ORDER GRANTING TOY AND ROBINSON’S MOTION TO DISMISS AND GRANTING TOY’S MOTION TO STRIKE PLAINTIFF’S FIFTH CAUSE OF ACTION FOR DEFAMATION
I. INTRODUCTION
Defendants Herbert Robinson (“Robinson”) and Michael Toy (“Toy”) have filed a
II. BACKGROUND
A. Factual History
Roseanna Martha Robinson (“Plaintiff’) is a sixty year old woman who has worked for the Alameda County Probation Department (“County”) since August 10, 1998. Complaint, ¶¶ 6, 10. She began work as a Group Counselor-Intermittent at the San Leandro Juvenile Hall Facility and has remained in that position since 1998, although in 2007 the name of her position was changed to JIO — Intermittent (“JIO-I”). Id., at ¶ 11. She is responsible for ensuring the care, custody, and control of juvenile detainees. Id., at ¶ 12.
In 1999, when Plaintiff was forty eight, she applied for a JIO-I permanent position. Id., at ¶ 14(a). Plaintiff was the oldest candidate and put on the eligible candidate list, but she was not given the promotion. Id. The County promoted all of the other candidates on the list. Id. Plaintiff complained to the County that all of other candidates were promoted except for her, but the County did not respond to her complaints. Id.
In 2001, when she was fifty years old, Plaintiff applied for a JIO-I permanent position, passed the oral interview, and was ranked as the top eligible candidate. Id., at ¶ 14(b). However, the County promoted a younger candidate who ranked lower. Id. On or about January 2005, Plaintiff again applied for the JIO-I and JIO-III permanent positions. Id., at ¶ 14(c). She was ranked number two on the JIO-I list and number one on the JIO-III list of eligible candidates, but the County did not give her either of those promotions. Id. She complained of age discrimination, and alleges that her employer retaliated against her as a result of her complaint. Id.
On or about January 8, 2010, Plaintiff again applied for a promotion to be a JIO-I permanent. Id., at ¶ 14(g). She passed both the physical and medical exams and the background check, but was told she must submit to Dr. Tong’s (“Tong”) psychological evaluation and testing. Id. Tong told her secretary to administer the test and did not make sure Plaintiff fully understood the purpose of the exam and the uses to which it may be put. Id. During the test, Tong pressured Plaintiff to hurry up because she claimed that Plaintiff was taking too long. Id.
On or about January 14, 2011, Robinson, an upper-level supervisor at the San Leandro Juvenile Hall Facility, told Michael Rodrigues (“Rodrigues”), a County IS-I, that Plaintiff did not pass the psychological exam for the JIO-I permanent position and that she was unfit to work as a JIO.
A separate incident occurred on November 22, 2008. On that day, Plaintiff, Michael Toy (a permanent JIO from whom Plaintiff received directives), and two of their co-workers (Felila Caraballo and Charles Brown) were supervising the San Leandro Juvenile Hall Facility detainees. Id., at ¶ 13(i). During their shift, Plaintiff and Caraballo went on a break, at which time Toy checked and was responsible for ensuring each detainee was in his or her designated room. Id. Caraballo then returned from her break, checked the detainee’s rooms, and noticed one of the detainees was not in her designated room but was hiding in another detainee’s room. Id.
Plaintiff, Toy, and Caraballo were required to submit individual reports to Robinson detailing the incident and providing a reason that a designee was not in her designated room. Id. Plaintiff alleges Toy told her that he and Caraballo agreed they would falsely claim that the detainee was not in her proper room because when Toy checked the detainee’s rooms he thought the detainee’s designated room was empty and not assigned to a detainee. Id. Plaintiff informed Toy that she was unwilling to file a false report. Id.; Declaration Of Roseanna Martha Robinson In Support Of Opposition To Anti-SLAPP Motion (“Plaintiffs Affidavit”). Plaintiff alleges that Robinson then recommended Plaintiff for a five-day suspension based on four charges of misconduct, and Toy and Caraballo were recommended for two-day suspensions based on two charges of misconduct. Compl., ¶ 13(i). Assistant Chief William Fenton accepted Robinson’s recommendation. Id. Plaintiff alleges Toy told her that Robinson and Fenton told Toy they were going to take care of him and wanted him to cooperate with them. Id.; Plaintiffs Affidavit. Plaintiff alleges that she complained that she was being wrongfully disciplined and being treated differently than the other employees. Compl., ¶ 13(1). She contends that the suspension and misconduct charges harmed her prospects for a promotion and employment outside of the County, and caused a loss in her pay. Id.
Plaintiff appealed her suspension to the Alameda County Civil Service Commission. Id.; Motion to Dismiss at 3. On July 20, 2011, Toy was scheduled to testify at the appeal hearing and sat in the waiting room area before his testimony. Compl., at ¶ 18; Motion to Strike at 2. Plaintiff alleges Toy falsely told Internal Affairs that she threatened him prior to his testimony. Compl., ¶ 18. Plaintiff alleges that a third-party who is not an employee of the County overheard Toy and Plaintiffs conversation and has stated that Plaintiff did not threaten Toy.23 Id.
