Robinson v. Ford Motor Co.

Jan 17, 2008
Docket 271395
Versions:744 N.W.2d 363
277 Mich. App. 146
Per CURIAM.

Defendant Ford Motor Company (defendant) appeals by leave granted the trial court’s order denying its motion for summary disposition of plaintiffs claim alleging sexual harassment under the Civil Rights Act (CRA), MCL 37.2101 et seq. This case involves a claim of same-gender harassment. Plaintiff claims he was subjected to a sexually hostile work environment in violation of MCL 37.2103(i)(iii). We conclude that the trial court properly rejected defendant’s claims that (1) plaintiffs same-gender, hostile-work-environment claim is not cognizable under the CRA and that (2) the harasser’s conduct toward plaintiff was not of a sexual nature. However, we conclude that the trial court failed to address the threshold issue whether plaintiff was harassed because of sex. Accordingly, we affirm the order of the trial court, but we remand for the trial court to address whether plaintiff has presented a genuine and material issue regarding whether he was harassed because of sex.

I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURE

Plaintiff alleges that a male сoworker, defendant Darren Smith, sexually harassed him while they both worked in defendant’s manufacturing plant. Plaintiff knew that Smith was regularly involved in on-the-job antics with two coworkers, Eric Ward and Bruce Tofil. Smith, Ward, and Tofil made a game of catching each other off guard and hitting each other on the buttocks with paddles. They also threw gloves and snow at each other and squirted fire extinguishers at each other. In April 2001, Tofil left defendant’s employ, and Smith was reassigned to work with plaintiff installing truck hoods. Smith began to direct his antics toward plaintiff. Plaintiff alleges that between'2001 and 2003, Smith engaged in a variety of conduct unwelcomed by him and other employеes that constituted sexual harassment.

With regard to plaintiff, the alleged conduct included Smith’s slapping him on the buttocks, pinching his nipples, pulling down plaintiffs pants to expose his underwear, Smith’s exposing his testicles to another coworker while grasping plaintiffs hand and attempting to or actually making plaintiff touch them, and Smith’s placing his hands in plaintiffs pants and placing his finger between plaintiffs buttocks. Smith also allegedly offered to show plaintiff his penis and asked plaintiff about the size of plaintiffs penis. Additionally, Smith allegedly made comments about wanting to see plaintiffs “naked butt” in a vat of K-Y Jelly and wanting to “crack [plaintiffs] ass.” On several occasions, Smith told plaintiff, “You’re my bitch, I own your ass.”

Plaintiff alleges that he suffered a breakdown in March 2003, after two consecutive days in which Smith digitally penetrated plaintiffs mouth. Specifically, plaintiff alleges that Smith jumped on his back and forced his fingers in plaintiffs mouth and down his throat while he was wearing a dirty glove. Plaintiff testified in his deposition that he could feel Smith’s erect penis on his back during one of these incidents. Plaintiff reported these and other incidents to his supervisor.

Plaintiff brought this action alleging, in part, sexual harassment in violation of the CRA. Defendant moved for summary disposition, arguing that sexual horseplay by a heterosexual male directed against another male fell outside the statutory definition of sexual harassment. The trial court disagreed and denied defendant’s motion with regard to the alleged violation of the CRA. This Court granted defendant’s application for leave to appeal, limited to the issues raised in the application. In the application, defendant specifically claimed that “the Supreme Court would not recognize a same-sex hostile environment sexual harassment claim.” Defendant’s second claim on appeal is that “ [i]f a sexual harassment claim exists, plaintiff failed to present evidencе of homosexual or otherwise inherently sexual conduct.” Defendant’s last claim is that “courts that have reviewed same-sex claims have required affirmative evidence that the alleged harasser is homosexual.”

II. ANALYSIS

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition. Veenstra v Washtenaw Country Club, 466 Mich 155, 159; 645 NW2d 643 (2002). Defendant mоved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). A motion under this subrule tests the factual sufficiency of the plaintiff’s complaint. Kraft v Detroit Entertainment, LLC, 261 Mich App 534, 539; 683 NW2d 200 (2004). The trial court must consider the affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and any ‍​​​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‍other evidence submitted by the parties in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. at 539-540. Summary disposition should be granted if there is no genuinе issue of any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. at 540; MCR 2.116(0(10) and (G)(4).

