Robert SORICH, Timothy McCarthy, and Patrick Slattery, Petitioners-Appellants, v. UNITED STATES of America, Respondent-Appellee.
Nos. 11-2839, 11-2844, 11-2896
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
Argued May 31, 2012. Decided Feb. 27, 2013.
709 F.3d 670
Patrick E. Deady, Attorney, Hogan Marren, Ltd., Chicago, IL, for Petitioner-Appellant in No. 11-2844.
Patrick W. Blegen, Attorney, Blegen & Garvey, Chicago, IL, for Petitioner-Appellant in No. 11-2896.
Joseph H. Thompson (argued), Attorney, Office of the United States Attorney,
Julie B. Porter, Attorney, Office of the United States Attorney, Chicago, IL, for Respondent-Appellee in No. 11-2896.
Before RIPPLE, MANION, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.
WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge.
Robert Sorich, Timothy McCarthy, and Patrick Slattery were convicted of mail fraud for their roles in a scheme to award City of Chicago jobs and promotions to favored applicants. Consistent with our case law at the time, the jury was instructed that the defendants were guilty of mail fraud if they deprived the City of money or property, or if they deprived the City of its right to honest services. After we affirmed the defendants’ convictions, the Supreme Court ruled that the honest-services fraud statute is limited only to schemes involving bribes or kickbacks. Skilling v. United States, — U.S. —, 130 S.Ct. 2896, 177 L.Ed.2d 619 (2010). In light of Skilling, the petitioners maintain they are entitled to collateral relief under
I. BACKGROUND
We will offer only a brief summary of the background facts here and will assume
The jury heard that department managers held sham interviews and falsified interview forms in favor of the persons on the IGA lists. Some positions such as tree trimmer had merit tests, but the results were frequently ignored. Pursuant to federal consent decrees known as the “Shakman decrees,” politics could not play a role in City of Chicago hiring (other than in policy-making jobs), yet scheme members repeatedly and falsely signed “Shakman certifications” attesting that political patronage had not affected hiring decisions. The result of all this, of course, was that in most cases, the persons on the IGA lists received the jobs or promotions they wanted.
One particularly damaging piece of evidence concerned a list that Sorich‘s secretary kept of the names of about 5,700 persons who sought jobs through the IGA through 1997, the political sponsor of each applicant, and whether the request was successful or not. The jury heard that after he feared the FBI might discover the list, Sorich ordered the document destroyed. The FBI was able to recover the list from the hard drive.
A superseding indictment charged the petitioners with participating in a mail fraud scheme in violation of
After a seven-week trial and nearly five days of deliberations, the jury found Sorich guilty on two counts of mail fraud and not guilty on two other counts, and it found McCarthy and Slattery guilty of one count of mail fraud each. We affirmed their convictions on direct appeal. Sorich, 523 F.3d 702. The petitioners filed motions pursuant to
II. ANALYSIS
The petitioners maintain that their mail fraud convictions must be set aside on collateral review in light of the Supreme Court‘s decision in Skilling. We review the legal conclusions in a district court‘s denial of a
The government does not dispute that Skilling applies retroactively to cases on collateral review. See, e.g., Turner v. United States, 693 F.3d 756, 758 (7th Cir. 2012) (reviewing claim of Skilling error on collateral review). It also does not contend that the petitioners procedurally defaulted the argument they make now, and we agree that this is not a case of procedural default. The petitioners argued to the trial court and on direct appeal that the honest-services jury instructions impermissibly expanded the scope of that crime beyond that proscribed by
With those initial hurdles aside, we turn to the heart of the appeal. Because the scheme in this case did not involve bribery or kickbacks, the government concedes that giving the jury an honest-services theory of mail fraud was wrong in light of Skilling. The government maintains, however, that the error was harmless. The Supreme Court ruled in Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298 (1957), that constitutional error occurs when a jury is instructed on alternative theories of guilt and returns a general verdict that may have relied on a legally invalid one. But the Supreme Court has decided, including in Skilling, that such an error is subject to harmless-error analysis and does not necessarily require reversal. Skilling, 130 S.Ct. at 2934; see also Hedgpeth v. Pulido, 555 U.S. 57, 58, 129 S.Ct. 530, 172 L.Ed.2d 388 (2008) (per curiam). Our question, therefore, is whether the error in this case was harmless.
So the issue here boils down to this: would the jury still have convicted Segal had it not been told that in addition to the valid money/property fraud allegations, an allegation of honest services fraud could also be taken into consideration? We conclude that the jury would—and almost certainly did—convict Segal for money/property fraud, irrespective of the honest services charge. This is because even if the jury concluded that there was an honest services violation, that violation had to be premised on money/property fraud. That is, to the extent Segal was depriving others of his honest services, it was because he was taking their money.
