17 Colo. 118 | Colo. | 1891
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court.
The appropriateness of this proceeding as a remedy for the grievance complained of is not questioned. The argument of respondents upon the demurrer is directed to the merits of the application. Thus the record presents for determination the single question : Are petitioners under the facts and circumstances stated in their petition entitled to execution upon their original judgment?
When a judgment has been affirmed and the cause remanded by the supreme court to the court wherein the judgment was originally rendered,,and when the mandate of the appellate court showing such affirmance has been duly filed in the office of the clerk of the lower court, the general rule is that the prevailing party is entitled to have execution issue upon such judgment from the court thus reinvested with the custody of the record. This is the rule of the common law, and in this state, the express command of the statute. Freeman on Executions, secs. 13, 32; Code, sec. 399. But it is contended that an exception to the rule exists in this
One of the strongest reasons why a judgment upon a judgment in the same jurisdiction, and especially in the same court, should be held to merge the former judgment in the latter, is, that otherwise the debtor might be subjected to increased costs and expenses by successive judgments, and harassed without limit by a multiplicity of record liens, executions, and other supplementary proceedings for the satisfaction of a single indivisible demand against the same party without any corresponding benefit to the creditor. Freeman on Judgments, sec. 216. But such consequences could not be entailed upon the debtor to the same extent by obtaining judgment upon an appeal bond, even though thereafter the original judgment should continue in full force aud effect; besides, the judgment upon the appeal bond would give the creditor the additional benefit of execution or other relief against the surety.
It is easy to demonstrate that a judgment upon an appeal bond under our practice does not have the uniform effect of extinguishing the original judgment. For example: Suppose for any reason in an action upon an appeal bond, as by a failure to produce evidence, a judgment of nil capiat should be rendered against the plaintiff, would he thereby lose all remedy upon his original judgment also ? Again, suppose a
2. An appeal bond under our practice has a twofold office: It serves to suspend the enforcement-of the judgment pending the appeal, thus giving the appellant an opportunity to have the judgment reviewed, and reversed if he can show the same to' be erroneous. It serves, also, to give the appellee additional security for his debt in case the judgment be affirmed or the appeal dismissed. The term debt is here used in the sense that a judgment is a debt of record. 2 Blackstone’s Com. 465; Freeman on Judgments, sec. 217.
In order to obtain an appeal the statute provides, inter alia, that the appellant shall give bond with surety, “ conditioned for the payment of the judgment, costs, interest, and damages in case the judgment shall be affirmed.” The statute further provides that “ the obligee in such bond may at any time on a breach of the condition thereof have and maintain an action at law, as on other bonds.” Code, see. 388. The statute recognizes the judgment as the principal debt, and the judgment debtor as primarily liable, though as between the obligors and obligee all the obligors are equally liable upon the bond itself. Anderson v. Sloan, 1 Colo. 487.
The appeal bond is a conditional obligation whereby the obligors covenant to pay the judgment upon the happening of a contingent event, to wit, the affirmance of the judgment. If the judgment be affirmed the obligation to pay becomes absolute. It is conceded that the paj^ment, satisfaction, or discharge of the original judgment would relieve the obligors from liability. But the judgment debtor being primarily liable, it would seem to be contrary to all the analogies of the law that a judgment upon the appeal bond against the
The judgment creditor by force of the statute receives the appeal bond as security for his judgment; he is not required to accept it in satisfaction of his judgment. In case of a breach of the condition of the bond, the statute authorizes the obligee to maintain an action thereon — not merely to bring an action, but to maintain it, — that is, to recover judgment upon it; and this authority is given to the obligee without condition — without requiring him to relinquish any right upon the original judgment. There is nothing in the language of the statute to indicate that the action upon the appeal bond was intended as an alternative, rather than a cumulative remedy.