Plaintiff alleges that the dissemination of this false psychological information invaded her privacy, hurt her prospects for promotion, prevented her from working, reduced her chances of obtaining employment outside the County, and has subjected her to embarrassment, humiliation, and ridicule. Id., at ¶ 15.
B. Procedural History
On February 14, 2012 Plaintiff filed her Complaint, which alleges five causes of action. Plaintiffs Complaint is silent as to whether or not she filed a government claim pursuit to the California Government Claims Act (“CGCA”), codified at California Government Code section 950.2, prior to the filing of her Complaint.
First, Plaintiff alleges that the County violated the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (29 U.S.C. §§ 621 through 634) as it discriminated and harassed her because she is sixty years old. Compl., ¶¶ 22, 27. Plaintiff alleges she is qualified both to work as a JIO-I and for a promotion to a permanent JIO position, but her work schedule was shortened, she was not scheduled for advanced training, and she was not given a promotion. Id., at ¶¶ 24-26.
Second, Plaintiff asserts a claim against the County for retaliation in violation of Title YII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. Section 2000e-5 et seq.). Plaintiff alleges her complaints against the County for age discrimination, harassment, refusal to hire her as a permanent JIO, and reports of inappropriate sex-based comments were protected activities. Compl., at ¶ 32. She alleges the County retaliated against her, as it reduced her
Third, Plaintiff states a claim against Defendant Tong for violating the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPPA”). Plaintiff alleges HIPPA establishes strict procedures to maintain the confidentiality and security of healthcare records. Id., at ¶ 39. She also alleges HIPPA required Tong to allow her or her designees to review her results of Tong’s psychological examination, but Tong refused. Id., at ¶¶ 40-41. Plaintiff states that Tong violated HIPPA to appease and assist the County. Id., at ¶ 43.
Fourth, Plaintiff states a claim for violation of the California Health and Safety Code sections 123100-123149.5. Plaintiff alleges that under section 123105, Tong is a healthcare provider and required to allow Plaintiff or her designees to view her results of the psychological examination, but Tong refused. Id., at ¶ 46-^47. Plaintiff alleges Tong violated sections 123100-123149.5 to appease and assist the County. Id., at ¶ 49.
In Plaintiffs fifth claim for defamation, she alleges that: 1) Robinson defamed her when he falsely told Rodrigues and other County employees that she did not pass Tong’s examination and was unfit to work (Id., at ¶¶ 51, 52); and 2) Toy defamed her when he falsely told Internal Affairs she had threatened him. Id. Plaintiff alleges that Toy and Robinson’s actions exposed her to hatred, ridicule, contempt, and loss of reputation because the accusations were slanderous and widely disseminated. Id., at ¶ 52. Further, she alleges that Defendants’ defamatory statements were not privileged because they stemmed from malice, hatred, and ill will. Id., at ¶ 54. Plaintiff seeks punitive damages. Id.
According to Plaintiff, the County’s unlawful conduct has caused her to suffer substantial loss of income that resulted in the loss of her home, curtailment of her ability to advance her career via denial of promotional opportunities and training, severe emotional distress, mental anguish, embarrassment and humiliation, and pain and suffering associated with extreme stress. Id., at ¶ 20. She seeks injunctive relief directing the County to take specific action to protect her from further acts of discrimination and retaliation, an order preventing the County from denying her a promotion to a JIO permanent position, an order directing the County to thoroughly investigate allegations of retaliation and discrimination against her for engaging in protected activities, an order allowing her or her designees to inspect and copy records of her psychological exam and testing, and an award of reasonable attorney’s fees and costs. Id., Relief Requested (p. 17). Plaintiff also requests compensatory and nominal damages against the County, and injunctive relief, compensatory and punitive damages against Tong, Robinson, and Toy. Id., at ¶¶ 2, 54.
C. Toy and Robinson’s Motion to Dismiss
1. Motion to Dismiss
In their Motion to Dismiss, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs defamation claim is defective because she does not allege her compliance with the CGCA nor does she provide an excuse for her noncompliance. Motion To Dismiss at 2. Defendants argue that under the CGCA the Plaintiff must first file a government claim to the public entity in order to assert a state law claim against a public employee. Id., at 4. Defendants assert that “the timely filing of a claim is an essential element of a cause of
2. Plaintiffs Opposition to Motion to Dismiss
In response to Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, Plaintiff argues that she is not required to assert an “excuse, waiver or exemption” in her Complaint for noncompliance with the CGCA. Plaintiff Roseanna Martha Robinson Memorandum Of Points And Authorities In Opposition To Defendants’ Motion To Dismiss For Failure To State A Claim [F.R.C.P. 12(b)(6) ] (“Opp. to Motion to Dismiss”) at 2. She also states that even if noneompliance with the CGCA provides grounds for the dismissal of her claim, the CGCA does not necessarily require it. Id. Plaintiff offers three reasons for her noncompliance with the CGCA and states that the Motion to Dismiss should be denied because it cannot be determined from the face of the Complaint whether the three excuses apply. Id., at 4-6.
