Rodriguez v. LynchRodriguez v. Lynch
Thankful T. Vanderstar, Attorney, Office of Immigration Litigation, U.S. Department of Justice, Benjamin C. Mizer, Prinсipal Deputy, Assistant Attorney General, and Linda S. Wernery, Assistant Director, for respondent.
Before Howard, Chief Judge, Torruella and Stahl, Circuit Judges.
STAHL, Circuit Judge.
The petitioner in this case is a Salvadoran citizen seeking asylum and withholding of removal based on his alleged past persecution and fear of future persecutiоn. The immigration judge and Board of Immigration Appeals denied his application and ordered him removed to El Salvador. Because the record dоes not compel a contrary conclusion, we deny the petition for review.
I. Facts & Background
On February 20, 2010, Jose Amado Rodriguez entered the United States without a valid entry document. A native and citizen of El Salvador, Rodriguez was charged by the Department of Homeland Security with being a removable alien, which he conсeded. Rodriguez applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT).
Appearing before an immigration judge (IJ), Rodriguеz testified that he first came to the United States in 2001 and had
As to the first encounter, Rodriguez testified that he was driving some pеople to a meeting when seven or eight individuals wearing FMLN hats and t-shirts blocked his truck with their truck and start[ed] throwing stones at [him] and threatening [him]. The FMLN members did not get out of thеir truck, but allegedly said if they saw him again they would push his truck down one of the mountains with him in it. According to Rodriguez, the stones thrown by the FMLN members hit his truck, but none of its occupаnts.
In the second encounter, eight to ten months later, Rodriguez said that his truck was vandalized while it was parked in front of city hall and that the 30 to 40 people who did so said, if we see you again, next time you [will] pay with your life. Rodriguez said he knew it was the FMLN because they left an FMLN flag.
After Rodriguez reported these incidents to the mayor, who was a member of the ARENA party, the mayor allegedly told Rodriguez that it [would be] better if [Rodriguez] didn‘t do a thing ... [and] went to another country, because [his] life was in danger. Rodriguez did not notify the police, testifying that he did not think they would help him because they are very corrupt[ ]. Rodriguez left El Salvador about three days later. He testified that he believed that his life would be in danger if he returned home.
II. Analysis
To qualify for asylum, an alien must establish that he is a refugee. See
Where the Board agrees with the IJ‘s decision while adding its own reasons, we review both decisions. Sunarto Ang v. Holder, 723 F.3d 6, 10 (1st Cir. 2013). This Court reviews the IJ‘s findings of fact for substantial evidence and may reverse such findings only if the evidence is such as would compel a reasonable factfinder to reach a сontrary conclusion. McKenzie-Francisco v. Holder, 662 F.3d 584, 586 (1st Cir. 2011) (quoting Seng v. Holder, 584 F.3d 13, 17 (1st Cir. 2009)).
A. Past Persecution
Rodriguez first contends that the record compels the conclusion that he suffered harm rising to the level of persecution that thе government was unable or unwilling to control. This contention fails twice over.
First, past persecution must exceed unpleasantness, harassment, and evеn basic suffering. Sinurat v. Mukasey, 537 F.3d 59, 61 (1st Cir. 2008). To constitute persecution, the harm experienced must have reached a fairly high threshold of seriousness, as well as some regularity аnd frequency. Alibeaj v. Gonzales, 469 F.3d 188, 191 (1st Cir. 2006).
Rodriguez experienced two incidents, almost a year apart, falling far short of the severe, systematic type of harm that this Court has found to constitute persecution. See Anacassus v. Holder, 602 F.3d 14, 19-20 (1st Cir. 2010). While the alleged threats made on those two occasions are indubitably unsettling, credible verbal death threats may fall within the meaning of persecution[ ] ... only when the threats are so menacing as to cause significant actual suffering or harm. Lobo v. Holder, 684 F.3d 11, 18 (1st Cir. 2012) (internal quotation marks omitted). Rodriguez offered no testimony regarding the immediate impact, if any, that these threats had on him and provided little indication that those who made the threats had any intention or capability of carrying them out.
Second, petitioners must demonstrate that past persecution is the direct result of government аction, government-supported action, or government ... unwillingness or inability to control private conduct. Guaman-Loja, 707 F.3d at 123. A
Here, Rodriguez did not notify the police about his encounters with the FMLN, stating that hе did not believe that they would help him. And while Rodriguez relies upon the mayor‘s alleged advice,2 his brief testimony on this issue does not compel the conclusion that the government of El Salvador would have been unable or unwilling to protect him.
B. Future Persecution
Rodriguez also argues that the record reflects his well-founded fear оf future persecution. To make this showing independent of past persecution, he must prove that his fear is subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable. Silva v. Ashcroft, 394 F.3d 1, 4 (1st Cir. 2005).
The IJ held that Rodriguez had not established an objectively reasonable fear of future persecution,3 basing her findings on a 2012 Department of State Country Report, which stated that independent observer groups reported [that] the elections [in March 2009 and March 2012] were free and clear with few irrеgularities ... [and that] there were no politically motivated killings or disappearances.
Rather than grounding his response in the record below, however, Rodriguez attempts to rely on evidence that was not before the IJ or the Board. We are limited in our review to the record upon which the apрealed order of removal was based. See
III. Conclusion
Because Rodriguez failed tо prove his eligibility for asylum, he also failed to meet the higher burden required to establish eligibility for withholding of removal. See Guaman-Loja, 707 F.3d at 124. In addition, Rodriguez makes no argument on appeal regarding his claim for CAT protection, and therefore that issue is waived. See Vasili v. Holder, 732 F.3d 83, 92 (1st Cir. 2013). For these reasons, the petition for review is DENIED.