Rоbert KAY, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. The MINACS GROUP (USA), INC., Defendant-Appellee.
No. 13-1974.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Sept. 5, 2014.
580 F. App‘x 327
This case falls into the narrow category of matters where we can rule on the fraud defense as a matter of law. Acсording to Plaintiff, her home appreciated in value from $27,000 to at least $143,000 over the space of just fourteen months. Plaintiff has provided no explanation for this dramatic change of fortunes. Also, according to Plaintiff, she acquired about $159,000 worth of personal property between April 2011 and June 2012. (This figure represents the $170,000 she wants Defendant to pay, minus the $7000 of gifts she allegedly received, and minus the $4000 worth of personal property she declared in bankruptcy.) Even if we accept Plaintiff‘s statement that she makes thrеe times more than what she discloses to the IRS, and then further assume that Plaintiff plowed every cent of her earnings into buying furniture, clothing, jewelry, and the like, Plaintiff still cannot explain where she got more than $100,000 worth of personal property.
In short, the dollar disparities in this case are too extreme for a rational jury to find for Plaintiff. There are no reasonable inferences that could explain the dramatic increase in the value of Plaintiff‘s real and personal property other than the one Defendant suggests—that Plaintiff‘s valuation of her property was false. Because Plaintiff knew it was false, because it was material, and because Plaintiff made this representation with the intent to defraud Defendant, Defendant was entitled to summary judgment on the basis of the policy‘s frаud clause.
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
JANE BRANSTETTER STRANCH, Circuit Judge:
Based on an arbitration provision in an employee handbook, the district court dismissed Robert Kay‘s age discrimination suit and ordered Kay and his employer to arbitrate the issue. The arbitration agreement, assuming it is even valid and enforceable, does not apply to Kay‘s claims. We REVERSE the district court.
I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In 2011, The Minacs Group fired Robert Kay, who was sixty years old, and hired someone much younger to replace him. Kay sued, alleging age discrimination under the Age Discriminаtion in Employment Act (ADEA) and Michigan‘s Elliot Larsen Civil Rights Act (ELCRA). Kay had originally worked for the Phoenix Group, which hired him in 1995, but in 2001 Minacs purchased Phoenix‘s assets; nevertheless, paragraph 10 of Kay‘s complaint stated that he “began working for defendant in 1995.” Minacs moved to dismiss the complaint and compel arbitration pursuant to the “Receipt of Policies and Procedures” issued by Phoenix and signed by Kay in 1995. Minacs did not submit the Policies and Procedures document itself—just the Receipt. The district court construed paragraph 10 as a judicial ad
This appeal exists largely because of troubling litigation behavior by Minacs. Minacs provided the court with the Phoenix Receipt but not Phoenix‘s Policies and Procedures handbook even though the Receipt‘s arbitration provision applies only to claims “arising out of or relating to these Policies and Procedures.” Due to Minacs‘s omission, we have no idea what the Phoenix handbook covers and so have no idea what kind of claims the аrbitration clause covers. Minacs, moreover, must have had copies of its own receipt and handbook, which suggests that Minacs would have known that the Phoenix receipt had been superseded by its own and that Kay‘s claims were not subject to arbitration. This crucial information should have been a part of the record.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a district court‘s decision to compel arbitration de novo, “but with a thumb“—or at least a pinkie—“on the scale in favor of arbitration.” Solvay Pharm., Inc. v. Duramed Pharm., Inc., 442 F.3d 471, 478 (6th Cir.2006). The question of whether there was an enforceable agreement to arbitrate is reviewed de novo according to state contract law. Tillman v. Macy‘s, Inc., 735 F.3d 453, 456 (6th Cir.2013); Floss v. Ryan‘s Family Steak Houses, Inc., 211 F.3d 306, 314 (6th Cir.2000). A district court‘s decision tо treat a party‘s statement as a judicial admission is reviewed for abuse of discretion: the decision stands unless the panel is “firmly convinced that a mistake has been made.” MacDonald v. Gen. Motors Corp., 110 F.3d 337, 340 (6th Cir.1997). A denial of a motion to reconsider is also reviewed for abuse of discretion. Nat‘l Ecological Found. v. Alexander, 496 F.3d 466, 476 (6th Cir.2007).
III. ANALYSIS
A. Construing the Receipt
The Federal Arbitration Act directs a court to stay litigation and refer an issue to arbitration once it determines that there is (1) an “agreement in writing for such arbitration” and (2) that the issue in question “is referable to arbitration under such agreement.”
We assume for argument‘s sake that Kay and Phoenix had agreed to arbitrate some disputes; the question is whether they had agreed to arbitrate this kind of dispute—a civil rights claim. The relevant portion of the Receipt provides:
I also acknowledge that any and all controversies or claims arising out of, or relating to these Policies аnd Procedures shall be resolved by submitting the dispute to arbitration....