B. SEXUAL HARASSMENT UNDER THE CRA

Under the CRA, “[a]n employer shall not do any of the following: (a) Fail or refuse to hire or recruit, discharge, or otherwise discriminate against an individual with respect to employment, compensation, or a term, condition, or рrivilege of employment, because of religion, race, color, national origin, age, sex, height, weight, or marital status.” MCL 37.2202(1)(a). MCL 37.2103(i) further provides, in pertinent part, that

[discrimination because of sex includes sexual harassment. Sexual harassment means unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct or communication of a sexual nature under the following conditions:
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(Hi) The cоnduct or communication has the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with an individual’s employment, ... or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive employment... environment. [MCL 37.2103(i)(iii) (emphasis added).]

Radtke v Everett, 442 Mich 368, 381; 501 NW2d 155 (1993) (sexual harassment that falls under MCL 37.2103[i][iii] is commonly labeled hostile-work-environment harassment). 1

Defendant first claims that the trial court erred in recognizing a same-gender, hostile-work-environment claim under the CRA. This argument raises a question of statutory interpretation. When faced with questions of statutory interpretation, courts must discern and give effect to the Legislature’s intent as expressed in the words in the statute. Pohutski v City of Allen Park, 465 Mich 675, 683; 641 NW2d 219 (2002). Where the language is unambiguous, it must be presumed that the Legislature intended the meaning clеarly expressed, and no further judicial interpretation is permitted. Id. Terms that are not defined in a statute must be given their plain and ordinary meanings, and it is appropriate to consult a dictionary for definitions. Halloran v Bhan, 470 Mich 572, 578; 683 NW2d 129 (2004).

Defendant correctly points out that the Michigan Supreme Court has not addressed the question whether sаme-gender, hostile-work-environment claims are recognized under the CRA. The United States Supreme Court addressed such claims under federal law in Oncale v Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc, 523 US 75, 80; 118 S Ct 998; 140 L Ed 2d 201 (1998). The Supreme Court summarized the facts of Oncale:

In late October 1991, Oncale was working for respondent Sundowner Offshore Services on a Chevron U.S.A., Inc., oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico. He was employed as a roustabout on an eight-man crew which included respondents John Lyons, Danny Pippen, and Brandon Johnson. Lyons, the crane operator, and Pippen, the driller, had supervisory authority. On several occasions, Oncale was forcibly subjected to sex-related, humiliating actions against him by Lyons, Pippen and Johnson in the presence of the rest of the crew. Pippen and Lyons also physically assaulted Oncale in a sexual manner, and Lyons threatened him with rape. [Oncale, supra at 77 (citation omitted).]

Oncale “presented] the question whether workplace harassment.. . violate[d] Title ‍​​​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‍VTFs prohibition against ‘discrimination . . . because of. .. sex,’ 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1), when the harasser and the hаrassed employee are of the same sex.” Id. at 76. The United States Supreme Court held:

We see no justification in the statutory language or our precedents for a categorical rule excluding same-sex harassment claims from the coverage of Title VII. As some courts have observed, male-on-male sexual harassment in the workplаce was assuredly not the principal evil Congress was concerned with when it enacted Title VII. But statutory prohibitions often go beyond the principal evil to cover reasonably comparable evils, and it is ultimately the provisions of our laws rather than the principal concerns of our legislators by which we are governed. Title VII prohibits “discrimination . . . because of... sex” in the “terms” or “conditions” of employment. Our holding that this includes sexual harassment must extend to sexual harassment of any kind that meets the statutory requirements. [Id. at 79-80.]

The CRA contains a phrase identical to that which was interpreted by Oncale under title VII. Specifically, MCL 37.2202(1)(a) prohibits, “discrimination]... becausе of... sex” in a “term” or “condition” of employment. The language of the CRA does not exclude same-gender harassment claims. Accordingly, we reject defendant’s claim that the CRA excludes same-gender, hostile-work-environment claims.

