71 P. 526 | Kan. | 1903
The opinion of the court was delivered by
F. A. Rolfs commenced an action in the district court of Leavenworth county against the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company to recover damages consequent upon his expulsion from ■one of the defendant’s passenger-trains on June 12, 1896. Concerning his right to be transported, he alleged as follows:
“That on the 12th day of May, 1896, said plaintiff ■purchased from the defendant, through its agent at*273 Norman, Indian Territory, a book of mileage containing tickets for one thousand miles’ transportation over the lines of the said Atchison, Topeka & Santa Pe Railway Company’s .road, and lines of road operated by it, lay virtue of which purchase said defendant agreed and promised to convey and carry said plaintiff over said defendant’s roads and roads operated by it, to the extent of one thousand miles, within one year from date of said ticket.”
The substance of the.plaintiff’s evidence relating to his right to be transported appears in the following questions and answers :
“Q,ues. Mr. Rolfs, did you purchase a ticket of the agent of the Santa Pe company at Norman, Indian Territory, on the 12th of May, ’96? Ans. I purchased a ticket from an agent there in Norman, Oklahoma.
‘‘Q,. That day ? A. Yes, a little before four o’clock in the morning.
“Q,. Will you look at this ticket or book I now hand you and state whether or not that is the ticket or, book of mileage that you purchased from the agent of the Santa Pe Company at Norman station on the 12th of May, 1896? (Book marked ‘Exhibit No. 1.’) A. Yes, sir; that is the ticket. No. 441.
‘‘Q,. Is this your signature (showing witness ticket) ? A. Yes, sir.
‘‘Q. You wrote that? A. Yes, sir.
‘‘Q,. Is this the book of mileage that you tendered to the conductor upon the occasion when he refused to accept it? A. Yes, sir.
‘‘Q,. Mr. Rolfs, when you presented the ticket to the conductor, was it accepted ? A. No, sir ; he didn’t accept it; he said it was expired.
‘‘Q,. What was stated, Mr. Rolfs, when the conductor asked you for your fare, by you to him ? A. I told him' the ticket was legal tender; it was only one month old and it was good for a year. •
“Q,. Now, Mr. Rolfs, did you hand him the ticket at that time? A. Yes, sir.
*274 “Q. What did he say? A. He said it was thirteen months old.
“Q,. Did he accept the ticket from you ? A. No.
“Q,. Did he demand your fare ? A. He demanded the fare; yes.
“Q. Did you pay it? A. No,-1 didn’t pay it.
“Q. Now, Mr Rolfs, please state to the court and jury just what took place between you and the conductor of the Santa Fe train at the depot or station at Diamond Springs, when you reached there. A. I told him if he didn’t believe me he could telegraph. He said he couldn’t get an answer. I told him, yes he could; there was an operator there at Norman — I bought a ticket at four o’clock in the morning, and he could get an answer there, if he didn’t believe me.
“Q. If he didn’t believe you about what ? A. My statement that it was only a month old ; he could telegraph and find out about it; if he didn’t believe me.
“Q,. Did you, or not, call the attention of the conductor to the fact that you yourself had purchased that ticket and that it had not yet expired ? A. Yes, I stated that fact.
“Q,. What did he say in response to your statement that you yourself had purchased the ticket and that it had not yet expired ? A. He said it was thirteen months old, and he couldn’t get no answer from the operator.
“Q. And he didn’t accept the ticket? A. No, he didn’t.”
Some other questions were propounded and answers returned on the same subject, but no additional facts were adduced. Sufficient evidence to show plaintiff’s removal from the train and to establish damages was introduced. The ticket itself was not offered in evidence. A demurrer to the evidence was interposed, and, pending its consideration, plaintiff further offered to show:
“That the agent from whom the ticket was pur*275 chased stated to the plaintiff at the time he purchased it that it was good for one year from the date of purchase, and, also, to prove by Mr. Saundei’s, the conductor of the train, that such tickets at that time were sold good for one year from date of purchase.”
This offer was rejected. The demurrer to the evidence was sustained, and judgment was rendex’ed against the plaintiff for costs. Of this judgment he complains here.
Apparently, under the plaintiff’s own view of the case, his xúght to passage upon the train depended on his ticket, and it is somewhat difficult to perceive how he could recover for a violation of right originating in a contract which he withheld from the court. Since the ticket was suppressed from the evidence, the court was left unadvised as to its contents, terms, and conditions, and the demurrer was rightfully sustained.
