260 So. 3d 1011
Fla.
2018
PER CURIAM.

Appellant Michael Lee Robinson, a prisoner under sentence of death, appeals an order of the Circuit Court for the Ninth Judicial Circuit denying his successive motion for postconviction relief. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Cоnst. As explained below, we affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

In 1995, Robinson confessed to the killing of Jane Silvia, and pleaded guilty to first-degree murder. Robinson v. State (Robinson I ), 684 So.2d 175, 176 (Fla. 1996). Robinson forbade his attorneys from mounting any defense whatsoever, waived his right to a penalty-phase jury, and told the triаl court he wished to be sentenced to death. Id. During the penalty phase, the State called Detective David Griffin as its sole witness, and a recording of Robinson's confession to Detective Griffin was published to the court. Id. Relying on Koon v. Dugger , 619 So.2d 246 (Fla. 1993), Robinson's attorneys made a proffer of the evidence they would have presented in mitigation had Robinson allowed it. Robinson I , 684 So.2d at 176.

The trial court found three aggravating factors: (1) the murder was committed for the purpose of avoiding or preventing а lawful arrest; (2) the murder was committed for pecuniary gain; and (3) the murder was committed in a cold, calculated, and premeditated manner without any pretense of moral or legal justification. Id. Because explicit mitigation еvidence was only proffered and not in fact presented, the trial court did not consider any possible mitigating circumstances. Id. at 176-78. The trial court determined the aggravating factors established by the State outweighed any potentiаl mitigating circumstances, and sentenced Robinson to death. Id. On appeal, this Court held the trial court's failure to consider mitigating circumstances contained in the record as a whole, rather than solely those proffered by Rоbinson's counsel, was inconsistent with this Court's decision in Farr v. State , 621 So.2d 1368 (Fla. 1993). Robinson I , 684 So.2d at 177. This Court affirmed the conviction but vacated Robinson's death sentence and remanded to the trial court "to conduct a new penalty phase hearing before the judge alone " with instructions to "consider and weigh all the available mitigating evidence in the record as required by Farr ." Id. at 180 (emphasis added).

At the beginning of the second penalty ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​‍phase, Robinson's counsel made an ore tenus motion to withdraw Robinson's guilty plea, which the trial court denied. Robinson v. State (Robinson II ), 761 So.2d 269, 273 (Fla. 1999). The State presented the same testimony during the second penalty phase as it had in the first, and the defense presented extensive testimony regarding Robinson's mental health, chronic drug use, and difficult childhood. Id. at 271-72.1 At no point did Robinson attempt to withdraw his prior waivеr of a penalty-phase jury; indeed, the record reflects that he told the trial court he was "really comfortable with the fact that the state supreme court remanded [the case] back without a jury again the second timе." The trial court found the same three aggravating factors as it had during the first penalty phase. Id. at 272-73. The trial court also found two statutory mitigating factors and eighteen nonstatutory mitigating factors, and again sentenced Robinson to death. Id. at 273.

On direct appeal, Robinson asserted (1) the trial court erred by denying his motion to withdraw his plea; (2) the trial court erred by denying his motion for neurological testing; (3) the trial judge made prejudicial comments on the record and denied Robinson's request for funds to investigate additional mitigation evidence; (4) Robinson's death sentence was disproportionate; and (5) the trial court erred in finding each of the three aggravating factors. Id. at 273 n.4. Robinson did not raise any claims relating to his waiver of a penalty-phase jury. This Court denied relief and affirmed Robinson's sentence. Id. at 279. On April 3, 2000, the United States Supreme Court denied Robinson's petition for writ of certiorari, and Robinson's conviction and sentence becamе final. Robinson v. Florida , 529 U.S. 1057, 120 S.Ct. 1563, 146 L.Ed.2d 466 (2000).

On October 3, 2001, Robinson filed a motion for postconviction relief, raising seventeen claims. Robinson v. State (Robinson III ), 913 So.2d 514, 518 (Fla. 2005). Of these claims, only one is relevant to the present matter: Robinson argued his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to properly inform him of his right to a jury trial and for failing to assert Robinson's desire to have a jury determine his sentence. Id. at 523. The postconviction court denied the motion, and this Court affirmed that denial. Id. at 517. This Court explained that, during the second penalty phase, Robinson's trial counsel was "following this Court's express mandate" that resentencing would proceed without a jury. Id. at 523 ; see Robinson I , 684 So.2d at 180 (remanding for a second penalty phase "before the judge alone"). This Court also held this claim was procedurаlly barred because it could have been raised either in a motion for rehearing in Robinson I or on direct appeal from the second penalty-phase hearing in which the circuit court re-imposed a sentence of death, but it was not. Robinson III , 913 So.2d at 523 n.8.

