21 Fla. 629 | Fla. | 1885
delivered . the opinion of the court:
The first inquiry in this cause is as to the quantity and character of the estate which Mrs. Robinson is entitled to under the last will and testament of her father, William M. Randolph, in the eighty acres of land described in the second item as Eanlock. The Circuit Judge decided that the legal estate is vested in the executrix, and that such executrix is charged by the will with the duty of improving, the land and making such disposition thereof, with the advice and direction of J. J. Daniel, as will vest the use in Mrs. Robinson during her life. This decree is brought here for review. It' is contended on behalf of Mrs. Robinson that she has a legal estate in fee unencumbered by any trust.
The word heirs was not considered in England, even prior to the statute of 1 Victoria, ch. 26, (A. D. 1838) necessary to the creation by devise of an estate in fee simple in land, but other apt expressions in the will denoting an intention to create such an estate, were held sufficient. Among others, this effect was given to a devise to one in fee simple or to a person and his assigns forever. In that country an indefinite devise of land, as simply to A., without other woi’ds, in a will executed prior to the operation of the statute referred to, created only a life estate in the devisee. The same rule has been recognized in most of the States of the Union in the absence of a curative statute; yet not in all of them, the Supreme Court of Ohio holding that it did not obtain in that State, and in South Carolina the Equity Court of Appeals taking the same view, (Jenkins vs. Clement, Harper’s Reports, 72,) but the law judges following the old rule, (Hall vs. Goodwyn, 2 N. & McC., 383,) and the Legislature subsequently adopting that of the
Mr. Jarman in his treatise on wills, (Yol. 3, p. 22,5 Am. Ed.,) speaking of the rule as generally adopted, says this rule of construction is entirely technical, as according to-popular notions the gift of any subject simply, comprehends all the interest therein ; and a conviction that the rule is generally subversive of the actual intention of testators, always induced the courts to lend a willing ear whenever a plausible pretext for a departure from it could be suggested. It has been long settled that when a devisee whose estate is undefined is directed to pay the testator’s debts or legacies, or a specific sum in gross, he takes an estate in fee on the ground that if he took an estate for life only he might be damnified by the determination of his interest before reimbursement for expenditures. The disparity in the amount charged upon the devisee to the value of the land made no difference. Where the charge however is upon the land so devised, and not upon the devisee personally, the indefinite devise is not enlarged from a life estate to one in fee. Again, a fee simple he states is held to pass by an indefinite devise where it is succeeded by a gift over in the event of the-first devisee dying under the age of twenty-one years; such devise over being considered to denote that the first devisee is to have the inheritance in the alternative event of his attaining the age in question, since in any other supposition the making the ulterior devise dependent on the contingency of the devisee dying under the prescribed age is very capricious, if not absurd. If thedevisee over confers only an estate for life, or if the contingency is the dying of the prior devisee under any other age than majority, such prior devisee still takes a fee. Ibid, 26-27.
In Roe vs. Shell, 16 East., 251, the will, after making bequests to several of the testator’s relatives out of his stock in 4 per cent, consols, and of all his wearing apparel, devised as follows: “and after all my just debts and funeral expenses paid, I leave all the remainder in the above ••stock with my freehold property to my sister Margaret Stoker, and all other monies due me; ” and it was held that the sister took a fee in the real estate. Lord Ellenborough ■said: “ There can be no doubt about his stocks, and Lord Mansfield was of the opinion that the word effects was •synonymous to property and would carry a fee.” LeBlanc, •J., remarked: “ property is a word large enough to carry •the interest in the estate.” See Patterson vs. Huddart, 17 Beavan, 210, also Nichols vs. Butcher, 18 Vesey, 193, where a devise of “ all my real and personal property to my wife ” passed the estate to the devisee and her heirs. Doe vs. Roberts, 11 A & E, 1000. In Doe vs. Morgan, 6 B. & C., 512, the testator was seised in fee of the premises in question, and after giving some pecuniary legacies his will proceeded as follows: “ and all my property and
In our country we find a similar view obtaining. In Lamberts vs. Paine, 3 Cr., 97, a devise of all the estate-called Marrowbone lying in Henry County, containing by estimate 2585 acres of land, and also one other tract containing, &c., called P.F.,was held to carry the fee in Marrowbone. The word estate is said, in the opinion, to be sufficiently descriptive in testamentary cases of both the subject and. the interest existing in it—and though its meaning may be restricted by circumstances or expressions indicative-of its being used in a limited or particular sense so as to confine it to the subject alone, yet in its general use it is understood to apply more pertinently to the interest in the subject. See also Godfrey vs. Humphrey, 18 Pick., 539. In Maryland it is held that no technical terms, no particular form of words in a will, are necessary to create an estate in fee, but any words sufficiently showing the intention of the testator to dispose of his whole interest in the thing devised.
