Opinion
Aрpellant Edward Roman appeals from an order dismissing his verified first amended complaint after the trial court sustained the County of Los Angeles’s (County) general demurrer, without leave to amend, to each of its eight causes of action. All of the causes of action in the amended complaint arose from County’s alleged discriminatory treatment of appellant, its employee. The trial сourt concluded that six causes of action were barred by the statute of limitations and the other two by appellant’s failure to exhaust his administrative remedies. Appellant’s primary contentions on appeal are that his claims for employment discrimination under the Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) and title VH of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1991 were timely filed because they were filed within one year of his receipt of a right-to-sue letter from the Department of Fair Employment and Housing (DFEH) and because the continuing violation doctrine is applicable.
We reverse with directions.
Procedural Background and Factual Allegations
Appellant filed a verified complaint “For Employment Discrimination” on September 30, 1998. County’s general demurrer to each of the eight causes of action in that complaint was sustained with leave to amend.
Appellant then filed a first amended vеrified complaint that alleged: Appellant is of Mexican-American descent. He “is, and at all times material herein was, employed by the . . . County,” beginning his County career in 1992. Paragraph 27 alleged that “plaintiff continues to suffer the injustice of unfair, unequal treatment on the job on the basis of his national origin,” paragraph 30 alleged that appellant “continues to experience the repercussions from his filing of charges against his co-worker, as this individual is now in a position above the [appellant],” while paragraph 34 alleged that as a result of County’s wrongdoing, appellant “has suffered ... a loss in standing on the job which has effected [szc] his promotability and caused him to receive pay in a diminished capacity. . .
On June 28, July 11, and July 17, 1995, appellant alleged that he had a series of incidеnts with a coworker, Jirair Issaghoolian. In the first, Issaghoolian made ethnic slurs against appellant. In the second incident, he physically attacked appellant and in the last, he accosted appellant and shouted racial epithets. Appellant alleged that he was also discriminated against because his complaints about these incidents were improperly investigated and resolved because of his national origin. He contended that the person chosen to investigate was biased because she was married to a person of the same ethnic background as his assailant.
Appellant also alleged that he experienced disparate treatment “in conjunction with an incessant series of alleged rule violations” against him “to make [appеllant] either resign or succumb to the various attempts to remove him through administrative procedures from his employment or to be forced out [or] constructively discharged . . . based solely on his race as a Mexican-American.”
Without alleging the times of the incidents, appellant further alleged that he had been subjected to “racial discriminatory conduct” including constant racial epithеts, acts of intimidation, deprivation of training and seminars, deprivation of various supplies, reprimands so as to sabotage his employment opportunities, and unequal promotion and transfer opportunities, all as compared to White counterparts.
Appellant filed a complaint with the DFEH on May 30, 1997 and was issued a right-to-sue letter on October 6, 1997, attached to the amended complaint as an exhibit. That letter stated that a lawsuit must be filed within one year from the
Each cause of action in the amended complaint incorporated all of the facts recited above. The first cause of action alleged a violation of appellant’s constitutional rights. The second and seventh causes of action alleged intentional and negligent infliction of “mental disturbance,” respectively. The third cause of action alleged that that conduct violated title 42 of the United States Code section 1983. The fourth cause of action alleged that County’s actions constituted a violation of title VII of the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1991 (title VII) and the provisions of title 42 of the United States Code section 2000e. The fifth cause of action asserted a violation of title 42 of the United States Code section 1981 et seq. The sixth cause of action was substantively the same as the fourth cause of action. The eighth cause of action sought declaratory relief pursuant to title 28 of the United States Code section 2001. It alleged that “On or about January, 1996, [appellant] was terminated without a complete review by the defendants and was initally [sic] summarily denied a hearing regarding his job performance ” 1
County demurred to the first amended complaint on the grounds that “[Appellant] has made no substantial ‘amendments’ whatsoever” to the original complaint, setting out the changes that were made. It reasserted the same grounds for its demurrer as its demurrer to the original complaint; that all but the fourth and sixth causes of action were barred by the statute of limitations, and those two causes of action were barred because appellant failed to obtain a right-to-sue letter from the EEOC. The demurrer pointed out that the amended complaint, as in the original complaint, alleged in the eighth cause of action that appellant was terminated from his employment.
