Bankr. L. Rep. P 69,837
Robert P. LINDSEY, Trustee, Appellee,
v.
Evans IPOCK and Wayne Cryts, Appellants.
Bill Jewell.
Robert P. LINDSEY, Trustee, Appellant,
v.
Mrs. Wayne CRYTS a/k/a Sandy Cryts; William Cryts, Jr.;
Evans Ipock; Bill Jewell; Wayne Cryts, Appellees.
Nos. 83-1534, 83-1562.
United States Court of Appeals,
Eighth Circuit.
Submitted Nov. 16, 1983.
Decided April 13, 1984.
Thomas D. Kershaw, Jr., American Constitutional Rights Ass'n, Klamath Falls, Or., for Cryts et al.
J. Paul McGrath, Asst. Atty. Gen., Washington, D.C., George W. Proctor, U.S. Atty., Little Rock, Ark., Michael F. Hertz, Eloise E. Davies, Appellate Staff, Civil Div., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for U.S. intervenor.
A. Jan Thomas, Jr., West Memphis, Ark., Davidson, Horne, Hollingsworth, Arnold & Grobmyer, Little Rock, Ark., Warren Dupwe, Jonesboro, Ark., Richard Steele, Cape Girardeau, Mo., for Lindsey.
Before LAY, Chief Judge, and FAGG and BOWMAN, Circuit Judges.
LAY, Chief Judge.
On August 11, 1980, Cox and Frisbee Cotton Companies filed a voluntary chapter 7 bankruptcy proceeding. Thereafter, upon the debtors' motion, the proceeding was converted to a chapter 11 reorganization. Robert Lindsey was appointed as trustee under chapter 11.
Debtors' assets consisted primarily of grain storage facilities. The ownership of the grain therein--somе 3.27 million bushels--was subject to dispute. Wayne Cryts had stored 31 thousand bushels of soybeans in debtors' Ristine, Missouri, elevator, though he did not have clear title to this grain. Cryts had pledged the negotiable warehouse receipts issued by debtor to Commodity Credit Corp.
On September 23, 1980, the trustee sought authorization from the bankruptcy court, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. Sec. 363, to sell the grain in debtors' facilities. The liens and ownershiр claims were to attach to the proceeds of the sales. Various farmers, including Cryts, filed objections. In addition, the State of Missouri commenced five separate Missouri state court receivership actions and obtained ex parte injunctions on October 20, 1980, against the trustee and the bankruptcy court, which enjoined them from exercising jurisdiction over the grain. The next dаy the State of Missouri received an ex parte stay order from this court, which operated as a blanket stay of all proceedings in the bankruptcy court. This court then entered an order on April 8, 1981, sustaining the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court. State of Missouri v. United States Bankruptcy Court,
On May 18, 1981, the bankruptcy court held a hearing to determine whether the Missouri grain should be sold free and clear of all liens and interests. The evidence revealed substantial, conflicting claims of various types to all the Missouri grain. Additionally, the condition of the grain was poor and was rapidly deteriorating. The bankruptcy court thus authorized the trustee to sell the Missouri grain, with all claims and liens to attach specifically to the net sale proceeds. This order was not appеaled.
The trustee contracted to sell the grain to Bearhouse, Inc. To prevent the sale of the 31 thousand bushels that Cryts claimed an interest in, Cryts and others unlawfully took possession of an elevator in Bernie, Missouri, and removed at least 31 thousand bushels of soybeans. The immediate loss to debtors was approximately $218,000.1
The trustee moved in the bankruptcy court to hold Cryts and others in civil contempt for the removal of the grain from the Bernie elevator. The court conducted hearings over a seven-month period and eventually concluded, on June 7, 1982, that Cryts and others had conspired to deprive the trustee of the property of the estate when they were fully aware that the grain was in the control and jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court. The fine imposed was the losses and expenses of the estate plus interest, which totaled $287,708. To induce compliance, the court also assessed a penalty of $1,500 per day from the date of its contempt judgment.
Cryts and others appealed this contempt judgment to the district court, challenging the bankruptcy court's jurisdiction to authorize the sale of the grain and exercise civil contempt powers. The district court held that the bankruptcy court had jurisdiction to authorize the sale of the grain, but further held that the contempt power exercised by the bankruptcy court was unconstitutional because of its Article I status. The district court then held its own civil contempt hearing in February of 1983, which resulted in a civil contempt judgment against Cryts only. The others subject to the bankruрtcy court's contempt judgment either were found in contempt but no monetary judgment assessed or were found not in contempt. The fine imposed against Cryts was $272,550 plus interest from the date of the bankruptcy court's judgment.
