiff testified that it was 5:30 P. M. when she fell into the .opening, and that it was then "very dark” at this place — so dark that she could not discern that
A Mrs. Wishmeyer, who was with plaintiff at the time of her injury, i. e. was following her along the portion of this sidewalk unobstructed by trees, testified as to plaintiff’s fall; that she saw no covering of any kind over this opening at the time; and that it was very dark at this place. . •
One Hilliard, who was secretary of the Q-unn Fruit Company at the time of plaintiff’s injury, was called as a witness for plaintiff. He identified the lease mentioned above, and it was introduced in evidence. He testified that this opening “had a cover over it, a kind of gate made of slats that would rest against the outside of the opening and lean up against the wall, covering the entire opening;” that it was removable, and that there was no wooden or iron cover set in flagging even with the surface of the sidewalk; that the opening was protected solely by these slats fastened together, which leaned against the wall of the building, leaving open spaces at both sides thereof; and that when the cellarway was in use, this strip of slats was picked up and set to one side against the building. He further testified that at the time of the execution of the lease, supra, this hole and covering were in this condition; and that he had known the premises for many years, and that the condition then existing had existed for at least six or seven years. And his testimony on cross-examination makes it appear that this condition had existed for fourteen years. He was
. The ordinance pleaded in the petition was duly introduced in evidence by plaintiff. ,
One Bosche, who was president of the Gunn Fruit Company at the time of plaintiff’s injury, was called as a witness for defendants. He fully described the covering provided by these appellants for this opening, and which the lessees had continued to use, as consisting of a number of slats or boards, each about three inches in width, with spaces between them, and which were nailed to “about three strips running the other way.” He testified that when the covering was in place it did not lay flat over the opening but leaped against the wall of the building, the outer end thereof resting against the coping at the south side of the opening which extended about an inch above the sidewalk and which thus prevented the strip of slats from slipping and falling.
This witness testified that he saw this covering in place, above the opening, on the evening of plaintiff’s injury, prior to the time when she is said to have fallen into the opening; that he observed this as he left' the building about five o’clock, or a few minutes before or after that time; and that he heard of plaintiff’s injury on the following day. On cross-examination he testified that this strip of slats was quite light, and could be “picked up” very easily and moved about; that it “had been used for years,” and “had got very light during that time,” the wood having become “well seasoned.”. His further testimony in this connection is as follows: Q. “Now, you saw the hole at five o’clock?” A. “Yes, sir.” Q. “Five minutes
One Saporita, an employee of the Gunn Fruit Company at the time of plaintiff’s injury testified to the effect that he put this strip of slats in its accustomed position, above the opening, on the evening in question, prior to the time at which plaintiff is said to have been injured.
The other testimony in the case is not of consequence on this appeal.
It is argued for. appellants that the trial court erred in refusing to peremptorily direct a verdict for them; but we think that this insistence is without merit. The case, in this court, fell by assignment to our Presiding Judge, who has .written an opinion therein, holding that the demurrer to the evidence should have been sustained as to these appellants; but the other members of the court are unable to concur in that view of the case, and it has fallen to the lot of the writer to prepare the majority opinion:
Obviou‘-’-’r the evidence shows, without dispute, that the-' defendant owners,. these appellants, wholly failed to comply with the provisions of the ordinance, supra. This strip of slats nailed together, which did not fit over the opening at all, flush with the street, but leaned at an angle against the south wall of the building, leaving an opening on both sides thereof, was no compliance with ‘ the ordinance whatsoever. And the evidence shows that this condition existed at the time of the letting to the lessee, the Gumi Fruit Company, and that it had existed for a great many years prior there
In Fehlhauer v. City of St. Louis, 178 Mo. 635, l. c. 646, 77 S. W. 843, it is said: “The rule in such cases is that the ‘landlord’s liabilities in respect of possession, are in general suspended as soon as the tenant commences his occupation. But when injuries result to a third person from the faulty or defective construction of the premises, or from their ruinous condition
In this connection we may say that Bender v. Weber, 250 Mo. 551, 157 S. W. 570, and cases of that character, are here without application. In the Bender case the plaintiff was an invitee of the tenant of the premises, and sued the landlord, the owner, for injuries received by her by reason of falling down certain steps into a cellarway leading to the basement of the building. The duty or obligation of a landlord to a tenant, or invitees of the latter, is quite different from the duty or obligation owing by him to travellers upon the public highway adjoining the landlord’s premises. In the -Bender case, supra, it is said:
‘ ‘ Therefore it will not do to indiscriminately invoke the principles and doctrines announced in cases where traps are laid or dangerous openings are left so close to the line of travel on the public highway that travellers thereon are likely to stumble into them. . . . The doctrine and reasoning of such cases, then, as Smith v. St. Joseph, 45 Mo. 449; Bassett v. St. Joseph, 53 Mo. 290; Buesching v. Gas Light Co., 73 Mo. 219; Fehlhauer v. St. Louis, 178 Mo. 635, 77 S. W. 843; Benton v. St. Louis, 248 Mo. 98, 154 S. W. 473, . . . furnish little or no aid in this case. In so far as those cases, or any of them discuss and announce the joint duty of owners and tenants, or the separate duty of either of them, or of municipalities to persons travel-ling on public highways, they are not at first blush, or at bottom, applicable to the instant ease on the question up.”
