ROMAIN v FRANKENMUTH MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY
Docket No. 135546
Supreme Court of Michigan
March 31, 2009
483 Mich 18
Argued January 21, 2009 (Calendar No. 5).
David and Joann Romain brought an action in the Wayne Circuit Court against Frankenmuth Mutual Insurance Company, IAQ Management, Inc., and Insurance Services Construction Corporation, seeking recovery of damages related to a mold remediation of the plaintiffs’ home. The court, John A. Murphy, J., summarily dismissed IAQ from the action after concluding that IAQ did not owe the plaintiffs a duty under either the contract involved or general negligence principles. Insurance Services subsequently filed a notice under
In an opinion per curiam signed by Chief Justice KELLY and Justices CAVANAGH, WEAVER, and HATHAWAY, the Supreme Court held:
IAQ did not owe the plaintiffs a duty, and thus its conduct could not have been a proximate cause of the damage the plaintiffs sustained. Therefore, the trial court properly granted the plaintiffs’ motion to strike the notice, because a nonparty at fault must be a proximate cause of the damage sustained by the injured party. Kopp v Zigich, 268 Mich App 258 (2005), incorrectly stated that the comparative-fault statutes,
Affirmed.
Justice YOUNG, joined by Justices CORRIGAN and MARKMAN, dissenting, stated that the majority conflates the common-law concepts of proximate causation and negligence, that duty and proximate causation are two separate elements of a negligence claim and differ from the concept of fault, and that the comparative-fault statutes,
NEGLIGENCE - DUTY - PROXIMATE CAUSE - NONPARTIES AT FAULT.
Unless a nonparty owed an injured party a duty, its conduct cannot be a proximate cause of the damage sustained by the injured party, and it cannot be considered a nonparty at fault for purposes of
Cardelli, Lanfear & Buikema, P.C. (by Anthony F. Caffrey III), for Insurance Services Construction Corporation.
Amici Curiae:
John A. Braden for himself.
Dickinson Wright PLLC (by Phillip J. DeRosier, Trent B. Collier, and Doron Yitzchaki) for Michigan Defense Trial Counsel, Inc.
Clark Hill PLC (by David D. Grande-Cassell and Kristin B. Bellar) for the Michigan Manufacturers Association.
PER CURIAM. The Wayne Circuit Court summarily dismissed IAQ Management, Inc. (IAQ), from this action because IAQ did not owe plaintiffs a duty under the contract involved or under general negligence principles. Thereafter, defendant, Insurance Services Construction Corporation, filed a notice under
proof of a duty is required “before fault can be apportioned and liability allocated” under the comparative fault statutes,
In addition to being the controlling precedent under the court rules, Jones correctly stated Michigan negligence law; Kopp did not. As noted by this Court in Riddle v McLouth Steel Products Corp:7
“In a common law negligence action, before a plaintiff‘s fault can be compared with that of the defendant, it obviously must first be determined that the defendant was negligent. It is fundamental tort law that before a defendant can be found to have been negligent, it must first be determined that the defendant owed a legal duty to the plaintiff.”
The same calculus applies to negligent actors under the comparative fault statutes. A common-law negligence claim requires proof of (1) duty; (2) breach of that duty; (3) causation, both cause in fact and proximate causa-tion; and (4) damages.8 Therefore, under Michigan law, a legal duty is a threshold requirement before there can be any consideration of whether a person was negligent by breaching that duty and causing injury to another. Thus, when the Legislature refers to the common-law term “proximate cause” in the comparative fault statutes, it is clear that for claims based on negligence ” ‘it must first be determined that the [person] owed a legal duty to the plaintiff.’ ”9 Additionally,
Affirmed.
KELLY, C.J., and CAVANAGH, WEAVER, and HATHAWAY, JJ., concurred.
YOUNG, J. (dissenting). I dissent from the readoption of our previously vacated July 23, 2008, memorandum opinion in today‘s opinion per curiam. I believe that we erred in our construction of the definition of “fault,” as used in
Accordingly, I would reverse the trial court‘s order striking Insurance Services Construction‘s (ISC) notice of nonparty at fault and remand for further proceedings at which the relative fault of both ISC and IAQ Management, Inc. (IAQ), should be taken into consideration.
