This is an action for the negligent killing of plaintiff’s husband. Plaintiff recovered a verdict and judgment in the sum of $6500' and. defendant has appealed.
The evidence shows that the deceased was employed as. a boiler washer in defendant’s power house located at 2nd Street and Grand Avenue, in Kansas City, Missouri. The boiler in which deceased was working at the time of his death was used to generate electiicity in the operation of defendant’s street railway. On the second floor where deceased was working there were a number of large boilers, numbered from 31 to 40. Deceased was working in the first, or boiler No. 31, of a battery of boilers numbered from 31 to 35. Each of these latter boilers had attached to it a “blow-off line” which ran .downward and connected with another pipe, called the “main blow-off line,’’ which was in turn connected by a pipe running downward to-the !“hot-well.” Each blow-off line was connected to its boiler with valves. When these valves were closed the steam remained in the boiler hut Avhen a *588 valve wast opten the steam Avould rush out and doAvn through the blow-off line into the main blow-off line, thence in the “hot-well” and then to the seAver. But if the steam Avere alloAved to escape from a boiler for more than half a minute, it Avas likely to back up-through the pipíes to' the other boilers and if one were empty and the proper valve open, steam would rush into it. These boilers were blown doAvn at least once a day and often a greater number of times, for they were bloAvn down each time the water in them got high.
Two or three days before deceased was injured boiler Nlo. 31 “had been taken doAvn,” that is, emptied of water and steam, to be cleaned. Foreman Henderson and an employee named Baker opened up the valves connecting the boiler with its bloAV-off line. Henderson opened the super-heater vnlve. After the boiler had been emptied Baker closed two of the valves but he did not close the super-heater valve which had been opened by Henderson.' The boiler wasiher foreman was one Duncan. It was his duty before sending- men into a boiler to clean the same to see that the valves, were all closed so that no steam could escape into the boiler. Duncan sent deceased and another man named Watts into the boiler without examining the super-heater valve to see that it was closed. His excuse for not doing so Avas that lie assumed that it was closed because nobody had any business to open it “except when Amu come to p-ut a boiler back on the line,” that is, when it was agiain fired up and necessity arose for opening it to blow down the five boiler. No one but a foreman had any right to turn these valves, and no person was allowed on the floor except defendant’s employees. Duncan ordered deceased and Watts to enter boiler No. 31 for the purpose of cleaning it. About one-half an, hour before the accident they had removed the caps of the super-heater tubes which were in the top- of the boiler. This made an open ^connection between the inside of the super-heater tubes and the rest of the boiler. After deceased and Watts had been in the super-heater cham *589 ber about forty-five minutes Gunderson, the fireman on boiler No. 31, reported to Ms superior that he had high water in his boiler; Gunderson was then ordered by his superior to blow it down. Gunderson opened the blow-off valve and the angle valve and blew down the boiler. The boiler was carrying 185 pounds of steam. The valves were left open about two minutes. Five minutesi later one of the boiler room employees heard deceased and Watts screaming and saw steam, pouring out of the super-heater chamber into the boiler proper. Deceased was so badly scalded that he died after-wards. An investigation shortly after the accident showed that the sniper-heater valve on boiler No. 31 was wide open.
Plaintiff’s cause of action was brought under section 5426, Revised Statutes 1909, and defendant contends that as deceased ”s death was caused by the negligence of a fellow servant there can be no recovery under said section. There is no longer any question but that a cause of action created by section 5434, Revised Statutes 1909, survives under section 5426, Revised Statutes 1909. [Hawkins v. Smith,
Complaint is made of plaintiff’s instruction No. 1, which reads as follows:
“The court instructs the jury that under the law a master owes, to a servant a non-delegable duty to exercise reasonable care to furnish the servant a reasonably safe place to work and also to keep such place reasonably safe, so long as it is occupied by the servant in the due performance of the service to Ms master; and in tMs case you are instructed that if from the evidence you find that on September 14, 1917, in defendant’s power house at or near Second Street and Grand *590 Avenue, in Kansas, City, Missouri, plaintiff’s husband, Ernest G-. Roberts, was in the service of defendant, and that in the due performance of the duties of said service, he was inside of and engaged in cleaning- or assisting to clean the super-heater of steam boiler No. 31, and that defendant, or any of its agents or servants, 'other than plaintiff’s husband,,carelessly and negligently caused or permitted the drain valve of said, super-heater to be or remain opened, and that thereby steam from another of defendant’s boilers entered and passed through said super-heater, and thereby scalded or burned him so that as the direct result thereof he died, then your verdict should be for the plaintiff.”