Confining our view to the second item of Mr. Randolph’s will we do not think the word property used therein can be regarded as not operative. It is a part of the devising or dispositive portion of the will. The testator had not previously completed the provision for his daughter. The case is very much like that of Leland vs. Adams supra, where it is said: “We view the second sentence in this devise as it stands in the will, not as introduced incidentally, after the devising part was perfected, but as an operative part of the devise. In that sentence the devisor expressly repeats the devise of the ‘ estate,’ which in the first sentence he devised by the words, ‘lands and tenements.’ Both must be taken together.” We think the use of the word property in the fourth sentence of the second item of Mr. Randolph’s will, which is to be taken or construed with the first sentence, and other sentences, shows that he was dealing with and had in his mind his property, or estate in the land, and intended to give and secure this property and estate to the daughter. There is nothing in any part of the will showing that this word was used in a more confined sense, or that he meant to give less than his whole interest in the land. In the case last cited the following language from Randall vs. Tuchin, 2 Marsh, 117, is approvingly quoted: “ It is admitted very properly that the word ‘ estate ’ or ‘ estates ’ will carry a fee unless the other parts of the will restrain the effect of it. Formerly a narrower construction prevailed, and it was held that if the word ‘ estate ’ were attended by words designating the thing devised or its situation, it was to be considered as not de
Admitting, even, that the intention to give his whole interest in the land does not upon the basis of the rule invoked appear in the clause or item in question, but that the clause or item leaves the question in doubt, we are permitted, by the rule laid down in Maryland and elsewhere, to look to the introductory clause of the will. Ve there find the same word used in asking Divine blessing upon the “'following disposition of the property” with wrhich he has been entrusted. Rot part of the property but all of it. In Chamberlain vs. Owings, supra, the Supreme Court of Maryland says: “ When the intention of the testator does not clearly appear from the words used in the clause of a will which is to be construed, then a rosort may be had to the introductory clause, if there be one, to explain their meaning, and if by it is manifested an intention upon the part of the testator to dispose of the ivhole of his estate,
There is not wanting on the face of the will other good reasons for believing that the testator intended to give a fee to his daughter. It is to be observed that there is not used what might be called a proper word of limitation (as opposed to words which by construction are held sufficient) to create a fee in the devises either to the grandson, the daughter or the widow, who are evidently the principal objects of his care and bounty. There is, however, no room for doubt in view of the rule of construction referred to above, by which a prior devisee is held to have a fee when-an indefinite devise to him is to be succeeded by a gift over to another in the event'of the former dying under a particular age, and he does not die under such age. Brigg vs. Shaw, 9th Allen, 516. In Cook vs. Holmes, 11 Mass., 528, the testator devised to his “grandson, Gregory 0., only child of his son, Daniel 0., a certain piece of land in Water-town containing about six acres,” without any words in the clause indicating the duration of the estate he intended to bestow. A preceding item of the will gave to a son, Stephen, a moiety of land in Hewtoü and “ all the lands, houses, &c., described in his deed of gift to him * * * ; the said Stephen paying one-half the income to the widow and certain other sums specified in the condition of said mortgage, and also one-half the legacies given in the will to the testator’s grandchildren;” and another item gave to his son Israel the other moiety of the land in H., he paying
Applying the reasoning above to the will before us the conclusion to be drawn from a consideration of the devises to the grandson and widow is potent, as showing an intention of the testdtor to give the daughter a fee. If it be urged that a want of skill cannot be imputed to the testator in this case, it certainly cannot be said that the testator’s knowledge of the effect of the rules of law invoked does not indicate that by his use of words or language invoking such rules they were relied upon by him to effectuate the intention they imply.