First, Plaintiff argues that under California Government Code § 53051 the County is required to provide identifying information to the California Secretary of State and the County Clerk. Id., at 4. Identifying information includes the full, legal name and mailing address of the public agency, the name and residence of each member of the public agency’s governing board, and the name, title, and residence of the public agency’s officers. § 53051. Plaintiff states that if the County failed to do so, it would excuse her from filing a government claim within the required time limits. Opp. to Motion to Dismiss, at 4. Plaintiff argues that it cannot be determined from the face of the Complaint whether the County complied with section 53051 and filed identifying information, so extrinsic evidence is required to determine whether it complied. Id. Accordingly, Plaintiff contends that the Motion to Dismiss is conditional upon whether the County filed the required identifying information, and “when a defense is conditional rather than absolute” the Court should deny the defense. Id.
Second, Plaintiff argues that if her employment contract with the County provides an alternative claim procedure, then that procedure supercedes the CGCA claim filing requirement. Id., at 5. She argues that her Complaint alleges that she is a certified peace officer and a JIO, so it can be inferred that she is a represented employee through a collective bargaining, agreement. Id. Plaintiff contends that it cannot be determined from the face of the Complaint whether an alternative claim procedure in her collective bargaining agreement (MOU) exists, so the Court cannot grant the Motion to Dismiss because extrinsic evidence is required to make that assessment. Id.
Third, Plaintiff argues that the CGCA does not apply to claims for nonpecuniary actions such as injunctive, specific, and declaratory relief. Id. She states that her defamatory claim seeks injunctive relief, so the CGCA claim filing requirement does not apply. Id. Plaintiff states that “[t]o the extent that the Court feels that Plaintiffs request for injunctive relief against these two individuals may need to be clarified, Plaintiff would request leave to amend the complaint to do so.” Id.
Alternatively, Plaintiff argues that if the state claims filing requirement is not excused, her Complaint can be amended to comply with the CGCA or include claims that are exempt from the CGCA claim filing requirement. Id., at 6. Plaintiff states that she can amend her Complaint to state individual capacity damages against Defendants under federal law “un
3. Reply Brief In Support of Motion to Dismiss
Defendants assert that despite Plaintiffs three potential excuses, her Complaint does not contain facts that support any of the proffered excuses. Reply Brief In Support Of Defendants Robinson And Toy’s Motion To Dismiss For Failure To State A Claim [F.R.C.P. 12(b)(6) ] (“Reply to Motion to Dismiss”) at 2. Defendants argue that it is insufficient for Plaintiff to contend that the Motion to Dismiss should be denied solely because it cannot be determined from the face of the Complaint whether any of her potential excuses are viable. Id. Rather, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs failure to assert compliance with the CGCA or allege factual excuses for noncompliance renders her defamation claim defective, warranting dismissal. Id., at 3.
In response to Plaintiffs first potential excuse for noncompliance with the CGCA, Defendants argue that section 53051 does not apply to the County. Id., at 4. They argue that section 53051 only applies to public agencies, and section 53050 defines a public agency as “a district, public authority, public agency, and any other political subdivision or public corporation in the state, but does not include the state or a county, city and county, or city.” Id. (quoting California Government Code section 53050). As such, Defendants argue that the County’s possible failure to file identifying information is not a valid excuse for Plaintiffs noncompliance with the CGCA. Id.
With respect to Plaintiffs second potential excuse, Defendants note that the Plaintiffs Complaint did not allege that an alternative claim procedure exists nor did she mention the Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) between the Probation Peace Officers’ Association and Alameda County.
With respect to Plaintiffs third potential excuse, Defendants point out that Plaintiffs fifth cause of action does not seek injunctive relief. Id. Defendants argue that when a plaintiff seeks injunctive relief, FRCP 8 requires the complaint to specify the injunctive relief requested. Defendants state that Plaintiff has failed to do so. Id., at 6. Defendants assert that Plaintiff mentions a request for injunctive relief twice: 1) in paragraph two in which there is a general request for “injunctive relief, compensatory and punitive damages ...,” and 2) in the Complaint’s Request for Relief (e), which includes a request for “an order enjoining Defendant County and its directors, officers, agents, employees, successors, and all persons in active concert or participation with the County from precluding Robinson from being scheduled to work .... ” Id., at 6-7. In regards to the first instance, Defendants state that Plaintiffs request is unspecified and does not show that the injunctive relief pertains to the defamation claim. Id., at 6. In regards to the second instance, Defendants argue that the general request for injunctive re
Defendants also state that Plaintiff cannot properly seek injunctive relief because an adequate remedy at law-monetary damages-exists for her claim. Id. Defendants argue that Plaintiff could have complied with the CGCA and sought monetary damages. Id. However, her failure to do so does not abrogate her previous adequate remedy at law. Id. Defendants assert that a remedy is still adequate even if it is no longer available because of a plaintiffs action or inaction. Id. Therefore, Defendants argue that even though Plaintiffs noncompliance with the CGCA might prevent her from obtaining monetary damages, her remedy is not inadequate because she could have complied with the CGCA and potentially obtained monetary damages. Id. Thus, Defendants assert that Plaintiff had no basis to request injunctive relief. Id.