Turner, 693 F.3d at 759 (quoting Segal, 644 F.3d at 366); see also United States v. Black, 625 F.3d 386, 393 (7th Cir.2010) (finding harmless error where “[n]o reasonable jury could have acquitted the defendants of pecuniary fraud on this count but convicted them of honest-services fraud“).
The parties both take the position that on collateral review, the error in instructions will result in reversal only if the error had “substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury‘s verdict.” Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 623, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993) (quoting Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 776, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946)). This inquiry does not ask whether the jurors “were ... right in their judgment, regardless of the error or its effect upon the verdict. It is rather what effect the error had or reasonably may be taken to have had upon the jury‘s decision.” Kotteakos, 328 U.S. at 764. If a court is in “grave doubt” about whether the error is harmless, meaning that, “in the judge‘s mind, the matter is so evenly balanced that he feels himself in virtual equipoise as to the harmlessness of the error,” the court is to treat the error as though it affected the verdict. O‘Neal v. McAninch, 513 U.S. 432, 435, 115 S.Ct. 992, 130 L.Ed.2d 947 (1995). We will apply this standard as well. Cf. Ryan v. United States, 688 F.3d 845, 848 (7th Cir. 2012) (considering case under harmless-error inquiry, framed as though it were direct appeal, where government had not argued in its initial brief that standard on collateral review was different).
We are not in “grave doubt” here. After reviewing the record, we are assured that the Skilling error did not have “substantial and injurious effect or influence” in determining the jury‘s verdict. And as in Turner and Segal, we conclude that the jury would still have convicted the petitioners on the money/property fraud allegations even if it had not received an honest-services fraud theory to consider. As in those cases, the two fraud theories here were coextensive; any honest-services violation had to be premised on money/property fraud. The government alleged, and the evidence showed, a single scheme by the petitioners to fraudulently award City jobs and promotions to individuals based on political considerations despite the outward appearance that all City hiring poli-
The indictment did not distinguish between an honest-services scheme and a money/property scheme or between the bases for the two theories. Instead, the indictment alleged a single scheme to defraud the City of “money, property, and the intangible right to the honest services” of the petitioners “and to obtain money and property by means of materially false and fraudulent pretenses, representations, promises, and material omissions.” More particularly, it alleged that the petitioners “engaged in a systematic effort to provide financial benefits, in the form of City jobs and promotions, in exchange for campaign work” and that Sorich and McCarthy “corrupted the City‘s personnel process by directing the awarding of jobs and promotions in non-policymaking positions to candidates preselected by IGA through sham and rigged interviews.”
The trial also reflected a single scheme. In its opening statement, the government explained that the case was about City jobs:
In summary, there are four things that this case is about. It is about rewarding political workers with City jobs. It is about rigging the promotion process for City jobs. It is about violating the law, including this federal court order which unmistakably and unequivocally banned political considerations for these very jobs that I‘ve been talking about. And it‘s also about the extraordinary efforts that were taken by each of these defendants in different ways to conceal what they were doing.
The evidence at trial also reflected a single scheme, where, as we previously recognized, “getting the city to award jobs to political workers and cronies was the very object of the defendants’ scheme.” Sorich, 523 F.3d at 713. There was not an independent honest-services scheme. Instead, all the evidence related to the fraudulent selection or promotion of City jobs. The jury heard that the petitioners falsified ratings forms and falsely signed certifications attesting that political considerations had played no part in the hiring decision, all so that pre-selected persons would receive jobs and promotions. The jury also heard instances where persons received jobs despite being unqualified for them. The government‘s closing arguments similarly detailed, at length, the single scheme to defraud the City.
The petitioners nonetheless maintain that the honest-services instructions had substantial and injurious effect on the jury‘s determination that the petitioners were guilty of mail fraud. For one, the petitioners argue that a properly instructed jury would not necessarily have found that the jobs given out through patronage were “property” under the mail fraud statute. See
Relatedly, the petitioners argue that the jury did not necessarily conclude that the petitioners schemed to deprive the City of money or property. To obtain the mail fraud convictions, the government needed to prove that the petitioners acted with the intent to defraud. United States v. Jackson, 546 F.3d 801, 810 (7th Cir.2008). The petitioners argue that because they received no cash themselves, the jobs were filled, and work was getting done, the jury might have thought that the petitioners did not intend to deprive the City of any money or property. But the jury heard that, consistent with the petitioners’ wishes, jobs went to people who were not qualified for them. It heard that applicants took job-related tests where the test results were ignored. It heard in detail, for example, the story of IGA intervention in the hiring of a building inspector where, only because of the IGA‘s involvement, the position went to a person who lacked the requisite experience and only after interview scores were changed and documents backdated. The jury also heard all about the petitioners’ roles in the falsification of interview reports and the false signing of Shakman certifications attesting that hiring had not been the result of political patronage, when in fact it had. As we explained in another challenge to a mail fraud conviction involving this same IGA scheme:
The City of Chicago did not get the employees that it wanted to hire and thus was cheated out of money. [The defendant]‘s contention that the workers he hired were just as good as those the City wanted is irrelevant and misses the point. The City, not [the defendant], gets to set the criteria for hiring.