Appellant’s opposition attached (without a request for judicial notice), among others, the following documents: (1) appellant’s employment grievance, dated September 15, 1995; (2) another grievance by appellant, dated January 10, 1996, and response to it. The response indicated that the grievance regarded appеllant’s “termination from my appointment to Acting GAIN Services Worker, Exam # 4 9165-C”; (3) a June 26, 1997 grievance by appellant, reflecting a complaint against his supervisor at the County who had docked his pay that month, he claimed, as a pretext for discrimination, harassment and retaliation for his having filed an FEHA complaint; (4) a grievance by appellant, dated February 6, 1998, complaining about a supervisor’s allegedly suppressing his “Early Action Fraud Referrals.” This grievance made no suggestion that race or national origin was involved; and (5) the complaint filed with the DFEH on May 30, 1997, claiming that “Gail Esfahaniha, Perri Threatt and Jirair Issaghoolian harassed me and failed to discipline the harasser.” It asserted that these events occurred “[fjrom June 1995 to May 6, 1997,” and that the discrimination was based on appellant’s “ancestry.” Appellant also checked the box signifying that the discrimination was based on race.
The trial court entered its minute order sustaining the County’s demurrer to all causes of action without leave to amend. An order dismissing the amended complaint with prejudice based on the sustaining of the demurrer was entered and notice duly given. Timely notice of appeal was filed.
Standard of Review
A demurrer tests the legal sufficiency of the сomplaint, and the granting
The complaint is reviewed de novo to determine whether it contains sufficient facts to state a cause of action.
(Filet Menu, Inc. v. Cheng
(1999)
Where a demurrer is sustained without leave to amend, the reviewing court must determine whether the trial court abused its discretion in doing so.
(Cooper
v.
Leslie Salt Co.
(1969)
Discussion
With respect to each of the causes of action in the amended complaint, we first consider whether the demurrer was properly sustained, and if it was, whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying leave to amend.
A. The First Through Third, Fifth, Seventh and Eighth Causes of Action
Code of Civil Procedure section 340, subdivision (3) provides a one-yеar statute of limitations for: “[a]n action for . . . injury to or for the death of one caused by the wrongful act or neglect of another . . . .” It is applicable to the first, second, third, fifth, seventh and eighth causes of action, all of which were demurred to by County based solely upon the statute of limitations. 2
The third and fifth causes of action were brought pursuant to title 42 of the United States Code sections 1983 and 1981, respectively. Those federal statutes contain no statutory limitations period, thus the limitations period is
determined by the applicable state statute of limitations.
(Wilson v. Garcia
(1985)
County argues that the one-year statute of limitations bars these six causes of action because the Issaghoolian incidents in June and July of 1995 occurred more than three years prior to the September 1998 filing of the complaint. The wrongful conduct alleged in the complaint without the dates of their occurrence, County argues, сan be pinpointed to have occurred more than a year prior to the filing of the complaint because appellant alleged that his employment was terminated by County in January of 1996. Since the conduct alleged occurred in connection with appellant’s employment, it could not have occurred after his termination. It is therefore central to County’s statute of limitatiоns contention that the amended complaint unequivocally establish that appellant’s employment was terminated in January of 1996. 3
Our reading of the amended complaint convinces us that it is impossible to definitively reach that conclusion. While County points to the allegation in paragraph 59 of the eighth cause of action of the amended complaint that “[o]n or about January, 1996, plаintiff was terminated without a complete review by the defendants,” it ignores the allegation in paragraph 2 that “[appellant] is, and at all times material herein was, employed by the Defendant in the County of Los Angeles . . . .” (Italics added.) It is this latter allegation that is incorporated by reference into each of the first seven causes of action. The allegation in paragraph 59 is confined only to the eighth cause of action. County also ignores the allegations in paragraph 27 that “[appellant] continues to suffer the injustice of unfair, unequal treatment on the job on the basis of his national origin” (italics added), paragraph 30 that appellant “continues to experience the repercussions from his filing of charges against his co-worker, as this individual is now in a position above the [appellant]” (italics added), paragraph 34 that as a result of County’s wrongdoing, appellant has “suffered ... a loss in standing on the job which has effected his promotability and caused him to receive pay in a diminished capacity” and paragraph 36 that the defendants “wrongful[ly] fail[ed] to promote [appellant] and [appellant’s] wrongful termination of an acting assignment. . . .” (Italics added.) These contradictory allegations suggest that the termination referred to in paragraph 59 may have been a termination from a particular position that appellant held with County, not a termination of his employment.