Moreover, Defendants argue that even assuming for the sake of argument that Plaintiffs defamation claim included a proper request for injunctive relief, the inclusion of such a request does not excuse her non-compliance. Id., at 8. Defendants argue that a CGCA government claim is still required for a complaint that seeks injunctive relief, where it also seeks monetary relief that is not incidental to the complaint. Id. They assert that Plaintiffs fifth cause of action includes a request for damages “in a total amount to be established by proof at trial,” as well as punitive damages. Id. (quoting Compl., ¶ 53). Also, Defendants state that Plaintiff could have sought nominal damages but chose to seek punitive and compensatory damages for “loss of reputation, shame mortification and injury to her feelings .... ” Id. As such, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs request for monetary damages is more than incidental to her request for relief, so the CGCA claims filing requirement applies. Id.
In response to Plaintiffs potential request for leave to amend, Defendants state that Plaintiff is not excused from the CGCA claim filing requirement even if she potentially has other causes of action that she has not pled. Id., at 9. Also, Defendants point out that in Plaintiffs Opposition to the Motion to Strike, she requests leave to amend her Complaint and add new claims, but does not seek to amend her fifth cause of action. Id. Thus, they assert that granting leave to amend would be futile. Id.
4. Toy and Robinson’s Request for Judicial Notice
Defendants request the Court to take judicial notice of the MOU per Federal Rule of Evidence 201. Defendants Robinson And Toy’s Request For Judicial Notice In Support Of Their Motion To Dismiss For Failure To State A Claim [F.R.C.P. 12(b)(6) ] (“Request for Judicial Notice of MOU”) at 2 (citing DiRuzza v. County of Tehama,
D. Toy’s Motion to Strike 1. Motion to Strike
Defendant Toy has also filed a Motion to. Strike. Notice Of Defendant Toy’s Special Motion To Strike Plaintiffs Claim For Defamation [Cal. Civ. Proc. § 425.16] at 1. Toy argues that he is immune from liability for his possible defamatory allegations
Even if the Court grants Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss, Toy asks the Court to rule on his Motion to Strike because a 12(b)(6) motion does not render an antiSLAPP motion moot. Id., at 2. (citing Sylmar Air Conditioning v. Pueblo Contracting Services, Inc.,
In addition to Plaintiffs description of Toy’s alleged defamation incident, Toy adds that on July 20, 2011 he was scheduled to testify at Plaintiffs appeal of her five-day suspension to the Alameda County Civil Service Commission. Id., at 2. Toy states that he was in a waiting room prior to his testimony, then Plaintiff entered the room and told him in a serious voice, “I know we aren’t supposed to talk, but if you throw me under the bus it’s going to be bad for you. You heard me. It’s going to be bad for you.” Id. That night, Toy e-mailed Internal Affairs to file a complaint about Plaintiffs threat. Id.
Toy states that internal investigations by public entities are official proceedings and statements made to them are protected. Id., at 6. Hence, Toy asserts statements made to initiate such investigations are also protected, so his complaint to Internal Affairs is a protected activity to which the anti-SLAPP statute applies. Id. Further, Toy argues that his complaint to Internal Affairs is the only allegedly defamatory statement he made, so Plaintiffs entire claim is based upon his protected activity. Id., at 7. Accordingly, Toy states that he met his burden of proving that Plaintiffs claim is based upon Toy’s actions that were in furtherance of his right of petition or free speech, satisfying the first prong of the anti-SLAPP statute. Id. In regards to the second prong of the antiSLAPP statute, Toy argues that Plaintiff cannot meet her burden of establishing a probability that she will prevail on her claim for three reasons. Id.
First, Toy (as argued further in the Motion to Dismiss) contends that Plaintiffs defamation claim is defectively pled because it does not comply with the CGCA. Thus, Toy asserts that Plaintiff cannot meet her burden of demonstrating a probability of success. Id., at 8.
Second, Toy argues that because Internal Affairs qualifies as an official proceeding, his statements to Internal Affairs were protected under California Civil Code Section 47(b) (the litigation privilege). Id. Toy states that the “[section 47] privilege is absolute,” and bars all civil claims, except a claim for malicious prosecution. Id. Toy asserts that because the section 47 privilege is absolute, Plaintiff cannot overcome the privilege by showing his statements were made with malice. Id. Toy argues that an internal investigation by a governmental entity qualifies as an “official proceeding” under section 47. Id., at 9.
Third, Toy states that Plaintiff does not have a probability of prevailing on her defamation claim because California Government Code section 821.6 grants Toy immunity. Id. Section 821.6 provides, “[a] public employee is not liable for injury caused by his instituting or prosecuting any judicial or administrative proceeding within the scope of his employment, even if
Consequently, Toy states that he has met both burdens of the anti-SLAPP two prong test, and thus granting leave to amend is futile because his statements are “absolutely privileged.” Id., at 10.