Robinson III also addressed a petition for writ of habeas corpus Robinson filed in this Court while his motion ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​‍for postconviction relief was pending. The petition raised three claims: (1) this Court erred in Robinson I by remanding for a new penalty phase before the judge alone; (2) Robinson's appellate counsel in Robinson II rendered ineffective assistance by failing to raise that issue on appeal; and (3) Robinson's death sentence is unconstitutional under Ring v. Arizona , 536 U.S. 584, 122 S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002). Robinson III , 913 So.2d at 528. We rejected Robinson's first claim оn the merits, and further held the claim was procedurally barred because it had been raised in his motion for postconviction relief. Id. We also denied Robinson's second claim on the merits, explaining that "appellate counsel had no reason to challenge" our earlier decision "that the new penalty phase was to be before the judge alone," and the issue would therefore have been meritless. Id. Finally, we denied Robinson's Ring claim on the ground that we had "previоusly determined that Robinson lawfully waived the right to a penalty phase jury." Id.

The Present Case

On September 18, 2017, Robinson filed a successive motion to vacate his sentence of death pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.851. Robinson's successive mоtion raised three claims. First, Robinson claimed his death sentence violates the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution pursuant to Hurst v. Florida (Hurst v. Florida ), --- U.S. ----, 136 S.Ct. 616, 193 L.Ed.2d 504 (2016), and Hurst v. State (Hurst ), 202 So.3d 40 (Fla. 2016). Second, Robinson claimed his death sentence violates the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution pursuant to Hurst . Finally, Robinson argued his prior claims of ineffective assistance of counsel must be reconsidered in light of Hurst v. Florida and Hurst because those decisions created new law which would affect the disposition of his prior claims.

On Novembеr 8, 2017, the postconviction court summarily denied the motion. Robinson appealed, and on February 23, 2018, this Court ordered the parties to show cause why the postconviction court's denial of relief should not be affirmed pursuant to Mullens v. State , 197 So.3d 16 (Fla. 2016). In Mullens , wе held a defendant who waived his right to a penalty-phase jury and was sentenced to death after Ring was decided was not entitled to relief pursuant to Hurst v. Florida . 197 So.3d at 38-40.

Analysis

1. Robinson is not entitled to retroactive application of Hurst v. Floridaand Hurst.

We affirm the postconviction court's denial of relief because Robinson is not entitled to retroactive applicаtion of Hurst v. Florida and Hurst . Prisoners whose sentences of death were final before the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in Ring are not entitled to retroactive application of Hurst v. Florida and Hurst . Asay v. State , 210 So.3d 1, 22 (Fla. 2016). We have repeatedly ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​‍reaffirmed this holding, see Hitchcock v. State , 226 So.3d 216 (Fla. 2017) (citing examples and denying relief), and the circumstances of this сase do not compel departure from our precedent. Robinson's conviction and sentence became final on April 3, 2000, more than two years before Ring was issued. See Robinson v. Florida , 529 U.S. 1057, 120 S.Ct. 1563, 146 L.Ed.2d 466 (2000). Therefore, Hurst v. Florida and Hurst do not apply retroactively to Robinson's sentence.

In a one-sentence footnote in his initial brief in this Court, Robinson argues that considerations of fundamental fairness require us to apply Hurst retroactively to his sentence, pursuant to James v. State , 615 So.2d 668 (Fla. 1993). Such cursory treatment is insufficient to raise a claim for review. See Knight v. State , 225 So.3d 661, 675 (Fla. 2017) (holding a claim argued only in two sentences was not sufficiently pleaded). We have alsо previously declined to adopt a similar "fundamental fairness" retroactivity standard based on preservation of a Ring -like claim prior to the United States Supreme Court's issuance of its decision in Ring . See Asay , 210 So.3d at 30-31 (Lewis, J., concurring in result) (concluding that Hurst should apply retroactively to pre- Ring cases in which the defendant raised a Ring -like claim before Ring was decided). Furthermore, like Asay, Robinson did not raise a Ring -like claim at trial: rather, Robinson raised a Ring claim for the first time in his petition for writ of habeas corpus, which was filed after he was resentenced to death and which this Court adjudicated in conjunction with his initial postconviction proceeding. See Robinson III , 913 So.2d at 528 ; see also Asay , 210 So.3d at 11 n.12 (noting that Asay did not preserve a Ring -like claim). We therefore decline to apply Hurst retroаctively to Robinson's sentence on the basis of "fundamental fairness."

2. Mullens is not distinguishable.

Even if Hurst were to apply to Robinson's sentence, the present claim regarding his right to a penalty-phase jury is procedurally barred because it "could and should hаve been raised on direct appeal." Miller v. State , 926 So.2d 1243, 1260 (Fla. 2006) ; see also Lugo v. State , 2 So.3d 1, 21 (Fla. 2008) (holding a challenge to a prisoner's extradition from the Bahamas was procedurally barred because of failure to challenge the extradition either at the trial lеvel or on direct appeal). Had Robinson's claim been properly preserved-which it was not-by a motion to empanel a jury during the second penalty phase, Robinson could have challenged the validity of his penаlty-phase waiver on direct appeal. Indeed, we determined this precise issue to be barred for this precise reason in Robinson III , explaining: "[T]his claim is procedurally barred because it is a matter proper for a motiоn for rehearing and could have been raised in Robinson's direct appeal from resentencing." 913 So.2d at 523 n.8. We also rejected this claim on the merits in denying Robinson's petition for writ of habeas corpus. Id. at 528.

