41 Wis. 312 | Wis. | 1877
The plaintiff in error was informed against, tried and convicted for murder in the first degree, in the circuit court for Winnebago county. The court denied a motion for a new trial, and gave judgment in accordance with the verdict. The accused has brought the case to this court by writ of error, for review. A reversal of the judgment is claimed on two grounds: 1. Eor alleged error in the instructions given the jury; and 2. Eor misconduct of jurors.
I. The only portion of the instructions to which exceptions were taken, is as follows: “ The first inquiry, then, for you is,
The charge of the learned circuit judge contains an elaborate and a very clear and able statement of the law of homicide. He explained to the jury fully and accurately the circumstances and incidents which would render a 'homicide felonious, justifiable or excusable, and carefully defined the different degrees of murder and manslaughter. Immediately before he gave the portion of the charge ex«epted to, he said: “ The killing of a human being is either murder, manslaughter or justifiable or excusable homicide. When done with a premeditated design to produce death, it is murder in the first degree, unless it is excusable under the law that I will call your attention to hereafter.”
The objection to the instruction first above quoted is, that it confounds the distinction between murder and manslaughter, and exposed the defendant to a conviction for the greater crime, when in fact he may have been guilty of the lesser crime only.
Under our statute, murder in the first degree consists in the unlawful killing of a human being with a premeditated design to effect death — that is to say, with express malice aforethought. R. S., ch. 164, sec. 2; Hogan v. The State, 30 Wis., 428; S. C., 36 id., 226. If the killing be unlawful, and there is the premeditated design to kill present in the mind of the slayer, it is murder in the first degree; and so the judge told the jury. But for the use of the words, “ No matter what the provocation, no matter what the heat of passion,” the instruction would not be open to criticism.
That the provocation and heat of passion may be so great as
The jury were further instructed that by the common law, murder was the unlawful killing of a human .being with malice aforethought, express or implied, and manslaughter was the unlawful killing of a human -being without malice aforethought, either express or implied. Also that under our statute, with the two exceptions of felonious homicides with implied malice aforethought, which constitute murder in the second and third degrees (Hogan v. The State, supra), felonious homicide with implied or constructive malice aforethought is not murder, but is manslaughter in some one of the degrees of that crime.
Taking the whole charge together, it is clear that the expression, “ no matter what the provocation, no matter what the heat of passion,” was qualified by the judge (if any such qualification was necessary), to mean a state of mind on the part of the plaintiff in error not incompatible with the formation of a deliberate, premeditated design to kill the deceased; and so we think the jury must have understood it.
II. The alleged misconduct of the jurors is as follows: During the trial of the case, one of the jurors, claiming to be unwell, procured a small bottle of liquid, composed partly or wholly of brandy, the quantity being a gill or a little more, and partook of it. Three or four other jurors tasted the contents of the bottle. The jury were kept together during the trial, which occupied two days after the jury were sworn, and this transaction occurred on the evening of the first day, after the adjournment of the court for the day, and on the next morning befoi’e the court convened. The bottle was not furnished by any one having anything to do with the case; the officer in charge of the jury, and several of the jurors, did not know that the bottle had been brought into the room where they were, or that any juror drank spirituous liquor during the trial; and no juror was under the influence of liquor, or in the slightest degree intoxicated, during the trial. These facts are fully established by the affidavits of all the jurors and the officer in charge of them, read on the hearing of the motion for a new trial.
Some of the old cases hold that the drinking of spirituous liquors by jurors, even in small quantities, is ground for a new trial, without inquiry as to whether there has been any abuse in the particular instance. But this rule has been overturned by later cases, which hold that such misconduct of the jurors ought not of itself to overturn the verdict, unless there is reason to suspect that it may have influenced the final result. 2 Graham and Waterman on New Trials, 561, 564, and cases cited. I
"While the use of spirituous liquors by jurors when on duty, except in cases of absolute necessity, cannot be too severely censured, yet we think the rule of the later cases is the more reasonable rule, and is now supported by the greater weight of authority. Such rule is in harmony with that laid down in
Here there is no such difficulty in the way of making the required proof. The quantity of liquor which the jurors drank, and the time when they drank it, are given. The learned circuit judge, in denying the motion for a new trial, must have held that the drinking of a gill of brandy, part of it at bed time, and the remainder the next morning, by four or five jurors, furnished no reasonable ground to suspect that their verdict was influenced by the liquor, or that their judgment was in any degree affected thereby. Such a suspicion would seem absurd in view of the facts. "We have no doubt the judge ruled correctly. "We must therefore affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.