In like manner, and by the same reasoning, cases like that of Bender v. Weber are not applicable in a case such as that before us which involves the question of the landlord's liability to a traveller upon the highway passing along the sidewalk on which the owner’s premises abut.
There is authority for the proposition that appellants; having violated the ordinance in failing to provide a lawful covering for this' opening, would become liable to one falling into the opening by reason of the fact that the cover provided by them was temporarily left off by the tenant. [See Anderson v. Diekie, 1 Robertson (N. Y.) 238.] And in this connection see also City of St. Louis v. Miller, 78 Mo. App. 67. But we shall not, put our opinion upon this ground. There is, in fact, no direct evidence that the lessee left this strip of slats off of the opening at the time in question, i. e. that the lessee, or its agents, or servants, set the thing aside, leaving the opening entirely exposed. On the contrary all of the positive testimony in the record touching the matter is that this strip of slats was put in its accustomed place upon that evening, prior to plaintiff’s injury. This strip of slats, however, was a light object, fastened in no way, but merely placed with the lower end against the flagging at the south side of the opening and the other end leaning against the wall of the building. It afforded a slanting covering . directly over the hole, but left, the latter exposed at both sides of the slats. If it can be said to have furnished, when in position, any substantial protection against the danger lurking in this sidewalk, it was so light that it could be easily pushed, or otherwise moved aside by anyone passing over this portion of the sidewalk, or by any intermeddler. This fully appears
In Harrison v. Electric Co., 195 Mo. 606, it is said:
“Many other cases in this State might be cited illustrative of the rule in reference to concurrent negligence constituting proximate cause, but the foregoing cases are sufficient to demonstrate that if a defendant is negligent and his negligence combines with that of another, or with any other • independent, intervening cause, he is liable although his negligence was not the sole negligence or the sole proximate cause, and although his negligence without such other independent, intervening cause would not have produced, the injury.” [Harrison v. K. C. Electric Co., 195 Mo. 606, l. c. 625, 93 S. W. 951; Buckner v. Horse & Mule Co., 221 Mo. 700, l. c. 710, 120 S. W. 766.]
In Daneschocky v. Sieble, 195 Mo. App. 470, l. c. 474, 475, 193 S. W. 966, this doctrine is well expounded, we think, by EllisoN, J., as follows:
“When the rule is stated in its full breadth, viz., that a separate intervening cause will break the line of causation leading out from the first cause and, in law, absolve the first cause from all responsibility, it is the statement of a mere arbitrary rule, which in practical application, would lead to results opposed to sound reason. The rule should always be accompanied by the*277 qualification, “that if the intervening act is such as might reasonably have been foreseen or anticipated as the natural or probable result of the original negligence, the original negligence will,- notwithstanding such intervening act, he regarded as the proximate cause of the injury.” [Nickey v. Steuder, 164 Ind. 189, 192.]
“We think that where the character of the first wrong is such that an injury will naturally, or probably, result, though it is a result following another cause which has intervened, it is a result that should reasonably have been foreseen or anticipated by the first wrongdoer and he should he held liable. An intervening cause should not be held to excuse the first cause,unless such intervening cause is one so unusual and so improbable as not to be reasonably foreseen or considered by an ordinarily prudent man. Otherwise, one could say, ‘I will commit this negligent wrong, though I know, or believe, it will probably cause another negligent wrongdoer — another intervening independent agency, to commit an injury.’ ”
Indeed appellants, we think, ought reasonably to have foreseen or anticipated that their negligence in leaving this deadly pitfall in the street, unprotected except by this light strip of slats leaning at an angle against the building, in flagrant violation of the ordinance, would be likely to result in injury of some character to one passing over this portion of the sidewalk, particularly at night. As the strip of slats extending some considerable distance above the sidewalk, inclined against the building, one would be likely to trip and fall over it, or to run against it and step into the cellar opening which was totally unguarded at the east and the west sides thereof; and if a pedestrian should run against the strip of slats and push it to one side, though escaping injury, another traveller might then readily fall into the opening.