Moreover it is a rule that the same word used in different parts of a will is to be taken as having been used in the same sense, unless there-is something to show the contrary. Hawley vs. Northampton, 8 Mass., 32. We find the word, property, used in the clause in question, in the devise to the widow, and in the introductory clause, and it is perfectly clear that in the latter two instances that it means not only the subject matter, but the interest of the testator therein, and there is no reason why a different meaning should be given, or a different purpose attributed to the testator in its use, in the first instance.
Looking at the will as a whole, we think it was evidently the intention of the testator to give a fee to his daughter, assuming such was his estate in the laud, and the intent of the testator is the great purpose to be effected where no rule of law is violated in doing it. Lines vs. Darden, 5 Fla., 51; 3 Cranch., 134; Jackson vs. Housel, 17 John., 281; Den vs. Payne, 5 Haywood, 103; Morrison vs. Semple, 6 Benny, 94; Tatum vs. McClellan, 50 Miss., 1.
Having concluded that the quantity of interest or estate derived is a fee, the nest question arises upon the effect of
Counsel for appellant contends that the restraint upon alienation is void. He cites 1st Redfield on "Wills, 448 ; 2 Jarman, 528-529 ; 21 Pick, 427. There is nothing in these citations inconsistent with the views we shall now submit.
It is settled that if a grant or devise to a male person of an absolute estate, legal or equitable in fee for life, be made, and there is annexed to it a condition that the grantee or devisee shall not have power to alien it at all, the condition is void, and the estate, in fee or for life as it may be, will rest absolutely in the grantee or devisee. The power of alienation being necessarily and inseparably incidental. to such an estate, it is held that to deny it is an attempt to create a new estate, not known to the law. There are, however, modifications of" this rule which allow a restraint upon alienation for a limited stated period, (2 Jarman, 583; 1 Washburne on Real Property, 80,) and provide for the cessation of a life estate with limitation over in fee to another person, upon the tenant aliening his interest. We are not however dealing with a devise to or provision for a man. The provision is for a daughter, and the object and intent of the testator was to provide for her. Either a proximate and probable, or a remote and possible, marriage of this daughter was in his mind. In the light of both English and American authorities we do not think it can be longer doubted that restraints upon both alienation and anticipation or either, to be effectual during coverture, may be annexed to the separate equitable estate of a married woman. It makes no difference that the grant or devise so restrained was made or took effect
The same Adoctrine is recognized in States of the Union. Fears vs. Brooks, 12 Geo., 195 ; Robert vs. West, 15 Ga., 122 ; Freeman vs. Flood, 16 Ga., 528 ; Weeks vs. Sego, 9 Ga., 199, Nix vs. Bradley, 6th Richardson Eq. Repts., 43; Beaufort vs. Colyer, 6th Humphries, 486; Perkins vs. Hays, 3d Gray, 405 ; Nixon vs. Rose, 12 Grattan, 425 ; 2 Perry on Trusts, sec. 670-671.
It is true that in Pennsylvania no such restraint can be sustained unless there is a marriage in immediate view when the trust is created, and that on the termination of the coverture the trust falls, and is not revived by a second marriage. That a marriage is in view need not, however, even in that State appear by the instrument creating the trust, but the creation of the trust is evidence that the marriage was iu contemplation of the donor and when it is followed within a reasonable time by its consummation, it concludes the proof. Wells vs. McCall, 64 Penn. St., 207.
It does not appear from the record of the case before us when the daughter, Mrs. Robinson, married, but it is stated that she was a feme sole at the testator’s death. It may be that even under the rule in Pennsylvania there is no power of alienation in Mrs. Robinson during the present coverture. We have found no authority outside of Pennsylvania so limiting the rule, and see no reason why if the power can exist so limited, it cannot without such limitation.
As the rule allowing such restraint upon alienation is confined to separate equitable estates the importance of the question, if not the interests involved, requires that we should consider whether tlie estate devised is of such character. It is a principle that the naming or appointment of a trustee by the donor is not essential to such an
If an agency or duty or power be imposed on the trustee, or if the purpose of the trust is to protect the estate, or if in other words it is a special or active trust, the legal title is in the trustee and the beneficiary has only an equitable estate. Ibid, sec. 305 ; and wherever the words show a clear intent to create an estate for the sole and separate use of one during her married life, the same result will follow. Ibid, sec. 309. We think it clear that this will imposes upon the trustee the duty of protecting the corpus of this estate against alienation during the coverture; that upon, the daughter’s marriage this trust, to say nothing more, arose.