The original ticket, however, is attached to the case-made, and'it may have been treated by all pax’ties as if in evidence. If so, it destroyed the plaintiff’s case. The ticket is an ordinary mileage book. On the front cover appears the following notice: “Yoid for passage after date canceled by punch.” On the back cover appears the notice following, and a contract, the essential portions of which also follow, the signature at the end of the contract being in ink :
“this ticket expires on date punched in margin.
“Local Form 66. Series 3. No. 441. Sold under this contract.”
“7th. This contract must be signed, in ink, by the person to whom the ticket is issued, before being presented for passage, and the holder must identify himself by his signature whenever so required by authorized employees of this company.”
“ 10th. This ticket expires on the date canceled by*276 punch in margin, after which it will be of no value for passage, but will be redeemable, at the company's option, if presented by the original purchaser (within its limit) on basis of charging tariff rate for mileage used, refunding difference.
“11th. One hundred and fifty pounds of baggage will be checked free hereon.
‘ ‘ I agree to use this ticket in conformity with the conditions and notices hereon governing its use.”
“ Signature of person who is alone authorized to use this ticket. F. A. Rolks, purchaser. (Sign in ink.) ”
On the inside of the first cover is the official stamp of the company. The month and day of the stamp are May 12. The last figure of the number indicating the year is sufficiently obscure to raise a question as to whether it is 1895. The date of expiration punched in the margin is May 12, 1896.
It will be observed that the ticket says nothing of the date of purchase or date of official stamp, and so far as its express provisions are concerned the date of stamp or of sale has no effect. There are, however, two notices on the ticket, one on the front and one on the back, stating that the punched date in the margin fixes absolutely the limit of the ticket. There is a contract signed in ink that the ticket will be used according to these notices; and paragraph 10 of the signed contract is given up to a stipulation relating to expiration on the day punched in the margin, and the rights of the holder to redemption after that date.
"When this ticket was presented to the conductor it was with plaintiff's unambiguous written declaration that it was invalid. This declaration the conductor accepted and demanded payment of fare. Then plaintiff sought to impeach the written statement by an oral one. Was the conductor bound to accept the oral contradiction ? May each passenger on a train
In Frederick v. M. H. & O. R. R. Co., supra, it was said :
“How, then, is the conductor to ascertain the contract entered into between the passenger and the railroad company where a ticket is purchased' and presented to him ? Practically there are but two ways — one, the evidence afforded by the ticket; the other, the statements of the passenger contradicted by the ticket. Which should govern ? In judicial investigations we appreciate the necessity of an obligation of some kind and the benefit of a cross-examination. At common law parties interested were not competent witnesses, and even under our statute the witness is not permitted, in certain cases, to testify as to facts which, if true, were equally within the knowledge of the opposite party, and he cannot be procured. Yet here would be an investigation as to the terms of a contract, where no such safeguards could be thrown around it, and where the conductor, at his peril, would have to accept of the mere statement of the interested party. I seriously doubt the practical workings of such a method, except for the purpose of encouraging and developing fraud and falsehood, and I doubt if any system could be devised that would so much tend to the disturbance and annoyance of the traveling public generally. ... As between the conductor and passenger, and the right of the latter to travel, the ticket produced must be conclusive evidence, and he must produce it when called upon, as the evidence of his right to the seat he claims.”
In Hufford v. Grand Rapids & Ind. Ry. Co., 53 Mich. 118, 18 N. W. 580, it was said:
“In Frederick v. Marquette &c. R. R. Co., 37 Mich.*278 342, s. c. 26 Am. Rep. 531, it was decided that, as between the conductor and the passenger, the ticket must be the conclusive evidence of the extent of the passenger’s right to travel. No other rule can protect the conductor in the performance of his duties, or enable him to determine what he may or may not lawfully do in managing the train and collecting the fares. If, when a passenger makes an assertion that he has paid fare though, he can produce no evidence of it, the conductor must at his peril concede what the passenger claims, or take all the responsibilities of a trespasser if he refuses, it is easy to see that his position is one in which any lawless person, with sufficient impudence and recklessness, may have him at disadvantage, and where he can never be certain, if he performs his apparent duty to his employer, that he may not be subjected to severe pecuniary responsibility. Such a state of things is not desirable, either for railroad companies or for the public. The public is interested in having the rules whereby conductors are to govern their action certain and definite, so that they may be enforced without confusion and without stoppage of trains; and if the enforcement causes temporary inconvenience to a passenger, who by accident or mistake is without the proper evidence of his right to a passage, though he has paid for it, it is better that he submit to the temporary inconvenience, than that the business of the road be interrupted to the general annoyance of all who are upon the train. The conductor’s duty, when the passenger is without the evidence of having paid his fare, is plain and imperative, and it can serve no good purpose and settle no rights to have a controversy with him. The passenger gains nothing by being put off the car, and loses nothing by paying what is demanded and staying on.”