I. RELEVANT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Plaintiffs, David and Joann Romain, are homeowners who filed a claim with their homeowner‘s insurance provider, Frankenmuth Mutual Insurance, for water and toxic mold damage. Frankenmuth referred plaintiffs to ISC to undertake the remodeling and mold remediation. After ISC completed the remodeling, Frankenmuth hired IAQ to test the air quality in the home. IAQ certified that the mold had been remediated and the home was safe for occupancy. Despite IAQ‘s certification, plaintiffs alleged that they began suffering from illnesses caused by toxic mold. Plaintiffs subsequently filed suit against Frankenmuth, IAQ, and ISC.
Of import to this appeal, the trial court dismissed plaintiffs’ tort claims against IAQ because IAQ did not owe a duty to plaintiffs. This ruling has not been challenged on appeal. ISC subsequently filed a notice of nonparty at fault under
of Jones v Enertel, Inc,2 which held that the existence of a duty is a necessary condition precedent to a consideration of proximate causation and allocating fault under
The Court of Appeals denied ISC‘s application for leave “for failure to persuade the Court of the need for immediate appellate review.”4 ISC then sought leave to appeal in this Court. We initially affirmed the trial court‘s order striking the notice of nonparty at fault in a memorandum opinion, which is reproduced in the majority opinion. However, we unanimously granted ISC‘s motion for reconsideration or rehearing and vacated the earlier memorandum opinion. We asked the parties to address
whether the Legislature‘s use of the term “proximate cause” in
MCL 600.6304 conflicts with other statutory provisions, whether the Legislature intended to impose a legal duty requirement as a precondition for allocating fault underMCL 600.2957 andMCL 600.6304 , and
(2) Notice Requirement. Notwithstanding
Subsections 3 and 4 of the court rule outline the procedural and substantive requirements for the notice and allow a plaintiff to amend its complaint following the filing of a notice.
whether, if
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
This case involves the proper application of various provisions of Michigan‘s “comparative fault” statutes. We review issues of statutory construction de novo. Our goal is to give effect to the Legislature‘s intent as expressed in the language of the statute.6
III. ANALYSIS
In 1995, the Legislature enacted tort reform legislation. As part of that reform, the Legislature abolished joint liability while retaining several liability.
The Legislature also enacted
(1) In an action based on tort or another legal theory seeking damages for personal injury, property damage, or wrongful death, the liability of each person shall be allocated under this section by the trier of fact and, subject to section 6304, in direct proportion to the person‘s percentage of fault. In assessing percentages of fault under this subsection, the trier of fact shall consider the fault of each person,
regardless of whether the person is, or could have been, named as a party to the action.
* * *
(3) [
MCL 600.2956 to600.2960 ] do not eliminate or diminish a defense or immunity that currently exists, except as expressly provided in those sections. Assessments of percentages of fault for nonparties are used only to accurately determine the fault of named parties. If fault is assessed against a nonparty, a finding of fault does not subject the nonparty to liability in that action and shall not be introduced as evidence of liability in another action.8
Section 6304 provides:
(1) In an action based on tort or another legal theory seeking damages for personal injury, property damage, or wrongful death involving fault of more than 1 person, including third-party defendants and nonparties, the court, unless otherwise agreed by all parties to the action, shall instruct the jury to answer special interrogatories or, if there is no jury, shall make findings indicating both of the following: (a) The total amount of each plaintiff‘s damages.
(b) The percentage of the total fault of all persons that contributed to the death or injury, including each plaintiff and each person released from liability under [
MCL 600.2925d ], regardless of whether the person was or could have been named as a party to the action.(2) In determining the percentages of fault under subsection (1)(b), the trier of fact shall consider both the nature of the conduct of each person at fault and the extent of the causal relation between the conduct and the damages claimed.
(3) The court shall determine the award of damages to each plaintiff in accordance with the findings under subsection (1), subject to any reduction under subsection (5) or [
MCL 600.2955a ] or [MCL 600.6303 ], and shall enter
judgment against each party, including a third-party defendant, except that judgment shall not be entered against a person who has been released from liability as provided in section 2925d.
