57 Miss. 490 | Miss. | 1879
delivered the opinion of the court.
The plaintiffs in error, who were also plaintiffs in the court below, sued out this writ of attachment against the defendant, who was surviving partner of W. J. Marett & Co., in a retail liquor saloon in the town of Holly Springs. The affidavit for the writ was based upon the grounds that the defendant had property, or rights in action, which he was concealing, and refused to apply to the payment of his debts, and that he had assigned or disposed of, or was about to assign or dispose of, his property, or rights in action, or some part thereof, with
If we leave out of view the facts that the defendant was the surviving partner of an insolvent firm, that he was dealing with firm assets, and that the plaintiffs were firm creditors, and if we regard him as a private individual, negotiating with an individual creditor in relation to his own property, it is impossible to see that any of these facts come up to the allegations of the affidavit or the requirements of the statute. The letter written to the plaintiffs underestimated the value
But the defendant was not negotiating with an individual creditor, nor dealing with individual property. He was the surviving partner of an insolvent firm, and the plaintiffs were creditors of that firm. Two questions are presented by these facts: (1) Can an attachment be sued out against a surviving partner by a firm creditor? (2) If so, must such creditor bring himself within the letter of the attachment statutes and maintain his writ by showing a state of facts which would warrant an individual creditor in suing out the writ, or is it sufficient for him to show that the surviving partner has been faithless to the trust with which the law clothes him for the benefit of firm creditors, and has been guilty of conduct which the law regards as fraudulent, as to them, though admissible as to those to whom he is individually indebted?
We have no hesitation in answering the first question in the affirmative. We see no reason why an attachment may not be
If, then, a firm creditor may sue out and levy an attachment upon firm assets in the hands of a surviving partner, upon what grounds must he proceed ? Must he aver and prove one of the specific grounds of attachment laid down in the statute, or will it be sufficient to show that the surviving partner is acting in violation of that quasi trust imposed upon him by law for the benefit of-firm creditors ? We have no hesitation in saying that he must bring his case strictly within the letter of the statute. An attachment is with us an extraordinary remedy, and in some respects a harsh one. The circumstances which justify it are carefully and accurately defined by the lawgiver, and no exceptions or additions can be engrafted upon it by the courts. It may well be, however, that circumstances may exist which will warrant a particular creditor in resorting to the remedy when other creditors could not do so, as where the acts committed by the debtor were legally fraudulent as to him, though not so as to others. Thus one who had extended credit after the commission of the alleged fraudulent act would not be warranted in suing out an attachment on account of it, though pre-existing creditors might do so. So, too, cases may arise where the acts of a surviving partner would be fraudulent as to firm creditors, though not so as to his individual creditors, and the former would have a right to the writ of attachment, where the latter would not. An application of firm assets to his individual debts would probably be regarded as a violation of that clause of the statute which forbids an unfair preference among creditors, though as this record does not present that question, we express no decided opinion upon it; and the declaration that circumstances may exist which
We are unable to see anything in the present case which warranted the attachment at the instance of either class of creditors. There are only two acts of the debtor which can admit of any doubt on this point, to wit, the temporary support of the family of the deceased partner from the proceeds of the firm business, and the proposed obtaining by himself of a license to oarry on the business. The deceased partner died during the epidemic of yellow fever, by which the town of Holly Springs was ravaged in the summer and autumn of 1878. During its prevalence all business was suspended. The saloon of the firm was reopened after the cessation of the fever, on November 11. The attachment was sued out on December 20. During the few weeks that intervened, the family of the deceased partner was partly supported from the proceeds of the business. If the surviving partner’s own family had been so supported, would it have afforded grounds of attachment ? If, while both partners were alive, their families had been so supported, or if there had been two surviving partners after the death of a third, and the family of each had drawn from the firm business a temporary support in limited quantities, would this have afforded ground of attachment? We cannot think so. The clauses of our attachment laws under consideration are based upon the idea that the debtor has committed some act which is fraudulent in intent or fraudulent per se in law; that is to say, the partjr committing it must have an actual intent to defraud his creditors, or the necessary consequences of his act must be to defraud them. There was, we think, an absence of the actual intent here, and though the abstraction of any portion of the assets operated pro tanto to diminish the fund for the payment of creditors, we are not prepared to say that the support of a man’s family out of his estate, whether he be a surviving partner or an ordinary individual, constitutes per se such fraud in law as subjects the party to attachment. Neither are we, under the circumstances
