90 F. 575 | 8th Cir. | 1898
This action was brought to recover judgment on a number of county warrants issued by the defendant county in the years 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, and 1886. Upon the trial before the court and jury the warrants were introduced in evidence, it being admitted that they wore properly executed, the defense relied on being the claim that at the dates of the creation of the indebtedness represented by the warrants the county had incurred debts up to or in excess of the limit fixed by the constitution of Colorado, and therefore the indebtedness represented by the warrants sued on, and the warrants themselves, were invalid and void. Upon the conclusion of the evidence, the court, in effect, instructed the jury that the defense was sustained by the evidence, and that the verdict must be for the defendant. During the introduction of the evidence many exceptions were saved on behalf of the plaintiff, and upon these and the exceptions taken to the charge of (he court, errors to the number of 68 are assigned, but it will not he necessary to consider these seriatim, as the questions presented thereby are controlled by a few general propositions.
In the course of the charge the court, referring to the warrants sued on, said to the jury that:
•‘There is no doubt about the honesty of these debts. These warrants were issued for claims which were good and valid against the county, but, the con-sdrution having provided that a county.shall not exceed certain limits in regard to its Indebtedness, if they do, it cannot be collected.”
1 ruder such circumstances the introduction of the warrants, properly executed, and proof, which was introduced, of the ownership thereof by the plaintiff corporation, made out a prima facie case in favor of the'plaintiff, and thereby the burden was placed upon the defendant county to prove by competent evidence the facts necessary to sustain the defense pleaded, to wit, that when the indebtedness represented by the warrants sued on was created the county was incapacitated from incurring the same by reason of the limitation imposed by the state consiitution upon the debt-creating power of the county. Board v. Standley (Colo. Sup.) 49 Pac. 29. The constitution containing the limitation became operative on the 1st day of August, 1876, when Colorado was admitted into the Union as a state, and by its terms it is not applicable to debts contracted before its adoption; or, in other words, in determining whether a county hits reached the constitutional limit, indebtedness created before August 1, 1876, Is not to be included in the computation. Lake Co. v. Rollins, 130 U. S. 662, 9 Sup. Ct. 651. For the purpose of proving the amount of the indebtedness existing against the defendant county at different dates, the defendant offered, and over the objection of plaintiff there was received, in evidence a number of reports, called "quarterly reports,” certified to by the clerk of the county; and in the charge to the jury the court accepted the recitals contained in these reports as conclusive evidence of the
“It shall be the duty of the board of county commissioners of each county, to make out semi-annual statements at the regular sessions in January and July, at which times, they shall have such statement published in some weekly newspaper, published in the county, if there be such published, and if there be no newspaper published in the county, such commissioners shall cause such statements to be posted in three conspicuous places in said county, one of which shall be at the court house door, and such statement shall show the amount of debt owing by the county, in what the debts consist, what payments if any have been made upon the same, the rate of interest that such debts are drawing; also detailed account of the receipts and expenditures of the county for the preceding months in which shall be shown, from what officer and on what account any money has been received and the amounts and to what individuals, and on what account any money has been paid and the amounts, and shall strike the balance showing amount of deficit, if any, and the balance in the treasury, if any, and the statement thus made, in addition to being published, as before specified, shall also be entered of record by the clerk of the board of county commissioners in a book to be kept by him for that purpose only, which book shall be open to the inspection of the public at all times.”
Counsel for the defendant, in offering the reports, cited the section just quoted as the authority for their competency. The reports received in evidence were in the following form:
Quarterly Report of Expenditures of Rio Grande County for the Quarter Ending September 30, 1882.
Total warrants outstanding July 1, 1882. $50,721 61
On account of road.'. 448 88
Warrants issued for quarter ending Sept. 30, 1882.
Here follows statement of 17
Warrants issued for different purposes, aggregating. 12,826 95
$03 997 44
Principal D. N. & Summit Toll-Road bonds. 6,000 00
Total wt. and bonded indebtedness Oct. 1, 1882.$69,997 44
“State of Colorado,, County of Rio Grande — ss.: We, the undersigned, do hereby certify that the above and foregoing is a true and correct statement of the expenditures of Rio Grande county for the quarter ending Sept.- 30, 1882, as appears from the books in the clerk’s office of said county this 17th day of October, 1882. '-, Chairman Bd. Commissioners.
“J. W. Ross, County Clerk.”
The other reports put in evidence are in the same form, except the certificate, which, in some instances, reads:
“I, James W. Ross, county clerk, hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and correct statement of the expenditures of said county for the quarter ending [giving date], and of the fináncial condition of the same on said date.
“James W. Ross, County Clerk.”
And in others is as follows:
“I, James W. Ross, county clerk, hereby certify that the foregoing is a true and correct statement of the expenditures of said county for the quarter ending June 30th, 1883, as appears from the books in my office this 30th day of June, 1883. James W. Ross, County Clerk.”