8. An appeal bond is in no sense a substitute for the judgment appealed from. It operates to suspend the enforcement of the judgment for a limited time; but it does not take the place of, nor nullify the judgment. On the contrary, notwithstanding the appeal bond, the judgment maybe affirmed and thus all barriers to its enforcement may be removed. In that case does the appeal bond become void and without force or effect ? Clearly not; it then becomes for the first time an available security for the payment of the judgment. While the enforcement of the judgment is suspended by the appeal, the bond is but a contingent security, and appellee can have no remedy upon it. It is only when the original judgment becomes enforceable by affirmance, or by the failure of the appeal, that appellee can resort to his action upon the bond. Thus, it is apparent that the appeal bond is not a substitute for the original judgment. Its vitality depends upon the survival of the judgment. Its fate is inseparably linked with the judgment. If the judgment be reversed, the obligation of the appeal bond becomes void ; if the judgment be affirmed, the obligation remains in full force and effect.
4. In some states by statute it was formerly provided that upon the levy of an execution the defendant might give a forthcoming or delivery bond, and thus have the levy released or discharged; that such bond when forfeited should have the force and effect of a judgment upon which execution might issue; and that the levy of an execution of the latter kind could not be thus released or discharged. Under such procedure, it has been held that the original judgment was merged in, or extinguished by, the statutory judgment based on the giving and forfeiture of the bond. Chitty et al. v. Glen, 3 Monroe (Ky.) 424; Whiting v. Beebe, 12 Ark. 548; Frazier v. McQueen et al., 20 Ark. 68; Brown v. Clark, 4 Howard (U. S.) 4; Bank of U. S. v. Patton, 5 Howard (Miss.) 287.
Our criminal code, Mills’ Ann. Stats., sec. 1473, contains a provision whereby a judgment imposing a fine or costs for a criminal offense, majr be replevied by the giving of a certain kind of recognizance. Such replevin recognizance is in many respects similar to the forthcoming or delivery bonds above referred to. The replevin recognizance is an engagement to pay absolutely within a definite period without further litigation ; it is entered of record before the court by one or more good and sufficient freeholders; it has the force and effect of a judgment and creates an immediate lien upon the property of the parties acknowledging the same ; and execution may issue thereon without the previous issue of a scire facias.
It will be readily observed that there is little or no analogy between the replevin recognizance in criminal cases and the appeal bond in civil actions. The appeal bond, as we have seen, is a conditional not an absolute obligation; it is not given to end litigation, but rather for the purpose of continuing it: on the part of appellant it is given not so much to secure the payment of the judgment as to enable him to overthrow it; it is not entered of record; it creates no lien upon the property of those signing it; and the only
5. In Iowa it was provided by statute that when a judgment was affirmed by the supreme court the appellee might at his election have an affirmance with an order directing a procedendo for the enforcement of the judgment of the district court as though no appeal had been taken; or he might have a new judgment rendered by the supreme court against the appellant and his sureties upon his supersedeas bond for the amount of the judgment, etc. In the case of Swift v. Conboy, 12 Ia. 444, it was held that when the appellant elected to take the latter course, the judgment of the lower court became merged in the new judgment rendered by the supreme court. This doctrine does not militate against, but rather fortifies, the view we have taken. In the Iowa case by the appeal the record was transferred into the supreme court. Appellee chose to retain it there. There was no procedendo, no remittitur, no remanding of the cause, no mandate to the district court showing the affirmance of the judgment, and, hence, no reinvesting of the lower court with the custody of the record. Freeman on Executions, supra. In the case now before us the petition shows that no new judgment was rendered in the appellate court; the judgment was simply affirmed and the cause remanded; and petitioners have not at the present time any other judgment than the original one remaining of record in the district court upon which execution can issue. Unless they can enforce such original judgment, the only benefit they have gained
6. Another ground upon which it is contended that execution should not issue upon the original judgment is that by appealing from the judgment upon the appeal bond, the issue as to the affirmance or non-affirmance of the -original judgment is still pending and undetermined, and that until the determination thereof it would be illegal and inequitable to allow execution to issue. It is true, the petition in this case shows that in the suit upon the appeal bond the defendants pleaded that the original judgment had not been duly affirmed by the supreme court. But the petition does not admit the truth of such plea, nor does it admit any facts tending to show such plea to be true. On the contrary, it is expressly averred in the petition that said original judgment was in all things duly affirmed, and that a proper mandate showing such affirmance was duly issued and filed in the court below as required by the statute. The averments last mentioned are conclusive against the truth of the plea in the action upon the appeal bond. Such plea was no more than a plea of nul tiel record which puts in issue only the existence of the record. Bennett v. Morley, 10 Ohio, 102. The defendants could not under such a plea by any amount of evidence overcome matters properly shown by the record of the supreme court. This court alone has jurisdiction to determine questions relating to the validity and effect of its own records, subject to the supreme court of the United States in proper cases. The petition shows that the United States supreme court refused to entertain jurisdiction of the first appeal. If by the mere tendering of such an issue in an action upon an appeal bond, execution might be stayed upon the original judgment, the benefit of an appeal bond as security to the appellee would be greatly impaired, if not altogether destroyed. This would certainly be contrary to the purpose and intent of the statute providing for such securities, and would not be in furtherance of justice or equity.