It is insisted that the instruction is erroneous for the reason that the word “negligently” is not defined and that the instruction permitted recovery if
any
of defendant’s servants, permitted the valve to remain open in'Sjtead of a servant who was acting within the scope of his employment. Wie think that it was not error in this case to fail to define the word “negligently” for the reason that defendant was guilty of. negligence as a matter of law if the super-heater valve was permitted to remain open under the circumstances, and it was not necessary for the instruction to define negligence for the law itself declares that the act was negligent. [Haake v. Milling Co.,
Complaint is made that the instruction defined defendant’s duty and described such duty as a “nondelegable” duty. The use in an instruction of a technical word such as “non-delegable” is improper. However, if the instruction had left out that part telling the jury generally the duty the master owes the ser-, vant, it would have been a good instruction, for the reason that had the jury found the facts detailed therein, plaintiff was entitled to recover even if the general duty the master owes the servant was . not explained to them. The jury having been required to find certain facts before they could find for the plaintiff and those facts being all the facts necessary for them to find, the first part of the instruction defining what is the general duty of the master toward the servant was mere surplusage, and we are unable to see how the use of the word “non-delegable” could have misled the jury. From what we have said there is nothing in the other objections made to the instruction.
Complaint is made of plaintiff’s instruction No. 3, which is as follows:
“If you find for the plaintiff, then you should assess her damages at a sum equal to all pecuniary loss, which you believe and. find from the evidence directly resulted to her, if any, by the death of her husband, and in determining the amount of such damages, the law affords you no exact standard of measurement, but permits you to take into consideration the age of deceased, *592 the condition of Ms health., his life expectancy, his earnings and earning capacity, the number and ages' of the minor cMldren of the marriage between plaintiff and deceased, and whatever increased pecuniary burden, if any, for their support has by the dfeath of deceased been cast upon plaintiff and apply to such of these elements as you find from the evidence to exist, if any, that common knowledge and experience in life wMch men generally posse's®, and express it in your verdict, in all however not exceeding the sum of ten thousand dollars.”
It is objected that the instruction fails to limit plaintiff’s recovery to the “necessary” pecuniary loss and to the “necessary” increased pecuniary burden for the support of the minor children. Defendant relies upon the case of McGowan v. Ore & Steel Co.,
“1. The court instructs the jury that if you find for plaintiff then you should assess her damages, if any, at such sum, if any, as you believe and find from the ¡evidence- to be a fair and just pecuniary compensation, only, for damages, if any, to her and her daughter,-Marjorie Powell, occasioned by the death of Frederick Powell, not exceeding the sum of ten thousand dollars.”
The only instruction offered by defendant in the case at bar on the measure of damages told the jury that plaintiff could not recover for any distress of mind or grief which she may have suffered by reason of the death of her husiband or for any loss to her of his society. TMs instruction was given.
*593
Complaint is made that the nse in the instruction of the words “and apply to such of these elements as you find from the evidence to exist, if any, that common knowledge and experience in life which men generally possess.” It is insisted that the jury must decide the case according to the law and evidence and not base its verdict upon “that common knowledge and experience in life which men generally possess.” It has been held that the nature of the loss sued for in a case like the one at bar is not susceptible of definite proof and that it is unnecessary that any witness should express an opinion of the amount of such pecuniary loss; that it is proper “for the jury to exercise their own judgment upon the facts and proof, by connecting them with their own knowledge and experience which they are supposed to possess in common with the generality of mankind.” [Dalton v. Refining Co.,
Complaint is made that the instruction does not tell the jury that they might find such sum not exceeding ten thousand dollars as “they might deem fair and just,” as provided for by section 5427, Revised Statutes 1909. If the jury followed the instruction and awarded plaintiff such, pecuniary; damages only ¡as “directly” resulted to her, and they took into consideration the things set out in the instruction and applied to the evidence that common knowledge and experience in life that men generally possess in arriving at.the proper amount, then they have found a verdict *594 for the plaintiff that is fair and just within the meaning of snch statute.