(4) Liability in an action to which this section applies is several only and not joint. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (6), a person shall not be required to pay damages in an amount greater than his or her percentage of fault as found under subsection (1). This subsection and section 2956 do not apply to a defendant that is jointly and severally liable under [
MCL 600.6312 ].* * *
(8) As used in this section, “fault” includes an act, an omission, conduct, including intentional conduct, a breach of warranty, or a breach of a legal duty, or any conduct that could give rise to the imposition of strict liability, that is a proximate cause of damage sustained by a party.9
By requiring a duty as a precondition of determining “fault” or “proximate causation,” the majority opinion imports principles of common-law “negligence” into the tort reform acts. This is not contemplated by the plain language of the statutes. By its plain language, the definition of “fault” in § 6304(8) does not require a party to establish the elements of a negligence claim or prove the existence of a duty before allocating fault to a nonparty.
When a statute employs a common-law term, such as “proximate cause,” and expresses no intent to alter the common-law meaning of that term, this Court must interpret the statute consistently with that meaning.10 When the Legislature uses a “legal term of art,” we must give that term its “peculiar and appropriate legal meaning.”11
The meaning of “proximate cause” under the common law is easiest to ascertain in connection with its role as an element of a common-law negligence claim. In order to establish a negligence claim, a plaintiff must prove: (1) duty, (2) breach of duty,
As stated, a plaintiff must establish all four necessary elements, including duty and proximate cause, as a precondition for a finding of negligence. As this Court explained in Moning v Alfono, the elements of duty and proximate cause are related:16
Duty is essentially a question of whether the relationship between the actor and the injured person gives rise to any legal obligation on the actor‘s part for the benefit of the injured person. Proximate cause encompasses a number of distinct problems including the limits of liability for foreseeable consequences. In the Palsgraf case, the New York
Court of Appeals, combining the questions of duty and proximate cause, concluded that no duty is owed to an unforeseeable plaintiff.
The questions of duty and proximate cause are interrelated because the question whether there is the requisite relationship, giving rise to a duty, and the question whether the cause is so significant and important to be regarded a proximate cause both depend in part on foreseeability—whether it is foreseeable that the actor‘s conduct may create a risk of harm to the victim, and whether the result of that conduct and intervening causes were foreseeable.
Initially, the interrelated nature of these elements led me to believe that proximate causation could not be established absent the existence of a duty. Although related by the common consideration of foreseeability, proximate cause and duty are two separate elements of a common-law negligence claim. Though the absence of foreseeability may defeat proof of both, proof of a duty does not require proof of proximate causation, nor, most important here, does proof of proximate cause require proof of a duty. The Legislature omitted the term “negligence” from the statutes. Therefore, we presume that the Legislature intended for courts to allocate “fault” solely on the basis of the listed options without importing omitted concepts of common-law negligence.17
More significant, the imposition of a duty requirement in § 6304(8) would be inconsistent with that subsection‘s definition
strict liability, that is a proximate cause of damage sustained by a party.” By using the term “includes” in conjunction with the term “or,” the Legislature expressed its intent to make this list of examples nonexhaustive. A court could determine that a person was a proximate cause of a party‘s injury and at “fault” on the basis of conduct (or lack thereof) not listed in the statute.18 The term “or” further evidences the Legislature‘s intent that a defendant seeking to allocate fault to another person need only establish one method by which the person was a proximate cause of the injury.19 The majority opinion makes the proof of a legal duty the exclusive method for proving fault under § 6304(8) through selective quotation: “a breach of a legal duty . . . that is a proximate cause of damage sustained by a party.” The majority opinion omits the alternatives specified in the statute, e.g., “an act . . . that is a proximate cause . . . .” It is inconsistent to identify a breach of a legal duty as one method among many to establish fault, but then impose the existence of a legal duty as a precondition for finding fault.