2. Plaintiffs Opposition to Motion to Strike
Plaintiff states that Toy, who is supervised by Robinson, subjected her to multiple instances of sex-based discrimination, harassment, and retaliation, and suggested to Plaintiff that the County was going to protect him if he helped them terminate her employment. Plaintiffs Points And Authorities In Opposition To Anti-SLAPP Motion To Strike Fifth Claim For Defamation Under California Code Of Civil Procedure Section [425.16] (“Opp. to Motion to Strike”) at 2. She contends that Toy falsely made defamatory statements about her to assist the County’s goal of firing her. Id. Plaintiff asserts that Toy admitted that he made the defamatory statements to Internal Affairs and other people outside of Internal Affairs. Id. She states that a third party eye witness submitted an affidavit, which states that she did not threatened Toy. Id. Therefore, Plaintiff argues that Toy does not satisfy the first prong of the anti-SLAPP statute because Toy’s allegations were false and false statements are not entitled to constitutional protection. Id., at 5.
Plaintiff also contends that not all employer investigations are classified as “official proceedings,” as such proceedings must be subject to review by writ of mandate. Id. An internal affairs investigation is not subject to such review. Id.
Further, Plaintiff states that Toy made his allegations to people outside of Internal Affairs, and the anti-SLAPP statute does not protect those statements. Id.
She also argues that a statement meets the anti-SLAPP statute’s requirement of being “in connection with a public issue” if:
(1) The subject of the statement or activity precipitating the claim was a person or entity in the public eye. (2) The statement or activity precipitating the claim involved conduct that could affect large numbers of people beyond the direct participants, [or] (3) The statement or activity precipitating the claim involved a topic of widespread public interest.
Id. (citing Commonwealth Energy Corp. v. Investor Data Exchange, Inc.,
Plaintiff next argues that she can establish a probability of prevailing and thus she meets her burden on the second prong of the anti-SLAPP statute. Id. She contends that the litigation privilege does not apply because Toy’s statements were not made in connection with litigation and the litigation privilege must be pleaded in an answer and Toy has not done so. Id. Plaintiff also argues that the litigation
Therefore, Plaintiff argues that the-antiSLAPP statute does not apply.
3. Reply Brief in Support of Motion to Strike
Toy argues that Plaintiffs argument that Toy’s statements are not protected because they are false misstates the law. Reply Brief In Support Of Defendant Toy’s Special Motion To Strike Plaintiffs Claim For Defamation [Cal. Civ. Proc. 425.16] (“Reply to Motion to Strike”) at 1. Toy asserts that the alleged falsity of his statements is irrelevant because an allegation of falsity does not determine whether his statement is protected under the antiSLAPP statute. Id. Rather, the key question in an anti-SLAPP analysis is whether the cause of action is based on the defendants’ speech or petitioning activity. Id. (citing Navellier v. Sletten, supra). Toy argues that his statements instigated an official proceeding and thus Plaintiffs fifth cause of action arises from his protected statements. Id., at 2. Toy also argues that his statements do not need to be in connection with a public issue because:
[w]hen the defendant’s alleged acts fall under the first two prongs of [the antiSLAPP statute] ... the defendant is not required to independently demonstrate that the matter is a ‘public issue’ within the statute’s meaning.
Id. (quoting Navarro v. IHOP Properties, Inc.,
Further, Toy acknowledge’s that not all employer investigations are official proceedings, but he asserts that a public entity’s internal investigation constitutes an official proceeding. Accordingly, Toy argues that the anti-SLAPP statute applies.
Relying on Hansen, supra
He also argues that in ruling on an antiSLAPP motion, the Plaintiffs Complaint is analyzed on its face and the Court does not determine if the Complaint could be amended to state a viable claim. Id. Therefore, Toy contends that it is irrelevant whether Toy communicated the defamatory statements to people outside of Internal Affairs. Id., at 2-3.
With respect to the second prong of the anti-SLAPP statute, Toy asserts that Plaintiff is incorrect in her argument that the defense of privilege must be pled in answer to be avoided. Id., at 3. To the contrary, Toy argues that section 47 applies in support of an anti-SLAPP motion before an answer has even been filed. Id. Toy argues that the absolute privilege applies regardless of the falsity of the statement. Id., at 4. Thus, he argues that he is immune from liability. Id.
III. ANALYSIS
A. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss
1. Legal Standard
a. Motion to Dismiss
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a district court must dismiss a
If a court dismisses a complaint under FRCP 12(b)(6), it must then decide whether to grant leave to amend. The Ninth Circuit has “repeatedly held that a district court should grant leave to amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith,
b. California Government Claims Act
Before a person can sue a public entity or public employee for money damages for actions taken within the scope of the person’s employment, he or she must first file a government claim pursuant to the CGCA, codified at California Government Code section 810 et seq. Willis v. Reddin,
The CGCA “must be satisfied even in the face of the public entity’s actual knowledge of the circumstances surrounding the claim.” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted) City of Stockton v. Superior Court,
There are exceptions to the government claim filing requirement. The filing requirement does not apply to either non-pecuniary actions such as injunctive, specific, or declaratory relief, or causes of action based upon federal law. Canova v. Trustees of Imperial Irrigation District Employee Pension Plan,
2. Application of the Law to the Facts of the Case
Plaintiff argues that she is not required to provide factual allegations that state a legally sufficient excuse for her noncompliance with the CGCA. Opp. to Motion to Dismiss at 2. Plaintiff is incorrect. California law is clear that the CGCA requires a plaintiff to state factual reasons for compliance or noncompliance in his or her complaint. State of California,
Here, Plaintiff neither alleges compliance with the CGCA nor provides a justification to excuse her noncompliance in the Complaint. Plaintiffs Complaint makes no mention of the CGCA. As such, Plaintiff has not alleged a legally sufficient defamation claim.