“The liability of a person charged with negligence does not depend on the question whether, with the exercise of reasonable prudence, he could or ought to*278 have foreseen the very injury complained of; but lie may be held liable for anything which, after the injury is complete, appears to have been a natural and probable consequence of his act or omission.” [Buckner v. Horse & Mule Co., supra; Fishburn v. Railroad, 127 Iowa, l. c. 492; Harrison v. K. C. Electric Co., supra; Benjamin v. Street Railway, 133 Mo. 274, l. c. 291, 34 S. W. 590; Dean v. Railroad, 199 Mo. l. c. 411, 97 S. W. 910; Obermeyer v. Logeman Chair Co., 229 Mo. 97, 111, 129 S. W. 209; Daneschocky v. Seible, supra, and further authorities there cited.]
We are of the opinion that the case made by plaintiff, as against these appellants, was one for the jury, and that the trial court consequently committed no error in refusing to peremptorily direct a verdict for appellants.
II.
Plaintiff’s first instruction, the main instruction for plaintiff, purporting to cover the case and directing a verdict, is challenged by appellants as being prejudicially erroneous. This instruction, in substance, told the jury that if they found from the evidence that on December 17, 1914, and for many years prior thereto, Carr street, at and near its intersection with Third Street, was a public street in said city, and further found and believed from the evidence “that defendants on or about December 17, 1914, and for a long time prior thereto, owned, controlled and used a certain building and property located at the northwest corner of Third and Carr streets, and in connection with which property and building they provided, used and maintained on the Carr street side thereof, an opening or cellarway, which was used ■ and maintained by defendants as a means of ingress and egress to the cellar or basement of said building or property,” and that the opening or cellarway “extended out over the travelled part of said sidewalk,” then “it was the duty of the defendants to provide and maintain over
Obviously this instruction does not pursue the true theory upon which plaintiff’s case must proceed against these appellants. It appears to proceed upon the theory that the jury may lawfully find that these defendant owners not only owned, but then “controlled and used” the premises, and “used and maintained this cellarway;” whereas the premises were then in the possession and control of the lessees, who “used and maintained” this entrance to the cellar from the sidewalk. Whether this feature of the instruction would alone require it to be condemned as prejudicially erroneous, we need not decide. The jury are thereby instructed, however, that it was the duty of “the defendants’’ — the appealing owners — to ..provide and maintain a covering over this opening such as is required by the ordinance and that if the jury found that they failed to do so, and “as a direct result thereof” plaintiff was injured, then to find a verdict for plaintiff.
While the instruction appears, on the one hand, to he faulty in thus commingling the duty of the landlords with that of the tenant or tenants, it fails, on the other hand, to require a finding of facts such as ought to he required in a case of this character, where it is sought to hold an owner liable for a nuisance, or a dangerous condition of this nature, existing at and prior to the time of the letting.
Respondent points out that appellants obtained an instruction to the effect that though the cover did not comply with the ordinance, yet if the jury found that plaintiff’s injuries, if any, “resulted not because said covering to said areaway failed to conform to the city ordinance, hut solely because said covering was left open by lessee or some representative of the lessee in possession of the premises or some other person other than the defendants Louisa Biddle and Katherine Biddle Barrett,” then to return a verdict for said defendants. And it is argued that this instruction is too favorable to appellants; and that when this instruction and plaintiff’s main instruction are considered together, any error in the latter could not be regarded as prejudicial. Whether defendant was entitled to this instruction given for it is not a question before us. But plaintiff’s first instruction purported to cover the whole case, and directed a verdict, and as we understand the rule applicable in such cases, defendants’ instruction could not, under the circumstances, serve to cure or render harmless the error in giving plaintiff’s instruction in this form. [See State ex rel. Long v. Ellison, 272 Mo. 571, and cases there cited, 199 S. W. 984.]
Under the circumstances we do not see our way clear to hold that the giving of this instruction was nonprejudicial or harmless error.
Argued and submitted Dec. 4th, 1918. .Dissenting opinion filed February 4, 1919.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). — It appears from the evidence in this case, that while plaintiff was walking along Carr Street, going west, she stepped into an opening or cellarway in the sidewalk, the cellar and opening appurtenant to the premises, and of the character described in the amended petition. <It is in evidence that a cover was provided for this opening, consisting of wooden slats which completely covered it when closed and down over the opening, and which was without projecting hinges, lock or other fastenings. This covering had been in use from twelve to sixteen years and, according to the testimony, was there when the premises were leased to the Gfunn Fruit Company. It was also in evidence that this accident was the first that had ever occurred in connection with anyone falling into this opening. This covering, instead of fitting even with the sidewalk, was raised at the back against the side or wall of the building. There is testimony for plaintiff that it was in .place when the accident happened. There is very substantial evidence to the effect that plaintiff’s injuries were severe and that she had incurred large expense in connection with her treatment, for which she was personally responsible, apart from her husband. There is also evidence to the effect that there were a lot of cedar or Christmas trees along the edge or curb of the sidewalk on the Carr Street side of the building, and possibly against the wall of the building, and that there was a passageway between them and the cellarway, possibly two and a half or three feet wide, and that immediately in front of the eellarway there was a clear space a couple, of feet wide out to the street.