Defendant next claims that the phrase “of a sexual nature” in MCL 37.2103(i) necessarily means behavior that inherently pertains to sexual relations; therefore, there can be no behavior “of a sexual nature” between members of the same sex where the perpetrator is heterosexual and the conduct does not involve homosexual advances or desire. This argument also rаises a question of statutory interpretation.

We begin our analysis by noting that the term “sexual harassment” is defined under the CRA to include any one of three different actions that have the “purpose or effect of substantially interfering” with one’s employment or create an “intimidating, hostile, or offensive” workplacе. MCL 37.2103(i)(iii). These three actions are: (1) unwelcome sexual advances; (2) requests for sexual favors; and (3) other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. MCL 37.2103(i). Clearly, unwelcome sexual advances and requests for sexual favors relate to the harasser’s sexual desire or gratification. Thus, a plaintiff alleging a sexually hostile work environment on the basis of sexual advances or solicitations must present some credible evidence that the harasser is motivated by sexual desire. However, the same cannot be said about the third type of action barred under the CRA — verbal or physical conduct “of a sеxual nature.” Id.

The CRA prohibits “physical conduct or communication of a sexual nature” that has the effect of interfering ‍​​​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‍with an individual’s employment. MCL 37.2103(i)(iii) (emphasis added). In Corley v Detroit Bd of Ed, 470 Mich 274, 279; 681 NW2d 342 (2004), our Supreme Court construed the phrase “sexual nature” as used in MCL 37.2103(f). It held:

“Sexual nature” is not defined in the statute. Where a term is not defined in the statute, we will review its ordinary dictionary meaning for guidance. “Sexual” is defined, in part, as “of or pertaining to sex” or “occurring between or involving the sexes: sexual relations. ” “Nature” is defined as a “native or inherent characteristic.” Utilizing these two commonly understood definitions, we conclude that actionable sexual harassment requires conduct or communication that inherently pertains to sex. [Emphasis in original; citations omitted.]

The Supreme Court did not indicate that conduct or communication that inherently pertains to sex must also include proof of the harasser’s sexual desire. Accordingly, we will not read into MCL 37.2103(i) a requirement that is not expressly stated, i.e., a harasser’s sexual desire.

Here, plaintiff presented sufficient evidence to allow a reasonable trier of fact to find that some оf Smith’s offensive conduct or communications inherently pertained to sex. Plaintiff offered proof that Smith allegedly exposed his testicles and forced plaintiff to touch them, hit plaintiffs buttocks, exposed plaintiffs underwear, digitally penetrated plaintiffs buttocks, moved his hand between plaintiffs legs toward his testicles, squeezed plaintiffs nipples, threw pubic hair at plaintiff, rubbed plaintiffs personal property against his genitals, and pressed his erect penis on plaintiffs back while forcing his fingers into plaintiffs mouth. This conduct involves direct contact with sexual organs or sexual parts of the body accompanied by either express or implied references to sexual activity. Thus, we conclude plaintiff has presented sufficient evidence to allow a reasonable trier of fact to conclude that Smith’s conduct and communication inherently pertained to sex.

C. BECAUSE OF SEX (ON REMAND)

We ultimately address an argument that was not addressed by the triаl court, but presented in the parties’ briefs and raised at oral arguments before this Court. In resolving defendant’s motion, the trial court failed to address the second element of a sexual harassment claim. It appears that the trial court assumed there was sufficient evidence that Smith’s actions were motivated by sex merely because Smith’s conduct inherently pertained to sex. “The error is in concluding that all harassment of a sexual nature amounts, ipso facto, to gender discrimination.” Equal Employment Opportunity Comm v Harbert-Yeargin, Inc, 266 F3d 498, 521 (CA 6, 2001). “This second element is derived from the language of MCL 37.2202(1), which prohibits an employer from discriminating against an employee ‘because of sex. Obviously, an employer cannоt be said to have discriminated against an employee ‘because of sex unless, but for the fact of the employee’s sex, the employer would not have discriminated against the employee.” Haynie v Dep’t of State Police, 468 Mich 302, 308; 664 NW2d 129 (2003).