While “compliance with the claims statute is mandatory and failure to file a claim is fatal to the cause of action,” it does not necessarily result in dismissal. Young v. City of Visalia,
In her briefing, Plaintiff does not suggest that she complied with the statute. Plaintiff makes three arguments to excuse her non-compliance with the CGCA: 1) it is not apparent from the face of her Complaint whether the County filed the required identifying information with the California Secretary of State and the County Clerk, so extrinsic evidence is needed to prove whether it did so; 2) if Plaintiffs employment contract with the County provides an alternative claim procedure, then the CGCA claim filing requirement does not apply, and extrinsic evidence is needed to prove this excuse; and 3) the CGCA claim filing requirement does not apply to claims seeking injunctive
Plaintiffs first argument is that because it is uncertain from the face of her complaint whether the County complied with section 53051, the Motion to Dismiss should be denied. Plaintiff is incorrect. A party suing a public employee or public entity is required to assert reasons in its complaint for its noncompliance with the CGCA. Bodde, supra,
The second argument is similarly unavailing. Plaintiffs Complaint makes no mention of the MOU, nor does it suggest a possible alternative claim procedure that would excuse her noncompliance with the CGCA. Under the CGCA claims filing requirement, the Plaintiff is required to allege reasons for compliance or noncompliance with the CGCA in the Complaint. The possibility that the MOU might contain an alternative claim procedure is not mentioned in her Complaint, and thus is not sufficient to defeat the Motion to Dismiss.
The Plaintiffs third argument fares no better. Plaintiff seeks both injunctive and monetary relief. Her fifth cause of action includes a request for “punitive damages against [Robinson] and Toy in a total amount to be established by proof at trial.” Compl., ¶ 54. Plaintiff seeks injunctive relief in her Complaint, but it is not included in her fifth cause of action. Id. The CGCA applies the claim filing requirement to “all claims for money or damages.” California Government Code Section 905. Plaintiffs request for punitive damages for her defamation claim triggers application of the CGCA.
Moreover, even if Plaintiffs defamation claim seeks injunctive relief or her general relief sought pertains to her defamation claim, a CGCA claim is still required if she also seeks monetary damages that are not incidental to the relief sought. Lozada v. City & County of San Francisco,
With respect to Plaintiffs first excuse for her noncompliance, the Court agrees with the Defendant that granting leave to amend to allege this excuse would be futile because Alameda County is ‘a county’ and thus excluded from section 53051. Thus Plaintiff cannot allege facts in an amended complaint to cure this deficiency on the ground that the CGCA does not apply to her.
With respect to Plaintiffs second proffered excuse for her noncompliance, Defendants are correct that the court has taken judicial notice of a Memorandum of Understanding between a county employer and its employee association per Federal Rule of Evidence 201. Request for Judicial Notice of MOU at 1. Here, the MOU does not contain a specific alternative claim procedure for defamation. As such, the MOU does not provide an alternative claim procedure that could supercede the CGCA claim filing requirement. Consequently, granting leave to amend for this reason would be futile because the MOU does not contain an alternative claim procedure.
With respect to Plaintiffs third argument, even if Plaintiffs Complaint were amended to include a request for injunctive relief specifically for her defamation claim and to drop any request for damages, the Court finds that she nevertheless is unable to prevail. Plaintiff has proffered no basis to request injunctive relief because an adequate remedy at law exists — monetary damages. The “basic doctrine of equity jurisprudence [provides] that courts of equity should not act ... when the moving party has an adequate remedy at law and will not suffer irreparable injury if denied equitable relief.” Younger v. Harris,
Finally, the Court is not persuaded by Plaintiffs request to amend her Complaint with new claims that are exempt from the claims filing requirement, such as “individual capacity damages actions against H. Robinson and/or Toy under section 1983, the constitution or individual FEHA claims.” Opp. at 6. In essence, Plaintiff seeks to amend her Complaint to add new claims other than her defamation claim. Although Plaintiff is free to seek leave, by noticed Motion, to file new claims, adding new claims does not cure the defects in her defamation claim.