Complaint is made of the refusal by the court of defendant’s instructions Nos. 2 to 8 inclusive, and instruction No. 10-a. Instruction No. 2, in the last line thereof, directs a verdict for the defendant and was therefore properly refused. Instructions Nos. 3, 4, and 8 tell the jury that plaintiff could not recover unless Duncan or someone at his instance opened the super-heater valve. The uncontradicted evidence showed that Henderson opened the valve and Duncan had nothing to do with the valve except that he failed to close it as he should have done. Instructions Nos. 5 and 6' told the jury that unless plaintiff showed that some employee whose duty it was to look after the valve opened the valve of boiler No. 31', plaintiff could not recover. There is no dispute in the evidence as to whose duty it was to open the valve, or that the person who opened it was acting within the scope of his employment. However, the case was submitted to the jury on the theory of Duncan’s negligence in failing to see that it was not closed before ordering plaintiff’s husband into the boiler, therefore, it was immaterial who opened the valve in the first place. The same vice is contained in defendant’s instruction No. 7. Instruction No. 10-a told the jury that if deceased, Roberts, or Watts opened or caused to be opened the super-heater valve in boiler. No. 31 plaintiff cannot recover. This instruction was amended by striking out the name of Watts. It was immaterial who opened it unless it was the deceased. Of course, if deceased opened it, he was guilty of contributory negligence.
The objection that the court erred in permitting witness Baker to state that when Henderson opened up the super-heater valve he said to witness, “Red, I opened up the super-heater valve,” is not well taken,.for the reason that the objection to the question was “I object to that question as incompetent, irrelevant and Immaterial.” Under the-circumstances this was no objection. [Morton
*595
v. S. W. Telegraph & Telephone Co.,
It is next insisted that the court erred in permitting plaintiff to cross examine her witness ¡¡Gunderson. The witness had apparently given a deposition in which he said that he blew down boiler No. 31. On the stand he said it was boiler No. 11. In his deposition he apparently had said steam could get from boiler No. 31 to boiler No. 31; on the stand he said that he did not know exactly how steam could get from bioiler No. 31 to boiler No. 31. The court asked the witness how steam could get from boiler No. 31 to boiler No. 31 and he said he had not traced the pipe lines and could not say. Counsel for plaintiff then asked the witness, “I wish you would reflect now as to whether you don’t have within your knowledge some fact by which you know that steam from boiler 31 could reach boiler 31.” This was objected to on the. ground that it was leading, argumentative and “an attempt to impeach his own witness.” The witness was then asked “Don’t you know, Mr. Gunderson, that you, in blowing down boiler 31, or boilers to the west of 31, have seen the steam squirt up around the valves of the boilers to the east of that.” Counsel for defendant renewed his objection, which was overruled. The question was then asked by plaintiff’s counsel, “Haven’t you seen it?”' Objection was again made and overruled.. Witness answered, “Yes, sir.” The witness testified that he was still in defendant’s employ and that when he came to the trial that day he went up to' the office of defendant’s counsel. We fail to see any error in reference to the matter. There was no effort made to impeach the witness. There was no objection made that it was cross-examination. Under the circumstances the court did not abuse its discretion in permitting counsel to ask witness the leading questions.
The next assignment of error in the Points and Authorities is as follows:
“The court erred in permitting respondent’s counsel to cross examine the witness Obermeyer as to certain *596 alleged statements made by Mm in what purported to be Ms deposition, which had been taken by respondent.”.
In that part of the brief containing appellant’s argument we find coipplaint is made that the court allowed plaintiff to use an unsigned deposition of the witness Obermeyer for the purpose of impeachment. There is no assignment of error in the Points and Authorities in reference to the court allowing plaintiff to impeach the witness by the deposition. For that reason we cannot under our rules consider the point raised.
It is insisted that the court erred in permitting the reading of the deposition of plaintiff’s witness Baker, for the reason that plaintiff “had produced the witness in court and placed him on the stand as a witness in the case.” We fail to find where plaintiff placed the witness on the stand. The deposition showed that he lived in the State of Kansas and we assume that he was not in the court room at the time or the court could not have permitted the deposition to be read. There was no objection to the deposition being read on the ground that the witness.was present. The witness was afterwards put on the stand on the part of the defendant. There is nothing in the record to indicate that he was present at the time his deposition was read.
The judgment is affirmed.