The phrase “of a sexual nature,” which refers to the third element, is found ‍​​​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‍within the statutory description of “[discriminatiоn because of sex.” MCL 37.2103(f). As our Supreme Court observed, “[sjexual harassment is merely a subset of sexual discrimination.” Koester v City of Novi, 458 Mich 1, 11; 580 NW2d 835 (1998), citing MCL 37.2103(f), overruled in part on other grounds by Haynie, supra. See also Diamond v Witherspoon, 265 Mich App 673, 683; 696 NW2d 770 (2005). As a subset of sexual discrimination, plaintiff must nonetheless show that he was subjected to a sexually hostile workplace “because of sex.” MCL 37.2103(f). As this Court stated in Barbour v Dep’t of Social Services, 198 Mich App 183, 186; 497 NW2d 216 (1993), the CRA and the analogous provisions of title VII of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 USC 2000e et seq., require that sexual harassment be “gender-based.” This is consistent with the common understanding of the word “sex,” particularly in a legal context. The term, “sex,” is most commonly defined as, “either the female or made division of the species, esp. as differentiated with reference to the reproductive functiоns” and “the sum of the structural and functional differences by which the female and male are distinguished, or the phenomena or behavior dependent on these differences.” Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (2nd ed). Indeed, Black’s Law Dictionary (6th ed) limits the definition of the term “sex” to, “[t]he sum of the peculiarities of structure and function that distinguish a male from а female organism; the character of being male or female.” The Legislature clearly intended that hostile-work-environment harassment claims be “gender-based.”

Thus, consistent with Oncale, we interpret the CRA to present a threshold question whether the same-gender harasser’s conduct “constituted discrimination ... because of... sex.” Oncale, supra at 81 (emphasis omitted). In Oncale, the Supreme Court noted examples of evidentiary routes that allow male plaintiffs to establish a hostile-work-environment claim based on same-gender harassment:

(1) where the harasser making sexual advances is acting out of sexual desire; (2) where the harasser is motivated by general hostility to the presence of men in the workplace; and (3) where the plaintiff offers “direct comparative evidence about how the alleged harasser treated members of both sexes in a mixed-sex workplace.” [Vickers v Fair-field Medical Ctr, 453 F3d 757, 765 (CA 6, 2006), citing Oncale, supra at 80-81.]

Here, the trial court did not determine whether the evidence was sufficient to establish that Smith acted out оf sexual desire when harassing plaintiff or that Smith was motivated by a general hostility toward the presence of men in the workplace. Similarly, the trial court did not address whether there is direct comparative evidence about how Smith treated members of both genders in a mixed-gender workplace. 2 Further, the trial court did not identify any evidentiary routes that plaintiff took to establish his same-gender, sexual harassment claim. Accordingly, we affirm the order of the trial court, but we remand for the trial court to address whether plaintiff presented evidence under one or more of the evidentiary routes to establish discrimination beсause of sex. We do not retain jurisdiction.

Notes

1

To establish a claim of hostile-work-environment harassment, a plaintiff must demonstrate that: (1) the employee belonged to a protected group; (2) the employee was subjected to conduct or communication on the basis of sex; (3) the conduct or cоmmunication ‍​​​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌‌​‌‌​​‌‌​‌​‌‌​‌​​‌​​‌​‌‌​‌‌​​‌​‌‌‍was unwelcomed; (4) the unwelcomed conduct or communication was intended to, or in fact did, substantially interfere with the employee’s employment or created an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment; and (5) respondeat superior. Rymal v Baergen, 262 Mich App 274, 312; 686 NW2d 241 (2004). Only conduct or communication that is sexual in nature can constitute harassment within the meaning of the statute. Haynie v Dep’t of State Police, 468 Mich 302, 312; 664 NW2d 129 (2003).

2

We express no opinion regarding whether plaintiff established a mixed-gender workplace. Oncale, supra at 80-81; See Davis v Coastal Internat’l Security, Inc, 348 US App DC 375, 381; 275 F3d 1119 (2002).