The portion of these reports which the court relied on as proof conclusive of the amount of indebtedness owing by the county is the recital therein that at a given date the outstanding warrants of the county amounted to a named sum. This statement is merely a conclusion drawn by the clerk from whatever books or papers he may have examined in reaching the result stated. It is entirely clear that it would not: have been permissible to defendant to have called as a witness the clerk of the county, and to have asked him what he found, upon examination of the county records, was the indebtedness of the county in the years 1882, 1883, and so on, because such evidence would be hearsay, and would be substituting the judgment of the witness for that of the jury upon one of the material matters in issue in the case. If the re-cords of the county contain any competent evidence tending to show the amount of the indebtedness of the county at any particular date, the records would be the primary evidence, and these should be introduced, instead of a bare recital, such as is found in the reports in question. It will be noticed that these reports do not: state that they are copies of any records, or of any entries upon the records, of the county, but: only state that on a given date the amount of the outstanding warrants was a named sum; and in none of the certificates signed by James W. Boss, as clerk, is it certified that the amount named is correct. But, even if the certificates did so certify, we are not aware of any rule of evidence which would justify the reception of such statements in evidence, when it clearly appears that the same are but conclusions of the clerk, drawn, possibly, from his examination of the records in his charge; although that is not made clear. As already stated, the court, in the charge to the jury, relied solely upon the recitals found in the quarterly report for June 30, 1882, as the evidence justifying the final instruction to the jury to find for the de-fendaut; and, as we hold that the recitals in these reports of the amount of outstanding warrants were not competent evidence, it follows that it was error to admit them in evidence, and, eliminating them
In support of the defense relied upon, it was also incumbent on the defendant to prove the date of the creation of the indebtedness, evidenced by the several warrants sued on, as that was a necessary step in ascertaining whether the indebtedness, when created, exceeded the constitutional limit; and in support of its contention in this respect the defendant offered in evidence a large number of bills or accounts in favor of various parties and against the county, which were tabulated in Exhibits 8 and 4, to which objection was made that there was no competent evidence showing the time of the creation of the claims represented by these accounts, and thereupon the court ruled that, where the account showed the date when the services ware rendered, it would be received as showing the date of the creation of the indebtedness; that where the date of the rendition of the service was not stated on the bill, but the account was dated, that would be accepted as the date of the accruing of the indebtedness; and that wdiere the account was not dated, and failed to state the date of the rendition of the service, the date of the warrant issued therefor would be taken as the date of the accruing of the indebtedness. -In this ruling the trial court was clearly in error. There is no presumption of law’ that an indebtedness for which a county warrant is issued did not exist at a date prior to that of the warrant, and, as a matter of fact, it is well known that, as a rule, warrants are issued as evidence of a pre-existing indebtedness; and therefore the court was not justified in assuming that the indebtedness was created at the date of the warrant, simply because the defendant was unable to show when the debt was created. Board v. Standley (Colo. Sup.) 49 Pac. 29; People v. Board of Com’rs (Colo. App.) 52 Pac. 748; Wilder v. Board of Co. Com’rs, 41 Fed. 572.
So, also, it was error to accept the mere date of an account as evidence of the creation of the indebtedness represented by the items thereof, for it is apparent that in such cases the date is intended to show the time of the rendition of the account, and not the time of the rendition of the services. In the cases wherein the accounts or bills set forth the dates of the rendition of the services, the utmost that could be claimed therefor would be that such statements could be considered in connection with any other facts tending to show when the services were rendered, it being for the jury to determine from the entire evidence whether the date of the rendition of the services was proven or not; and clearly, therefore, the court erred in ruling that, where the items of the account were dated, such dates would be taken as conclusive, which was the effect of its ruling on this point.
Error is also assigned upon the action of the court in admitting in evidence what is termed in the record “Defendant’s Exhibit No. 1,” which is a duly-certified copy of a tabulated statement of the expenses incurred at the November election in 1883, and which shows the fees earned by the judges, clerks, and canvassers in the several election precincts of the county, and which exhibit was offered for the purpose of proving that G-eorge W. Stoner had earned a fee of $2.50 as clerk in precinct No. 5, for which it was claimed warrant No. 3,632 had
In 1 Greenl.' Ev. § 488, in commenting on the question, it is said:
“The extraordinary degree of confidence, it has been remarked, which is reposed in such documents, is founded principally upon die circumstance that They have been made by authorized and accredited agents appointed for the purpose: hut partly also on ilxe publicity of their subject-matter. Where the particular facts are inquired into and recorded for the benefit of the public, those who are empowered to act in making such investigations and memorials are in fact Hu; agents of all the individuals who compose the state; and every member of die community may be supposed to be privy to the investigation. On die ground, therefore, of the credit due to agents so empowered, and of tire public nature of the facts themselves, such documents are entitled to an extraordinary degree of confidence, and it is not necessary that they should be confirmed and sanctioned by the ordinary tests of truth.”