The position assumed by counsel for respondents may be summarized as follows : When a creditor obtains judgment, the debtor by giving bond may suspend the enforcement of the judgment pending the appeal. If a reversal be secured, both the judgment and the appeal bond will be held for naught. If the judgment be affirmed, the creditor majrhave execution upon the original judgment; or, he may have his action upon the bond; but he cannot pursue both remedies. If he brings an action upon the bond, lie shall be held to have abandoned his original judgment. But may the creditor have immediate judgment and execution upon the bond ? Oh, no; if action be brought upon the bond, the debtor and his sureties may interpose any kind of defense, and if defeated, may take a second appeal; and still the creditor shall not have execution upon the original judgment. With due respect for the able argument of counsel in support of this view, we cannot adopt it. After much deliberation, we are of opinion that petitioners are entitled to have execution issued upon their original judgment. The demurrer to the petition must therefore be overruled.
Under tbe stipulation of counsel in open court that the merits of the’controversy herein should be heard and determined upon the petition and demurrer aforesaid the same as though the writ of certiorari had actually issued, the several judgments of the district court quashing the executions upon petitioners’ original judgment, as stated in their petition, are reversed.
Rehearing
ON REHEARING.
Two propositions only are urged in support of the present application. The first is that the supreme court commission was an illegal body and hence the judgment upon which the execution under consideration issued was not legally affirmed. Upon the authority of De Votie v. McGerr, 14 Colo. 577, and Butler v. Rockwell, post, p 290,
The second proposition rests upon a legal contention not noticed in the opinion heretofore, filed;' It is insisted that the ruling of the court below in quashing the. first' execution is res judicata, and that therefore this; court cannot inquire whether error was committed in ruling upon the second execution which shared a similar fate. Counsel contend that the correctness of these judicial.rulings could only be questioned by certiorari or by some other: proper proceeding to review the order upon the first execution.
The- doctrine of res judicata is applicable only to those judgments, decrees, orders or rulings of record which are so. far material and final that a review thereof may be had through the ordinary procedure provided, such as appeals or writs of error. The granting or refusing of other- applications or motions'-does not necessarily .prevent a subsequent renewal thereof upon the same tor different grounds where jurisdiction over the subject-matter-,-remains in the same-tribunal. A'dignified and orderly procedure has undoubtedly prompted the 'recognition by courts: iof the rule forbidding repeated applications to rehear motions of the latter class on grounds previously urged. But this rule is not based upon the principle of res judicata; and the entertainment of such renewed applications is purely discretionary with the court. A proper respect for judicial announcements has led to the established practice of submitting a preliminary petition to the court for. leave, to renew the. motipn .denied. But the court itself may waive this rule of procedure; and if without objection it: entertains the motion challenging its former: ruling and reconsiders the same' on the merits, its action will be treated as if such preliminary leave had been granted. Freeman. on Judgments (3d ed.), sections .325 and 326.
In this state, no appeal lies from, or • writ of error to, an order of the district court quashing an execution. True, there is a statutory method whereby, this court can consider
Both of the executions under consideration issued from the same court, and both rulings quashing these executions were made by the same judge at the same term; the judgment is in full force, hence it was not the purpose nor effect of either execution tó revive a dormant judgment. We do not think the doctrine of res judicata applicable; and since the court raised no objection to the form of the proceeding, such objection, if any there was, will be treated as waived.
It has already been observed in the opinion heretofore filed that no question is made as to the regularity or propriety of considering by certiorari the various matters submitted.
■ The judgment of this court reversing the several judgments of the district court must be adhered to as directed by the foregoing opinion.
Reversed.