On appeal, the trustee asserts that the district court erred in holding the bankruptcy court lacked constitutional authority to exercise contempt power, that Cryts is еstopped to challenge the bankruptcy court's contempt power, and that the district court erred in not making its order prospective. On cross appeal Cryts contends that the bankruptcy court lacked jurisdiction to sell the grain and therefore there was no authority for the court to hold Cryts in contempt.
I. Bankruptcy Court Jurisdiction
We address the issue raised on the cross appeal first. Cryts аrgues that the bankruptcy court only had preliminary jurisdiction over the grain to determine ownership. This court, in its April 8, 1981, opinion,
Section 363(f) allows the bankruptcy court to authorize the sale
free and clear of any interest in such property of an entity other than the estate, only if--
(1) applicable nonbankruptcy law permits sale of such property free and clear of such interest;
(2) such entity consents;
(3) such interest is a lien and the price at which such property is to be sold is greater than the aggregate value of such interest;
(4) such interest is in bona fide dispute; or
(5) such entity could be compelled, in a legal or equitable proceeding, to accept a money satisfaction of such interest.
11 U.S.C. Sec. 363(f). The district court agreed with the bankruptcy court's findings that subsections (4) and (5) were satisfied and therefore authorization of the sale was justified. In re Cox Cotton Co.,
Cryts disagrees, however, and argues that the conditions were not met for the sale authorization. Cryts claims that neither subsections (4) or (5) were satisfied and that Cryts, as legal owner, thus had the right to remove the 31,000 bushels of soybeans because the trustee held the soybeans solely as a bailee.
Cryts' argument fails for two reasons. First, he may not bеlately attack the bankruptcy order of sale in these collateral proceedings; once Cryts was apprised of the bankruptcy court's sale order and failed to timely appeal, he was obligated to obey these orders even if they were in error. Second, we think it clear from the overall evidence that the district court's extensive analysis and ultimate conclusion with respect to the bankruptcy court's jurisdiction over the grain, see
II. Bankruptcy Court Contempt Power
The fundamental question before us is the constitutionality of Congress's delegation in the 1978 Bankruptcy Reform Act of civil contempt powers to bankruptcy courts. The district court, in a thorough, analytical opinion found that exercise of the contempt power by the bankruptcy judge was unconstitutional. The core analysis of the district court's opinion was that the judicial power of the United States can be vested only in Article III judges, that bankruptcy judges are not Article III judges, and that the delegation of contempt power to bankruptcy judges is therefore unconstitutional.
We do not рass on the merits of the district court's analysis; we conclude that the district court erred in failing to give proper recognition to the prospective holding of Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.,
The question then arises whether the prospective application is limited to Sec. 1471 jurisdiction, which the Northern Pipeline concurrence argues was the only issue before the Court, or includes the entire Bankruptcy Act and thus Sec. 1481, which provides for the exercise of contempt powers by the bankruptcy judge.4 The Second Circuit in Martin-Trigona v. Shiff,
We agree with the Second Circuit's reasoning. The full import of the Supreme Court's prospective decree is that prior to Northern Pipeline, the bankruptcy court was vested with plenary jurisdiction to act in accord with the congressional grant. The congressional grant included the power of contempt. See 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1481; 18 U.S.C. Sec. 401. Were this reasoning not followed, pre-Northern Pipeline bankruptcy decisions would be subject to continuing ad hoc attacks on the various congressional grants of bankruptcy power under the Reform Act. The plurality opinion recognized this when it stated:
In these circumstances we cannot conclude that if Congress were aware that the grant of jurisdiction could not constitutionally encompass this and similar claims, it would simply remove the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court over these matters, leaving the jurisdictional provision and adjudicatоry structure intact with respect to other types of claims, and thus subject to Art. III constitutional challenge on a claim-by-claim basis.
This view is not altered by the Northern Pipеline concurrence. The position of the concurrence was that the decision should be limited to the constitutionality of Sec. 1471. However, the concurring opinion joined the majority with respect to the prospective application, and we read this as incorporating the views we derive from the plurality decision regarding the preclusion of ad hoc challenges to pre-Northern Pipeline bankruptcy decisions.