Note that “Policies and Procedures” are capitalized in this sentence, which indicates that the arbitration provision only applies to claims connected to the employee handbook titled “Policies and Procedures” rather than all of Phoenix‘s policies and procedures. In other places, the Receipt mentions “policies and procedures” with no capitalization when referring to something other than the handboоk itself. The Receipt, moreover, appears to be itself part of the Policies and Procedures handbook. Note the header to the Receipt:
RECEIPT OF POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
On its face, then, the scope of the arbitration provision is easy to discern: Kay and Phoеnix agreed to arbitrate only those disputes that arise from or relate to whatever is in the Policies and Procedures handbook. Minacs did not put the rest of the handbook into the record, so we have no way of knowing whether civil rights claims are covered by the handbook. Arbitration provisions, like any other provision, must be interpreted in the context of the whole contract. See Huffman v. Hilltop Cos., LLC, 747 F.3d 391, 397-98 (6th Cir.2014); see also Heurtebise v. Reliable Bus. Computers, Inc., 452 Mich. 405, 550 N.W.2d 243, 246-47 (1996).
Given Minacs‘s omission, we construe the provision literally and conclude that the arbitration provision does not cover Kay‘s civil rights claims because there is no contract language indicating that his claims arise from or relate to the employee handbook. Further, Kay‘s complaint does not allege a “policy or procedure,” it alleges age discrimination on the part of Kay‘s immediate supervisor. The provision is certainly not “ambiguous” as we normally understand the word: “Contract language is ambiguous if it is capable of more than one meaning when viewed objectively by a reasonably intelligent person who has examined thе context of the entire integrated agreement....” Preferred RX, Inc. v. Am. Prescription Plan, Inc., 46 F.3d 535, 543 (6th Cir.1995) (quoting Walk-In Medical Ctrs., Inc. v. Breuer Capital Corp., 818 F.2d 260, 263 (2d Cir.1987))
B. The Judicial Admission
In order to ensure that the case will proceed properly on remand, we pause to address the court‘s ruling that Kay had made a judicial admission. Paragraph 10 of Kay‘s complaint states: “Plaintiff began wоrking for defendant in 1995 as an assistant controller.” The district court read this sentence to mean that “Plaintiff admits in his Complaint that Phoenix and Defendant [i.e., Minacs] are the same. This is a judicial admission that Phoenix and Defendant have substantial similarities of operation and continuity, thus the arbitration agreement is binding on the parties.” We disagree.
“[U]nder federal law, stipulations and admissions in the pleadings are generally binding on the parties and the Court. Not only are such admissions and stipulations binding before the trial court, but they are binding on appeal as well.” Ferguson v. Neighborhood Hous. Servs., 780 F.2d 549, 551 (6th Cir.1986) (citation omitted). “Factual assertions in pleadings ..., unless amended, are considered judicial admissions conclusively binding on the party who made them.” Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Lacelaw Corp., 861 F.2d 224, 226 (9th Cir.1988); see also Barnes v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 201 F.3d 815, 829 (6th Cir.2000) (quoting Lacelaw, 861 F.2d at 226). However, a statement must be “deliberate, clear and unambiguous” and ” ‘expressly concede ... an alleged fact’ ” in order to be treated as a judicial admission. MacDonald v. Gen. Motors Corp., 110 F.3d 337, 340 (6th Cir.1997) (quoting United States v. Belculfine, 527 F.2d 941, 944 (1st Cir.1975)).
The requirements for a judicial admission are not satisfied by the record. Even under a deferential standard of review, “Plaintiff began working for Defendant in 1995 as an assistant controller,” is not sufficiently dеliberate or clear to qualify as an express concession that “Phoenix and [Minacs] are the same.” The briefing and record before the district court made clear that Kay did not work for Minacs in 1995, that he worked for Phoenix, that Phoenix and Minacs are nоt “the same” as a matter of fact, and Kay that did not intend to concede this “fact.” The court abused its discretion when it treated Paragraph 10 of Kay‘s complaint as a judicial admission. See MacDonald, 110 F.3d at 340.
IV. CONCLUSION
Kay‘s claims are not arbitrable under the terms of the Receiрt and Kay is therefore entitled to pursue his case in federal court. We REVERSE the district court‘s order compelling arbitration and dismissing the case, and REMAND the case for further proceedings on Kay‘s civil rights claims.
COOK, Circuit Judge, concurring separately.
I concur with the majority‘s decision to reverse the judgment оf the district court and remand for further proceedings on a single, narrow ground: Minacs fails to show that the Receipt entitles it to dismissal.
Here, Minacs labeled the Receipt a “stand-alone” document and рrovided no evidence that Kay‘s discrimination claim “aris[es] out of or relat[es] to [the Phoenix] Policies and Procedures.” On this record, the district court erred in concluding that Kay‘s dispute falls within the scope of the arbitration provision. I therefore concur with the majority‘s decision to reverse the district court‘s judgment and remand for further proceedings.