The Chancellor, in Nix vs. Bradley, supra, said: “ There are three modes of disposition by which a separate estate may be created in favor of a marrried woman :
“ First. When technical words are employed, as instances where the estate is given for the sole and separate use of the wife.
“ Second. Where the estate is not given after this form, but the marital rights are excluded by express words—for example, where an estate is given to the wife, but not to be subject to the power, control, or liabilities of the husband ; or, where the marital rights are restricted by words of a similar import.
“ Third. When the marital rights are excluded by im
In Fears vs. Brooks, supra, the questions were: 1st. Bid the will create a separate estate iu the daughter ? 2d. If so, does it restrain her right of alienation. Both questious were answered in the affirmative. It was held to be a separate estate because the marital rights were defeated, and further that this was the purpose of the testator, and that such purpose being legal it must be carried out, and that the marital right must yield. In Mixon vs. Roe, 12 Gratt., 425, the devise was to trustees for the use and benefit of a daughter and her heirs, with the following provision: “ And as it is my wish and desire to guard in the most ample manner against the imprudent sale or other disposition of the aforesaid property during the natural life of said Emily Coup-land, (the daughter,) it is hereby wholly and solely confided to the discretion of the aforesaid trustees in what manner the said Emily shall receive and enjoy the profits arising from the hire or other disposition of the slaves aforesaid, and in the event of the death of said Emily, without any heir or heirs of her body, then and in that case I desire that all the slaves and their increase shall be given up to my son, Gustavus, or his heirs, forever.” “ Here,” says the court, referring to the words we have italicised, “■ an intention is plainly indicated that neither the wife nor the husband shall have the right to sell or otherwise dispose of the property; which is inconsistent with the idea of its being given subject to his marital rights; in which case the jus disponendi would have been a necessary incident.” Again, quoting 1st Benan, 17, it is said: “ The separate estate may, and
Under the Constitution and Laws of Florida, where property is devised to a single woman directly so as to give her the legal and equitable title, and she afterwards marries, it, during such married state, is her separate statutory property, and her title to the same continues separate, independent and beyond the control of her husband, and cannot be be taken in execution for his debts, but it will remain in his care and management, and she is not entitled to sue her husband for the rent, hire, issues, proceeds or profits thereof, nor shall he charge for the management and care of the property, but he and she may by joint conveyance sell and convey the same in the manner prescribed by the statute.
Can anything be clearer than the intention of testator to restrain the power of his daughter during her coverture to alienate or sell the land either by her separate act or the joint act of herself and her husband, is shown to be here? ETo more express or effectual language could have been used.
The sentence of the will, in which the testator says : “ I make my wife, Mary E. Randolph, my executrix, with seizer ” (seisin, we interpret it,) “ of all my property ” has so far as the seisin provision is concerned, and was, we think, intended to have no other effect than to give his executrix, as such, whatever possession, and right or title, were necessary to the performance of her duties as executrix, but not as inconsistent with, nor to defeat any express and special devise and bequest. It is general, and if it keeps the possession of the land in question in the executrix, then it would also keep in her, as executrix, the possession of the gun, and the fishing rod and reel.
In regard to the parol testimony which has been introduced to show the estate devised, it is only necessary to say that while a court may look beyond the face of the will, when there is an ambiguity as to the person or property to which it is applicable, we do not think that under this will, if ever, any parol proof can be used to enlarge or .diminish, or alter the estate actually devised by the will. King vs. Ackerman, 2 Black, 417.
The bill seeks, so far as its real purpose is concerned, to-have the devise to the daughter declared to be a legal estate in fee simple, absolute, and that the restraining provision is void, and that she can make sale of the land. Neither of these positions is tenable. The bill makes no controversy with the executrix or others, as to improvements; nor any with the trustee, (except as to the legal title,) so far as his rights, duties or powers are concerned, except so far as they are involved in the question of alienation, and there is no proper basis for any decision upon these points not involved ; so, particularly, in view of the limited range of the argument, we decide nothing as to them, nor more than what is said -as to the legal title being in the trustee, and that the estate given is the entire interest of the testator in the land, and that the estate of the daughter during coverture is a separate equitable estate subject to the restraint upon the right to dispose of the land..
The prayer of the bill cannot therefore be granted, and the decree must be reversed and the bill dismissed, without prejudice as to any other question.