Consequently, the Court finds that Plaintiffs defamation claim fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted because Plaintiff neither alleges compliance nor states facts supporting noncompliance with the CGCA. Plaintiffs Complaint “could not possibly be cured by the allegations of other facts,” (Lopez,
B. Toy’s Motion to Strike
Because the issue of attorney fees and costs is not rendered moot by a dismissal, the Court proceeds to an analysis of the Defendant’s Motion to Strike. Sylmar Air Conditioning v. Pueblo Contracting Services, Inc,
1. Anti-SLAPP Legal Standard
The legislature’s intent in enacting the anti-SLAPP statute is to “encourage continued participation in matters of public significance, and that this participation
A cause of action against a person arising from any act of that person in furtherance of the person’s right of petition or free speech under the United States Constitution or the California Constitution in connection with a public issue shall be subject to a special motion to strike, unless the court determines that the plaintiff has established that there is a probability that the plaintiff will prevail on the claim[.]
Cal.Code Civ. P. § 425.16(b)(1). The Ninth Circuit has held that this provision may be applied to state law claims that are asserted in federal court. U.S. ex rel. Newsham v. Lockheed Missiles and Space, Co., Inc.,
“Special procedural rules apply where an anti-SLAPP motion is brought in federal court.” Bulletin Displays, LLC v. Regency Outdoor Advertising, Inc.,
§ 425.16 applies in federal court. However, it cannot be used in a manner that conflicts with the Federal Rules. This results in the following outcome: If a defendant makes a special motion to strike based on alleged deficiencies in the plaintiffs complaint, the motion must be treated in the same manner as a motion under Rule 12(b)(6) except that the attorney’s fee provision of § 425.16(c) applies. If a defendant makes a special motion to strike based on the plaintiffs alleged failure of proof, the motion must be treated in the same manner as a motion under Rule 56 except that again the attorney’s fees provision of § 425.16(c) applies.
Carr v. Asset Acceptance, LLC,
The analysis of an anti-SLAPP motion is a two-step burden-shifting process. First, the defendant has the initial burden to establish that the plaintiffs claim arises from an act in furtherance of the defendant’s rights of petition or free speech in connection with a public issue. Broume v. McCain,
(1) any written or oral statement or writing made before a legislative, executive, or judicial proceeding, or any other official proceeding authorized by law, (2) any written or oral statement or writing made in connection with an issue under consideration or review by a legislative, executive, or judicial body, or any other official proceeding authorized by law, (3) any written or oral statement or writing made in a place open to the public or a public forum in connection with an issue of public interest, or (4) any other conduct in furtherance of the exercise of the constitutional right of petition or the constitutional right of free speech in connection with a public issue or an issue of public interest.
§ 425.16(e). If the defendant’s actions were taken in furtherance of his or her right of petition or free speech, then the
Second, if the defendant meets its initial burden, the plaintiff is then charged with the burden of establishing, by competent and admissible evidence, a probability of prevailing on his or her claims at trial. Browne,
“Only a cause of action that satisfies both prongs of the anti-SLAPP statute — i. e., that arises from protected speech or petitioning and lacks even minimal merit — is a SLAPP, subject to being stricken under the statute.” Navellier v. Sletten,
2. Application of the Facts to the Case — First Prong
Under the first prong of the antiSLAPP statute, the Court must determine whether Toy’s defamatory statements were from an act in furtherance of his right of free speech in connection with a public issue, thus constituting a protected activity. A statement must fall under one of the four categories in section 425.16(e) to be in furtherance of one’s right of free speech.
Plaintiffs allegations regarding defamatory statements fall into two categories: 1) Toy’s statements made to Internal Affairs and 2) Toy’s statements allegedly made to people outside of Internal Affairs.
Plaintiff argues that Toy’s statements to Internal Affairs were made prior to an official proceeding, and not in such a proceeding, so the anti-SLAPP statute does not apply. Motion To Strike at 1. The Court disagrees.
a. Statements to Internal Affairs
The Court finds that even though Toy’s defamatory statements to Internal. Affairs did not occur during an official proceeding, they were “intended to instigate official investigation into wrongdoing.” Hagberg v. California Federal Bank FSB,
Toy e-mailed members of Internal Affairs and told them about the incident in the waiting room. Plaintiffs Affidavit, Attachment 1. His e-mail states that he “just want[ed] to cover [himself] and make [Internal Affairs] aware just in case anything happens to [him] or [his] property,” and he did “not intend for this to be used in any other way but to inform [Internal Affairs].” Id. The Court finds that Toy’s email to Internal Affairs, communicating the fact that he had been threatened by the Plaintiff would initiate an internal investigation that would qualify as an “official proceeding.”
Plaintiff also contends that Toy’s defamatory statements to Internal Affairs do not constitute an official proceeding because such proceedings are generally not “reviewable by a writ of mandate.” (citations omitted) Kachlon v. Markowitz,
Plaintiff also argues that Toy cannot satisfy the anti-SLAPP statute’s requirement of demonstrating that his statements were made “in connection with a public issue.” The Plaintiff is incorrect. A statement is a public issue if:
(1) The subject of the statement or activity precipitating the claim was a person or entity in the public eye. (2) The statement or activity precipitating the claim involved conduct that could affect large numbers of people beyond the direct participants, [or] (3) The statement or activity precipitating the claim involved a topic of widespread public interest.