In TTnderii. Ev. § 142c, in discussing the admissibility of entries con-st! hiring portions of Hie public records, it is said:
“The general notoriety of tlio matters to which such entries reíale, the public and official character of the books and of those who keep them, the fact that the entries are matte by an officer who is under oath, that they are required or authorized to bo made by law, or else a,re made in the usual course of official duty, without any present motive to misrepresent, combine to give the evidence obtained, from such sources peculiar force and value. To give an official character to a piddle record or register it is not essential that it should have been authorized or ordered to be kept by statute. It is the duty, if not the rigid, of every official to keep a record of his public transactions whenever such a practice is a common and appropriate mode of evidencing them. This record, whether required to be kept by statute or not, is a public record.”
In Owings v. Speed, 5 Wheat. 420, the supreme court, Mr. Chief Justice Marshall speaking for the court, said:
“There was also an exception taken to the opinion of the court in allowing the book of the board of trustees [of Bardstown, Ky.], in which their proceedings were recorded, and other records belonging to the corporation, to be given in evidence. The book was proved by the present clerk, who also proved the handvi ritiug of the first clerk and of the president, who were dead. The trustees were established by the legislature for public purposes. The books of such a body are the best evidence of their acts, and ought to be admitted whenever those acts are to be proved.”
“A.public or municipal corporation, required by law to keep a record of its public or official proceedings, may itself use suck records as evidence in suits to which it is a party; but the records must first be properly authenticated.”
It will be borne in mind that this Exhibit 1 was not offered in evidence to establish the existence of a disputed claim against the county, or to show that a particular claim had been allowed by the county authorities, but it was offered by the defendant as evidence tending to show the date of the creation of the indebtedness represented by warrant No.. 3,632, being one of the warrants sued on 'by the plaintiff company. In the petition the form of the warrants sued on is set forth, and it thus appears that each warrant on its face recites the number of the bill for which it was issued, and in the tenth paragraph of the petition it is averred:
“That prior to the 27th day of January, 1887, the said board of county commissioners audited and allowed the claims of various persons against said county, ’and thereupon warrants were issued in said form by said board in number and amount and to the persons as hereinafter set forth in Exhibit A, hereunto attached, .and made part hereof, and for the purposes and services mentioned in said Exhibit A.”
This exhibit thus attached to and made part of the petition is a tabulated statement of the warrants sued on, in the following form:
If this exhibit had given the date of the election at which the services were rendered for which warrant No. 3,632 was issued to George W. Stoner, it would not have been necessary for the defendant to introduce evidence on that point; but, as the date was not given, it became necessary to prove the same, and it was to that end that Exhibit 1 was offered and received in evidence. This warrant, No. 3,632, upon its face showed that it had been issued for a bill bearing the number 2,563, and therefore pointed to that bill as the proper source of information for determining the consideration for which the warrant was issued, and. thereupon the defendant offered a properly certified copy of the bill, it being the Exhibit 1 to which exception was taken by the plaintiff company. It will be noticed that in the petition it was averred, in substance, that the board of commissioners of the defendant county had properly allowed the claim of George W. Stoner in the sum of $2.50 for election services rendered to the county, and for such claim had issued to him warrant No. 3,632, and upon the introduction of this warrant in evidence it appeared on its face that the bill for which it was issued was numbered 2,563, and this bill, thus numbered, was then .offered as evidence upon the point of the date of the services for which the warrant was issued. As we understand it, it is the custom, in keeping the records of the county, to number each bill that is presented to and allowed by the commissioners, and, when warrants are made out, they refer to the number of the bill for which they are
A number of exceptions were taken to the testimony of John W. Crump, a witness on behalf of the defendant county, who had prepared tabulated statements from the records and books of the county, and which were admitted in evidence. It is clearly apparent that on the trial of a case of this character before a jury, which involved the ascertainment of the amount of the indebtedness of the county on many different dates -through a period of a number of years, and also required proof of the dales of the creation of the debts represented by (lie warrants sued on, it would be absolutely impossible for the jury to retain in their memories the dates and amounts of the numberless items put in evidence, and it would be difficult for them to take memoranda thereof; and yet, without such an aid to their memories, it would be impossible for them to reach an intelligent verdict. In such case's it: is admissible to pursue the method adopted by the trial court; that is, to have the books, papers, and other items of original evidence offered and received, and, in connection therewith, to admit the testimony of a competent person, who has prepared a tabulated statement in writing, summarizing the numerous items offered in evidence. The original sources of information being in evidence, the correctness of ihe tabulated statement can be readily verified by an examination of the witness, and a comparison with the sources from which the statement has been compiled, and, being thus verified, it becomes a valuable aid to the jury. Where, however, statements of this kind are offered in connection with the testimony of the person who has tabulated the same, care must be taken to confine the same to matters included within the primary evidence properly introduced, for this method of summarizing, for convenience sake, numerous items, giving the date and