This opinion has the authority of Chief Justice Cooley’s great name, and its doctrine is preferred to certain statements in a later decision by the supreme court of the same state on the same subject.
The offer of the plaintiff to show the statement of the agent that the ticket was good for a year from date of sale was properly rejected, for the reason that the part of the contract relating to the time of expiration of the ticket was in writing, and, so far as the parties committed their agreement to writing, the in-, strument, and not oral statements must control.
In Elliott on Railroads, volume 4, section 1593, it is said :
“A ticket is evidence of a contract to carry and the right to passage, but the contract itself is implied by law except in so far as it is expressed in the ticket. Upon the theory that it is not itself the written con,tract, parol evidence has been held admissible to prove the terms of the contract in fact entered into between the company and the passenger, or the representations made by the agent, at the time the ticket was purchased, as to stop-over privileges or the like. But the terms of the contract, or certain conditions and limitations which enter into and form part of the contract, are frequently written or printed on the face of the ticket, and where such is the case we think the better rule is that a passenger has no right to rely upon the representations of an agent or conductor which are contrary to its express limitations and conditions.”
“It follows logically, when it is decided that the acceptance and use of such a ticket as that held by the defendant in error constituted a contract between her and the carrier, that its positive terms, being expressed in writing, cannot be contradicted or varied by parol evidence. Nor can oral agreements relating to the subject expressed in the written ticket, made before or at the time it was issued, be received in evidence in contradiction of its stipulations. This is but the application of an old and well-settled- rule of evidence. (Rodgers v. Perrault, 41 Kan. 385, 21 Pac. 287; Willard v. Ostrander, 46 id. 591, 26 Pac. 1017, and cases cited.) There is no ambiguity appearing in this contract of carriage, or the use of words having a doubtful meaning.”
A special rule of evidence cannot be adopted for a contract of this character.
Certain cases cited by plaintiff in error as decisive of this one are not so, and serve to illustrate the rule. Thus, in Erie Railroad Co. v. Winter, 143 U. S. 60, 12 Sup. Ct. 356, 36 L. Ed. 71, a passenger bought a ticket and asked for a stop-over privilege. He was told by the agent that he must arrange the stop-over with the conductor. The conductor punched his ticket and told him that was sufficient to entitle him to the privilege. In taking a train after making the stop the punched ticket was declined, and upon non-payment of fare he was put off. The syllabus reads :
“Parol evidence of what is said between a passenger on a railroad and the ticket-seller of the company at the time of the purchase by the passenger of his ticket is admissible as going to make up the contract of carriage and forming part of it.”
But it will be observed that the stop-over portion of the contract was independent of, and additional to, the
In Murdock v. Boston & Albany Railroad, 137 Mass. 293, 50 Am. Rep. 307, the syllabus reads :
“If the ticket-seller of a railroad corporation delivers to a passenger a ticket with a hole punched in it, and assures him that the ticket entitles him to be carried to his place of destination, when in fact, by the rules of the corporation, it does not, and the passenger is expelled by the conductor from the train, of cars for refusing to pay additional fare, he may maintain an action therefor against the corporation.”
But the opinion states :
“There was nothing on their face to show the contrary to the plaintiff, and he took and paid for them on the strength of these explanations and assurances of the ticket-seller. . . . The ticket-seller assumed to know, and gave assurances which the plaintiff had a right to rely upon, and which he did rely on. If, when the conductor refused to accept the punched ticket, it had appeared on an inspection of it that there had been a mistake, and that it did not on its face purport to be good for a passage over that part of the defendant’s i’oad, and that the ticket-seller had delivered to the plaintiff a good ticket upon some other railroad, or to some place which had already been passed, when the mistake Avas discovered, and it was found that the plaintiff had through inadvertence accepted a ticket which on its face was plainly insufficient, then this case would have fallen within the doctrine of the recent decision in Bradshaw v. South Boston Railroad, 135 Mass. 407, and it would have been the duty of the plaintiff to yield for the time being, and pay his fare anew, or withdraw from the car.”
Most of the cases cited by plaintiff in error are distinguishable from the one under review. Some of them, however, are irreconcilable whth the views herein expressed, and, so far as they may be so, cannot be approved.
Whatever remedy the plaintiff may have, if the ticket was wrongfully limited by the agent selling it, it is not for a tortious removal from the defendant’s train.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