The petitioners also argue that in light of the evidence the jury heard that persons who received the jobs and promotions gave free assistance to political campaigns, the jury might have concluded that the private or personal gain in this case was the campaign benefits received by members of the Democratic political machine. To find an honest-services violation, the jury was instructed that it had to find a private gain. See United States v. Black, 625 F.3d 386, 391 (7th Cir.2010) (noting that such an instruction was proper before Skilling). If the jury found that campaign benefits constituted the private gain, then the petitioners contend that the jury could have concluded that the scheme involved only honest-services fraud but not money/property fraud, and so, they contend, the honest-services instruction had substantial and injurious effect in determining the jury‘s verdict.
We disagree. Any political benefits that accrued to others occurred only as a result of City jobs being doled out the way that they were. Cf. Segal, 644 F.3d at 366 (“[T]o the extent Segal was depriving others of his honest services, it was because he was taking their money.“). As the district court explained, “while Democratic candidates may have gained political advantage from petitioners’ scheme, that gain depended on city jobs being handed out based on illegitimate considerations.” This is clear from the evidence, and it was also the government‘s position at trial. It said, for example, in its opening statement: “[W]e are not here to say that politics is a dirty word. But what makes it dirty was that when it‘s used as a motive to hand out
The petitioners also point to statements in the government‘s opening statement and closing argument, such as “this is a case about breach of the public trust” and the petitioners’ actions constituted a “perversion of the public trust.” They also emphasize the government‘s statement in its rebuttal closing argument that the scheme was meant to deprive people of “something more important” than money in performing the jobs because a scheme that “deprives the people of the trust they placed in their employees is a depri[v]ation of honest services. That itself is a violation of the federal mail fraud statute.”
These arguments do not help put us in doubt about whether the Skilling error was harmless. The argument that the petitioners’ actions breached the public trust emphasized the egregiousness of the scheme, and it was a valid argument to make even under just a money/property theory. The City did argue in its closing argument that depriving the City of honest services violated the mail fraud statute, and we now know that was improper because the scheme did not involve bribes or kickbacks. But the jury was also instructed that it could not convict on an honest-services theory unless it found private gain. Because we presume that a jury follows its instructions, Christmas v. City of Chicago, 682 F.3d 632, 641 (7th Cir. 2012), and because we have already concluded that the private gain here must have involved money or property, the government‘s statement does not warrant setting aside the verdict. Similarly, although the petitioners suggest that a jury might have determined their repeated violations of the Shakman decree to constitute only honest-services fraud, the Shakman violations were about City jobs. And falsifying documents to get City jobs to certain applicants meant giving City jobs and money to favored applicants. In short, the jury‘s guilty verdicts mean the jury necessarily would have concluded that the petitioners were guilty on a money/property theory, and so the honest-services theory did not have substantial and injurious influence on the jury‘s verdict. See, e.g., Segal, 644 F.3d at 366; Messinger v. United States, 872 F.2d 217, 222 (7th Cir.1989) (concluding that for jury to find defendant guilty of
Finally, the petitioners argue that the more avenues open to the jury to reach a guilty verdict, the more likely it is that the randomness inherent in the jury process will produce a conviction. They say that the government fought to have the honest-services theory included in the jury instructions, and they point out that in another case involving this same scheme, a jury acquitted the defendant of money/property fraud but convicted him of honest-services fraud. See United States v. Sanchez, No. 07 CR 149 (N.D.Ill.). (The government notes that when the defendant was later re-tried on only a single money/property fraud count, however, he was convicted.)
We do not know why the initial Sanchez jury acquitted on the honest-services fraud charge, but we must presume that juries follow the instructions they receive. Weeks v. Angelone, 528 U.S. 225, 234, 120 S.Ct. 727, 145 L.Ed.2d 727 (2000). We have explained that “[a jury] has the power to acquit on bad grounds, because the government is not allowed to appeal from an acquittal by a jury. But jury nullification is just a power, not also a right, [], as is shown among other things by the fact that a trial error which favors the prosecution is harmless if no reasonable jury would have acquitted, though an actual jury might have done so.” United States v. Kerley, 838 F.2d 932, 938 (7th Cir.1988) (internal citations omitted); see also Smith v. Winters, 337 F.3d 935, 938 (7th Cir.2003) (“A defendant has of course no right to ask the jury to disregard the judge‘s instructions (‘jury nullification‘).“) The petitioners point to no court that has suggested that the “randomness inherent in the jury process” is a proper consideration in a harmless-error analysis, and we decline to find that it is here.
III. CONCLUSION
The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS
UNITED STATES CIRCUIT JUDGE