In addition, we take judicial note of the fact that the Judicial Conference and the Judicial Councils, in passing interim rules to give the bankruptcy courts jurisdiction via the district courts, did so assuming that other provisions under the Reform Act would not survive. These rules generally have been found constitutional. See, e.g., Oklahoma Health Services Federal Credit Union v. Webb,
We reach this conclusion cognizant of the fact that Congress is in the midst of restructuring the entire Bankruptcy Act. Whether the new Act may properly provide the bankruptcy cоurts with contempt power outside of Article III is of course not decided by either the district court in the decision below or the Supreme Court in Northern Pipeline.
Having concluded that Northern Pipeline mandates a finding of a constitutionally valid contempt power in bankruptcy courts, we must still decide if this power is limited by Bankruptcy Rule 920,
The "powers of a court of equity, law, and admiralty" are defined in 18 U.S.C. Sec. 401, which provides:
A court of the United States shall have power to punish by fine or imprisonment, at its discretion, such contempt of its authority, and none other, as(1) Misbehavior of any person in its presence or so near thereto as to obstruct the administration of justice;
(2) Misbehavior of any of its officers in their official transactions;
(3) Disobedience or resistance to its lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree, or command.
At least two district courts have read rule 920 as continuing to limit the contempt powers of bankruptcy courts even after the enactment of section 1481. Horace v. Moore,
We agree with the majority of bankruptcy courts that rule 920 is no longer a limit to contempt power in view of section 1481.8 Rule 920 was prescribеd pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2075. Both the rule and the statute were enacted before 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1481. If section 1481 is inconsistent with rule 920, section 1481 controls since it was enacted later in time. Moreover, section 405(d) of the Bankruptcy Reform Act also provides that section 1481 applies to the extent rule 920 is inconsistent.9
The power of contempt is not unlimited, however, even if the contempt exercised is within the statutory grant. It has a due process limitation "declared to be 'the least possible power adequate to the end proposed.' " Marshall v. Gordon,
Each party shall pay its own costs.
Notes
Cryts and others also were involved in the unlawful removal on February 16-18, 1981, оf this same grain from Ristine, Missouri. This court ordered the grain impounded in Bernie after the Ristine removal. In addition, Cryts was involved in the unlawful blockade of the Ristine elevator on July 20, 1981. These incidents, however, are not part of the present contempt appeal
The trustee argues that Cryts is estopped from challenging the constitutionality of the bankruptcy court's contempt powеr because Cryts consented to subject matter jurisdiction. Cryts had filed a claim with the bankruptcy court on behalf of his partnership farming operation asking for affirmative relief. This action, asserts the trustee, precludes the inconsistent position that the bankruptcy court is not constitutionally vested with contempt powers. This argument has little merit. It is fundamental that subject matter jurisdiction cannot be waived by the parties. U.S. ex rel. Burnette v. Driving Hawk,
In its discussion of prospectivity, the Supreme Court cited Buckley v. Valeo,
Section 1481 does not expressly provide for contempt, but does give the bankruptcy court the powers of a court of law, equity, or admiralty. These powers are further defined in 18 U.S.C. Sec. 401, which includes the power of contempt
Ironically these rules, adopted by the district court in Arkansas, provide the bankruptcy court with contempt рower. See Interim Rule (d)(1), General Order No. 24 (E.D.Ark. Dec. 20, 1982, amended April 2, 1984)
The rule was passed by the Supreme Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 2075, which provides:
The Supreme Court shall have the power to prescribe by general rules, the forms of process, writs, pleadings, and motions, and the practice and procedure in cases under Title 11.
Such rules shall not abridge, enlarge, or modify any substantive right.
Such rules shall not take effect until they have been reported to Congress by the Chief Justice at or after the beginning of a regular session thereof but not later than the first day of May and until the expiration of ninety days after they have been thus reported.
These rules have now been superseded by the new bankruptcy rules prescribed by the Supreme Court on April 25, 1983, effective August 1, 1983.
The rules actually gave contempt powers to bankruptcy referees, who were officers of the district court. Prior to 1978, the "bankruptcy court" was the district court. It was not until the 1978 Bankruptcy Act that a bankruptcy court separate from the district court was created. The district court below provides an excellent historical overview. See
See also 1 Collier on Bankruptcy, p 301, at 3-109 (15th ed. 1979)
Section 405(d) provides:
The rules prescribed under section 2075 of title 28 of the United States Code and in effect on September 30, 1979, shall apply to cases under title 11, to the extent not inconsistent with the amendments made by this Act, or with this Act, until such rules are repealed or superseded by rules prescribed and effective under such section, as amended by section 248 of this Act.
Pub.L. 95-598, Sec. 405(d), 92 Stat 2549, 2685 (1978). One district court has found this language not specific enough to override rule 920. Martin-Trigona v. Shiff,