The defendant confessed that he expected to pay for the retail license, for which he had applied, out of the proceeds of the business, but stated that he made the application because the death of his partner operated by law as a revocation of the old license, and he could sell by retail only by obtaining a new one. Such sales as he did make were by the gallon, and he found that they yielded far less profit than sales by the drink. His object was to increase the value of the stock on hand, for the benefit of creditors. Whether such was his purpose was, by the instructions of the court, fairly submitted to the jury, and by their verdict they indorsed the truth of his statements. But it is said that the effect of such action on his part would have been to convert firm assets into individual property, and thereby necessarily to have operated as a fraud upon firm creditors. A transmutation of firm assets into individual property could only operate to the detriment of firm creditors, in the event that the party had individual creditors. In such case it might embarrass them by exposing the property to the claims of this latter class; but if there were none of these, the rights of the firm creditors could in no manner be affected. Partnership debts are equally binding upon the separate property of the partners, as upon the assets of the firm. The surviving partner in this case was the legal owner of the firm property, and a change of it by him, or an attempted change of it, into individual property, could in no manner affect its liability to the demands of firm creditors. They could only be hindered, delayed, or embarrassed in the event that there were individual creditors with whom they might be brought into collision. There is not only a failure to show that there-were any such creditors in this case, but the record, by implication, strongly negatives the existence of any. The presence of any actual intent to defraud by this act being negatived, and there being a failure to show that its necessary result was to operate as a fraud upon firm creditors, this ground of attachment has not
It was insisted, both in the lower court and in this, that the attachment should be maintained if the jury were of opinion that the plaintiffs had reasonable ground to believe the truth of the facts set forth in the affidavit. The learned judge below rightly rejected this view. Neither the belief of the plaintiffs, nor the grounds of that belief, have ordinarily anything to do with the rightfulness of the issuance of a writ of attachment. By the affidavit, the plaintiffs assert the existence of certain facts. By his pleas in abatement, the defendant denies their existence. The sole issue for the jury to decide is, Did those facts exist ? If so, the writ was rightfully sued out; if not, its issuance was wrongful. There may be cases in which the defendant will not be allowed to controvert the facts charged in the affidavit, by reason of his own previous conduct and declarations, but this does not affect the general principle, that the issue to be tried is the truth of the averment contained in the affidavit. It is simply the application of the familiar doctrine of estoppel, by which the defendant is precluded from showing the truth, because, by his previous assertion of a falsehood, he has induced the plaintiff to institute a suit which will result in serious injury to him if decided to be unfounded. Thus, if a debtor has placed on record a voluntary conveyance of his property, or avowed his intention to do so, and a creditor, believing the conveyance to be genuine, or the assertion to be sincere, has acted, in suing out an attachment in good faith, upon the belief thereby engendered, the debtor will not be allowed to say that the conveyance was a jest, or the assertion a piece of pleasantry. This is the doctrine illustrated in Cocke v. Kuykendall, 41 Miss. 65. The language used in that case is incorrect when it is said that “ the issue to be tried and determined by the jury is whether the said attachment was wrongfully sued out, and not whether the facts stated in the affidavit were actually true or false.” A more exact method of eonvejdng the correct idea would be to say, that the plaintiff must establish the truth of the facts averred in the affidavit, unless the conduct of the defendant has been such as to pre-
Although the jury properly found that the attachment was wrongfully sued out, the verdict must be reversed on account of the excessive damages allowed. The account sued on was for four hundred and thirty-four dollars. The damages allowed the defendant were six hundred and forty dollars. The allowance of damages for the wrongful issuance of an attachment, under our statute, must be compensatory only. It must not be converted into a means of paying off valid debts by recoupment or of growing rich by an excess of damages over the debt due, save in cases where great injury has in fact been sustained. The elements which the jury are allowed to take into the account are carefully defined by the statute, and are exclusive of all others. They consist of lawyers’ fees, hotel bills, travel-ling expenses, loss of trade, and special injury to business. Code 1871, § 1462. Only two of these elements are shown to have existed here, to wit, lawyers’ fees, and special injury to business. There were no hotel bills or travelling expenses.
Judgment reversed and judgment here on remittitur.