The majority opinion‘s imposition of a prerequisite duty element is also inconsistent with §§ 2957(1) and 6304(1)(b), both of which provide that a person shall be allocated fault regardless of whether he could be named as a party to the action. These statutes are in pari materia, having a common purpose, and must be read together to give effect to the statutes in their entirety.20
A person who does not owe a duty to the plaintiff obviously cannot be named as a party to the action. Accordingly, a person who does not owe a duty to the plaintiff clearly falls within the ambit of these provisions. To impose a duty requirement for the allocation of fault, this Court would have to violate the rules of statutory construction and rewrite §§ 2957(1) and 6304(1)(b) to include such an exception.21 This is precisely what the majority opinion does.
Furthermore, the plain language of the statutes does not violate common-law negligence principles by allowing a plaintiff to collect against a person in the absence of a duty. Section 2957(3) provides that the allocation of fault cannot subject a nonparty to liability in the current action or be used as evidence against a nonparty in a separate action. Thus, the allocation of fault to a nonparty is not a determination that the nonparty was negligent and does not subject him to tort liability when the plaintiff cannot otherwise prove all the elements of his claim.
IV. EFFECT OF RIDDLE v MCLOUTH STEEL
I further believe that the majority errs by relying on Riddle v McLouth Steel Products Corp22 for the proposition that a named defendant must establish that a nonparty owed a duty to the plaintiff as a precondition for a finding of proximate
warn of open and obvious dangers was abrogated by the adoption of the “comparative negligence” scheme in Michigan.23
Riddle held that the determination of a duty and the consideration of the “comparative negligence” of a plaintiff are separate and distinct because they are considered at different points in the case. When a plaintiff files suit against a defendant, the court must determine as a matter of law whether the defendant owed that plaintiff a duty. A negligence action may proceed against the named defendant only if there is a legal duty. “Comparative negligence,” on the other hand, is considered at the end of the trial to reduce the damages a defendant owes to a plaintiff.24 The statements in Riddle upon which the majority opinion relies were meant to describe the relationship of a “plaintiff‘s negligence in relation to the defendant‘s duty”25 and are, therefore, completely unrelated to the determination whether the new statutory concept of “fault” may be allocated in the absence of a duty. As discussed, under our statutory scheme, the existence of a duty is irrelevant to the allocation of “fault,” which considers only a determination of proximate causation. This is particularly so when allocating fault cannot subject a nonparty to liability under § 2957(3).
The majority opinion‘s continued mistaken reliance on Riddle, and the improper importation of negligence
principles into §§ 2957 and 6304, is caused, in part, by the continued use of the term “comparative negligence” to describe the allocation of fault under the statutes.26 The use of this term is a misnomer when used in relation to these statutes. Sections 2957 and 6304 make absolutely no reference to negligence and, by their plain language, relate solely to the allocation of “fault.” To remedy any further confusion, I caution the bench and bar to be more precise when referring to statutory “comparative fault.”
V. CONCLUSION
Given the plain language of the comparative fault statutes and the common-law definition of “proximate cause,” I dissent from the majority opinion‘s importation of negligence principles into §§ 2957 and 6304 and the creation of a prerequisite duty element before proximate causation and fault may be considered. Put simply, the comparative fault statutes do not describe the allocation of negligence. The statutes describe the allocation of fault between parties and nonparties, including persons who could not otherwise be named as a party to the suit. “Fault” is not defined in terms of negligence, but by a nonexhaustive list of examples that might
CORRIGAN and MARKMAN, JJ., concurred with YOUNG, J.
Notes
(1) Applicability. This rule applies to actions for personal injury, property damage, and wrongful death to which
MCL 600.2957 andMCL 600.6304 , as amended by 1995 PA 249, apply.
Romain v Frankenmuth Mut Ins, 482 Mich 992 (2008).In an action based on tort or another legal theory seeking damages for personal injury, property damage, or wrongful death, the liability of each person shall be allocated under this section by the trier of fact and, subject to [
MCL 600.6304 ], in direct proportion to the person‘s percentage of fault. In assessing percentages of fault under this subsection, the trier of fact shall consider the fault of each person, regardless of whether the person is, or could have been, named as a party to the action.