At the instance of plaintiff the court gave an instruction, which, among other things, told the jury that if they found from the evidence that defendants, on or about December 17, 1914 and for a long time prior thereto, “owned, controlled and used” the building . . . “and in connection with which property or building they provided, used and maintained on the Carr Street side thereof, an opening or cellarway, which was used and maintained by defendants as a means of ingress and egress to the cellar or basement of said building and property, ; . . then the court instructs you that it was the duty of defendants to provide and maintain over said opening or cellarway a wood or oron cover or grating ... so secured in such a reasonably safe manner as to prevent accident to anyone passing over it; . . ,. and if you further find and believe from the evidence that defendants failed to provide and maintain over said opening or cellarway a wood or iron cover or grating, . . . secured in a reasonably safe and secure manner, and as a direct result thereof, plaintiff was caused to step or fall into said opening or cellarway and was thereby injured, then your verdict will be for plaintiff and against the defendants,” provided plaintiff was in the exercise of due care, etc. (Italics ours).
On the request of the defendants the court instructed the jury, among other things, that even if the covering was not such as required by the ordinance, yet if the jury found that the injuries to plaintiff resulted not from the failure of the cover to conform to the ordinance but solely because the covering was left open by the lessees by some representative of the lessees in possession, or some other person than defendants, then the jury will find in favor of the defendants.
The evidence showed beyond all question that defendants were either in the actual or constructive possession or control of the premises, nor did they use
In that instruction the court told the jury that defendants were liable if they owned, controlled and used the building; in the one given for defendant the court told the jury they - could not find for plaintiff unless they found that the cover was left open by the lessees or some representative of the lessees in possession of the premises, or some person other than the defendant. This is correct, but diametrically contrary to thé one given for plaintiff. When that is so, there must he a reversal of the judgment and, ordinarily, a remander of the cause.
But looking further into the facts in evidence, and conceding it to be true that the cover, made of wooden slats, bad been provided by the defendants to he used along with the building, and even conceding that it was defective and dangerous, it nowhere appears by any testimony that by reason of any defect in this cover plaintiff sustained the accident of which she complains. Plaintiff neither stepped on it nor was tripped up by any projection connected with it, nor did it break under her. She fell into the open hole or cellarway. While there was some testimony that this cover was over the cellarway at about the time plaintiff fell into the hole, or, more accurately, testimony by members, or employees, of the Fruit Company, that when they left the premises at about the time, but before the time plaintiff said she fell into the hole, this cover was in place over the opening, plaintiff herself makes no mention of any cover being there at the time; she hit no cover, but sustained a clean fall. Admit that the cover tilted ■ toward the wall, she must have'gotten under it and
Our Supreme Court has said, in Kilroy v. City of St. Louis et al., 242 Mo. 79, l. c. 86, 145 S. W. 769.
“Whether or not a party is in possession is often a mixed question of law and fact. The owner of a house is in contemplation of law for certain purposes in possession, although it is actually occupied by his tenant. But when the inquiry is, whose duty was it to keep the premises in order? the answer is, it was his duty who was in actual occupancy with immediate control of the same.”
We are not troubled here with any mixed question of law and of fact. There is no question of fact as to who was in the possession and control of the premises at the time. It was the lessees, not the owners. It was the duty of the lessees, as a matter of law, to keep the premises free from a nuisance or traps to the unwary. That same law is announced by our Supreme Court in Bender v. Weber, 250 Mo. 551, 157 S. W. 570. There it is said (l. c. 562): “In the next place, there is a
The section of the city ordinance pleaded and in evidence (section 1292, R. C. 1912) has no application here. It provides that the cover shall be “secured in such manner as to prevent accident to anyone passing over it.” That applies* only when the cover is in place. It does not mean that the opening is always to be covered. Such an interpretation would render the cellar always inaccessible from the pavement. This section as well as 'the following are sections 1213 and 1214, Rombauer’s.
There is another section of the same ordinance (section 1293, Revised Code 1912, p. 816), which does look to the use of the cover, and that section provides: ‘ ‘ "Whosoever in this city shall keep or leave open any cellar door or grating of any vault on any highway, thoroughfare or sidewalk, or shall suffer any such door or grating belonging to premises occupied by him to be in an insecure position whereby passengers may be in danger of falling into a cellar or vault, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.” This section is neither pleaded nor in evidence and is not before us. We notice it only as a recognition by the city of the very point we have before us, namely, when a cover is provided by the landlord or tenant, it is the duty of the occupier of. the
While I dissent from the first paragraph of the opinion of my Brother Allen, for the reasons here set out, I concur in the second paragraph.