Because Robinson is barred from challenging the validity of his waiver of a penalty-phase jury, and because we have previously rejected that claim on its merits, Robinson cannot show cause why Mullens does not control this case. The defendant in Mullens pleaded guilty to two counts of first-degree murder and one count оf attempted first-degree ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​‍murder, and waived his right to a jury recommendation in the penalty phase. 197 So.3d at 20. The United States Supreme Court issued Hurst v. Florida while Mullens's direct appeal was pending in this Court. Id. at 38. Mullens claimed his death sentence violated Hurst v. Florida because he had been sentenced to death without a unanimous finding by a jury that such a sentence should be imposed. See id. at 38-40 (discussing Mullens's Hurst v. Florida claim). Therefоre, Mullens argued, his sentence should be commuted to life imprisonment.

We rejected Mullens's claim on the ground that Hurst v. Florida did not prohibit waiver of the Sixth Amendment right to jury factfinding, and reasoned that, "[a]s with a guilty plea ... a waiver of the right to jury sentencing will be upheld if that waiver is knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently made." Id. at 39. We described the trial court's "persistent question[ing]" of Mullens, and determined "that Mullens's waiver was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent." Id. Therefore, we concluded, Mullens could not "subvert the right to jury factfinding by waiving that right and then suggesting that a subsequent development in the law ha[d] fundаmentally undermined his sentence." Id. at 40.

Our decision in Mullens controls this case. Although Robinson did not receive a unanimous jury recommendation for death, we have held that Robinson made a valid waiver of that determination, and therefore Robinson's claim fails. Cf. id. at 38. Mullens was not entitled to relief because he made a valid waiver of jury factfinding. 197 So.3d at 40 ("Mullens is not entitled to relief pursuant to Hurst [v. Florida ].") (emphasis added). Furthermore, we have held that a subsequent change in law does not affect the validity of a prior, otherwise-valid waiver of a рenalty-phase jury. Mullens , 197 So.3d at 40 ; see also State v. Silvia , 235 So.3d 349, 350-52 (Fla. 2018) (rejecting a claim that a waiver of postconviction proceedings must be reconsidered in light of Hurst ). Because Robinson cannot challenge the validity of his original waiver, see Robinson III , 913 So.2d at 523 n.8, 528, he cannot show cause why Mullens does not control the present case.

Conclusion

Based upon the foregoing, the decision of the postconviction court is hereby affirmed.

It is so ordered.

LEWIS, QUINCE, POLSTON, LABARGA, and LAWSON, JJ., concur.

CANADY, C.J., concurs in result.

PARIENTE, J., concurs in result with an opinion.

PARIENTE, J., concurring in result.

I concur in result based on this Court's opinion in Mullens v. State , 197 So.3d 16 (Fla. 2016), cert. denied , --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 672, 196 L.Ed.2d 557 (2017), but adhere to my view that Hurst2 should be retroactive without the cut-off date of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Ring v. Arizona , 536 U.S. 584, 122 S.Ct. 2428, 153 L.Ed.2d 556 (2002).3 In this case, because Robinson waived his right to a penalty phase jury, Hurst does not apply.

Notes

Rоbinson argued that, because the penalty phase hearing was a new hearing which would include all aspects of the penalty phase, the State should have been required to re-prove any and all aggravating circumstances. The ‍​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​​‌‌​​​‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​‌​‌​‌​‍trial court ruled that the aggravating circumstances had been established during the first penalty phase and upheld by this Court on appeal, and therefore the State was not required to prove them a second time. See Robinson I , 684 So.2d at 180 n.6 (holding Robinson's argument that the aggravating circumstances were not proven beyond a reasonable doubt was "without merit").

Hurst v. State (Hurst ), 202 So.3d 40 (Fla. 2016), cert. denied , --- U.S. ----, 137 S.Ct. 2161, 198 L.Ed.2d 246 (2017) ; see Hurst v. Florida , --- U.S. ----, 136 S.Ct. 616, 193 L.Ed.2d 504 (2016).

See Hitchcock v. State , 226 So.3d 216 (Fla.), cert. denied , --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 513, 199 L.Ed.2d 396 (2017) ; Asay v. State (Asay V ), 210 So. 3d 1, 32 (Fla. 2016) (Pariente, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part), cert. denied , --- U.S. ----, 138 S.Ct. 41, 198 L.Ed.2d 769 (2017).
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