Commonwealth Energy Corp. v. Investor Data Exch. Inc.,
The Court in Navarro noted, “[w]hen the defendant’s alleged acts fall under the first two prongs of section 425.16 ... the defendant is not required to independently demonstrate that the matter is a ‘public issue” within the statute’s meaning.” Navarro,
b. Toy’s Statements Made to Individuals Outside of Internal Affairs
Plaintiffs Complaint also contains allegations that Toy told people outside of Internal Affairs that Plaintiff had threatened him. Compl., ¶ 52; Opp. to Motion to Strike at 2, 7. Toy ignores these allegations in his Motion to Strike. In Toy’s email to Internal Affairs, he refers to the fact that he has “consulted” with other people about Plaintiffs threat. Pl.’s Affidavit, Attachment 1. Toy’s communications to people outside of Internal Affairs about Plaintiffs threat are not made in furtherance of one’s right of free speech. Specifically, the statements do not fall within any of the four categories in section 425.16(e). Therefore, with respect to Toy’s statements to people outside of Internal Affairs, he has not met his burden of showing that his statements were made in furtherance of his right of petition or free speech in connection with a public issue. “Where a cause of action refers to both protected and unprotected activity and a plaintiff can show a probability of prevailing on any part of its claim, the cause of action is not meritless and will not be subject to the anti-SLAPP procedure.” Haight Ashbury Free Clinics, Inc. v. Happening House Ventures,
3. Application of the Law to the Facts of the Case — Second Prong
As to the second prong of the anti-SLAPP analysis, the Court has dismissed the Plaintiffs defamation claim with prejudice. Although a Rule 12(b)(6) Motion does not moot an anti-SLAPP motion to strike, it demonstrates that the Plaintiff cannot show probability of success on the merits of her claim. See e.g., Bhambra v. True,
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, the motion to dismiss Plaintiffs fifth cause of action for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted is GRANTED WITH PREJUDICE. Toy’s special motion to strike Plaintiffs fifth cause of action is GRANTED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Notes
. An IS-I directs and supervises JIO's. Compl., ¶ 12.
. Also, in Toy’s e-mail to Internal Affairs he stated that "[a]fter consulting a few people” he decided to tell Internal Affairs about Plaintiff's alleged threat. Plaintiff's Affidavit at 4. A person from Internal Affairs also said Toy told other people about the alleged threat before reporting the incident to the County. Id.., at 2.
. The MOU is a collective bargaining agreement between the Probation Peace Officers’ Association and Alameda County. If the MOU provided an alternative claim procedure then that would supercede the CGCA claim filing requirement. California Government Code section 930.4
. "(1) any written or oral statement or writing made before a legislative, executive, or judicial proceeding, or any other official proceeding authorized by law, (2) any written or oral statement or writing made in connection with an issue under consideration or review by a legislative, executive, or judicial body, or any other official proceeding authorized by law, (3) any written or oral statement or writing made in a place open to the public or a public forum in connection with an issue of public interest, or (4) any other conduct in furtherance of the exercise of the constitutional right of petition or the constitutional right of free speech in connection with a public issue or an issue of public interest.” Section 425.16(e).
. Stacey Jones is the third party who allegedly overheard Plaintiff and Toy's conversation. Plaintiff has submitted an affidavit in Support of Motion to Strike (Doc. No. 19, V 6), which includes an affidavit from Stacey Jones in which she states that she heard Plaintiff say: " 'Hi Toy. Hope you don't throw me under the bus today. See ya.’ With a friendly
. Defendant Toy objects to the Jones affidavit because it is not signed under penalty of perjury per FRCP 43(c). Defendant Toy’s Objection To The Affidavit Of Stacey Jones Submitted In Opposition To Toy’s Anti-SLAPP Motion ("Obj. to Jones’ Affidavit”) at 2. The Court overrules this objection. FRCP 43(b) provides, “[wjhen these rules require an oath, a solemn affirmation suffices.” The first line of Jones’ affidavit states, "I Stacey Jones do solemnly affirm to the best of my knowledge that statements below are true.” Jones affidavit. Therefore, the Court finds that Jones provided a solemn affirmation that satisfies FRCP 43.
Further, citing Fed. R. of Evid. 902, Toy argues that Jones affidavit "lacks foundation.” Obj. to Jones Affidavit at 2. The Court rejects this argument. First, Rule 902 addresses authenticity. To the extent the Defendant’s objection is based upon lack of authenticity, the Court overrules this objection. The Jones affidavit is "a document accompanied by a certificate of acknowledgment,” and has been notarized. Thus, this document does not require extrinsic evidence of authenticity in order to be admissible. Rule 902(8); Jones affidavit.
Toy also argues that Jones affidavit constitutes inadmissible hearsay. Jones’ statements were "not [made] while testifying at the current trial or hearing,” and they were offered "in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.” Federal Rule of Evidence 801. Although it appears that this affidavit contains hearsay, the Court need not rule on this objection because the Court does not rely upon the Jones affidavit in this Order.