A general demurrer based on the stаtute of limitations is only permissible where the dates alleged in the complaint show that the action is barred by the statute of limitations. (See
Saliter v. Pierce Brothers Mortuaries
(1978)
From the face of the amended complaint here, the ambiguities and conflicting allegations make it impossible to determine when, if at all, appellant lost his job with County. That being the case, it is impossible to clearly and affirmatively conclude that the alleged wrongful conduct of County, for which dates were not pled, must have occurred prior to January of 1996, or one year before the complaint was filed. It was therefore error to sustain the general demurrer to these causes of action based on statute of limitations.
B. The Fourth and Sixth Causes of Action for Alleged Violation of 42 United States Code Section 2000e et seq.
Based upon clаims of discriminatory treatment in the workplace, appellant pled the fourth and sixth causes of action under title VII (42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.). Before filing suit on a claim under title VII, a plaintiff must file a charge with the EEOC and obtain a right-to-sue letter.
{Baker v. Children’s Hospital Medical Center
(1989)
County cites
Martin v. Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.
(1994)
With one unconvincing exception, 6 we are referred to no case, and have found none, dealing with the precise issue presented here, whether a DFEH right-to-sue notice satisfies the jurisdictional requirements for a claim under title VII. However, we see no reason for a rule other than Martin to apply. Title 42 of the United States Code section 2000e-5(e)(l), specifically provides a time deadline for obtaining an EEOC right-to-sue notice after having “initially instituted proceedings with a State or local agency with authority to grant or seek relief from such practice . . . .” This suggests that a state right-to-sue notice does not satisfy EEOC requirements. Furthermore, the DFEH right-to-sue notice specifically advised appellant that if he wanted a federal right-to-sue notice he had to file a complaint with the EEOC. Having failed to allege that an EEOC right-to-sue notice had been obtained, particularly after having been advised in the demurrer to the original complaint of this easily correctable defect (if an EEOC right-to-sue notice was obtained), we conclude that the trial court properly sustained County’s generаl demurrer to the two title VII causes of action.
In deciding whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying leave to amend these causes of action, it is appellant’s duty to demonstrate how he could amend to assert a cause of action.
(Blank
v.
Kirwan, supra,
Disposition
The trial court’s order dismissing appellant’s complaint is reversed with instructions that the demurrer be overruled as to all but the fourth and sixth causes of action and as to those two, it be sustained without leave to amend. The parties are to bear their own costs on appeal.
Boren, P. J., and Nott, J., concurred.
Notes
While the unnumbered first paragraph and рaragraph 3 of the amended complaint allege that it was also brought under the FEHA, none of the headings of the eight causes of action so indicate.
Since the only basis of the demurrers to these causes of action was the statute of limitations, we do not consider the new argument presented by County for the first time on appeal that the first cause of action was impermissible becаuse a plaintiff may not sue directly under the United States Constitution.
(Ochoa v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co.
(1998)
At oral argument, County asserted that it had not previously been given the opportunity to respond to the argument that the complaint was ambiguous as to when, or if, plaintiffs employment with County was terminated. However, it was County which claimed that the complaint alleged that appellant was terminated in January of 1996, and made this contention а basis for its statute of limitations argument. All we decide here is that County’s argument fails because of the ambiguity in the complaint as to whether and when appellant was terminated.
Since these documents are not a part of the complaint and were not the subject of a request for judicial notice, we do not consider them in reaching our conclusion, but only to corroborate it.
For example, appellant’s grievance dated June 27, 1997, referred to actions of his supervisor improperly docking his pay in June of 1997, nearly a year and one-half after the termination from employment which County assumes and argues in support of its position.
A federal district court in
Ritzie v. City University of New York
(S.D.N.Y. 1989)