On 1 Mаrch 1989 plaintiffs filed this action for breach of express and implied warranties and requested damages in the amount of $7,762.56 arising from the purchase of a new 1986 Yugo automobile. The case was tried without a jury, and on 19 March 1991 the trial court entered judgment for plaintiffs in the amount of $9,659.56. This amount represented the cash down payment, the amount financed, the amount paid for maintenance of liability and collision insurance, and a towing charge. Defendant was allowed an offset of $447.66 for payments still owing under the installment contract and were also given title to the vehicle. Defendant appeals.
On 17 January 1987 plaintiffs purchased a new 1986 Yugo automobile from-defendant. The total credit price of $7,762.56 included license, title, registration fеes, credit life insurance and credit disability insurance. Pursuant to the installment sales contract, plaintiffs maintained liability and collision insurance at a cost of $154.00 per six months. At the time of purchase, defendant’s agent informed plaintiffs of a standard 12,000 mile, 12 month new car warranty. According to plaintiffs, defendant did not explain this was only a manufacturer’s warranty and never excludеd itself as a warrantor. Plaintiffs did not receive a written copy of the warranty.
*167 The Yugo immediately began to give trouble; on the trip home from the dealer the oil light came on. Defendant made the necessary repair. According to plaintiffs, one month later they called defendant to complain of the same problem. Other problems included oil and cоolant leaks. On 7 March 1987 defendant made repairs to the rear window washer, the speedometer cable, squeaking brakes, and adjusted the wipers. Defendant’s service manager testified that plaintiffs had not complained of the oil and coolant leaks at that time. Plaintiffs continued to have problems with the oil and coolant systems requiring them to add a quart of оil weekly and a gallon of anti-freeze every other day. On 20 October 1987 plaintiffs again took the car to defendant with complaints regarding the air conditioner, oil leaks, squealing brakes, and paint problems on the hood. Defendant performed repairs including replacement of the air conditioner compressor and the head gasket. Defendant checked the cylinder head at that time and discovered it was flat. Plaintiffs continued to experience problems with excessive oil and anti-freeze consumption. When plaintiffs again contacted defendant they were informed that defendant had lost its Yugo dealership on 30 October 1987 and would no longer perform repairs on the automobile.
Plaintiffs’ attorney cоntacted defendant and was referred to Yugo America and given a list of Yugo dealerships. Plaintiffs had the car towed to a Yugo dealership in South Carolina for further repairs, but were informed the car had no problems. On the trip home from the South Carolina dealership the car overheated and suffered loss of compression. Plaintiffs parked the Yugo and later had it towed to a mechanic who disassembled the engine and examined the car. He concluded that it had a blown head gasket, a warped cylinder head, and piston rings unsuitable for use. The car has since been moved to defendant’s place of business for discovery, purposes. In the opinion of both plaintiffs’ mechanic and defendant’s service managеr the engine needs to be rebuilt. According to defendant there are parts available to repair the car. Plaintiffs have, at all times, complied with the terms of the installment contract and had only three payments remaining at the time of trial.
Defendant assigns error to the court’s failure to dismiss under-Rule 4Í(b) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. An involuntary dismissal under Rule 41(b) is aрpropriate when the *168 “plaintiff has shown no right to relief.” N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 41(b) (1990). It is undisputed that defendant informed plaintiffs of a warranty and that the car suffered from several defects. Plaintiffs attempted to have the car repaired within the warranty period, but to no avail. Based on these facts and other evidence, it would have been improper for the trial court to find that plаintiffs had shown “no right to relief” for their breach of warranty claims. The trial court properly denied the motion.
When the trial judge sits as trier of fact she has the duty to determine the credibility of the witnesses and weigh the evidence; her findings of fact are conclusive on appeal if supported by competent evidence.
Pake v. Byrd,
I. Express warranty
According to N.C.G.S. § 25-2-313, an express warranty is created when a seller makes “[a]ny affirmation of fact or promise . . . which relates to the goods and becomes part of the basis of the bargain. . . .” N.C.G.S. § 25-2-313(l)(a) (1986). Whether the parties have actually created an express warranty is a question of fact.
Muther-Ballenger v. Griffin Electronic Consultants, Inc.,
Testimony at trial indiсated that plaintiffs were informed by defendant’s sales agent that their car was subject to “a 12 month 12,000 mile warranty.” Such a statement is certainly an affirmation of fact relating to the goods which became a basis of the bargain. Furthermore, plaintiffs had no way of determining that such warranty was limited to the manufacturer. There is no evidence that plaintiffs were told this was a manufacturer’s warranty or that defendant excluded itself from the warranty. Plaintiffs were not even given a written copy of the warranty. We find the above evidence competent to support the trial court’s conclusion that defendant had made an express warranty to plaintiffs.
To recover for breach of express warranty, the buyer must show compliance with his obligations and that he has taken the appropriate steps set forth in Article 2.
Stutts v. Green Ford,
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Inc.,
[w]hen the plaintiff is a lay consumer and notification is given to the defendant by the filing of an action within the period of the statute of limitations, and when the applicable policies behind the notice requirement have been fulfilled, . . . the plaintiff is entitled to go to the jury on the issue of seasonаble notice.
Maybank,
There is no dispute that plaintiffs filed this suit well within the four-year statute of limitations applicable to sales contracts. N.C.G.S. § 25-2-725(1) (1986). Plaintiffs fulfilled the policies behind the notice requirement by giving defendant adequate opportunities to repair their car. They repeatedly attempted to have the car repaired by the defendant within the warranty period. Uрon defendant’s refusal to perform further repairs, plaintiffs had the car towed to a dealership in another state. Plaintiffs eventually had to resort to consulting their own mechanic in an attempt to ascertain the car’s various problems. In
Maybank
the Court found that a delay of three years was not unreasonable in a case, involving a lay consumer.
The burden is on the buyer to show breach. § 25-2-607(4). In a case involving a limited warranty to repair and replace defective parts, this Court held that a warrantor may be liable for breach of warranty “when it repeatedly fails within a reasonable
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time to correct a defect as promised.”
Stutts,
In this case, the fact that the oil warning light came on en route home from the dealership is evidence that сertain problems existed at the beginning. Shortly thereafter plaintiffs began having problems with excessive oil and anti-freeze consumption. Based on these and other problems with the car, we find there was competent evidence to support the trial judge’s conclusion that defects existed at the time of purchase. We therefore agree with the trial court that defendant breached its express warranty to plaintiffs when it refused to further repair plaintiffs’ car only 10 months after purchase and within the 12 month warranty period. We decline to address the issue of any implied warranty of merchantability, because a finding of breach of express warranty is sufficient to entitle plaintiffs to damages.
II. Available remedies
Because defendant did not limit its warranty tо any specific remedy, plaintiffs were entitled to all remedies provided for in the Uniform Commercial Code.
Williams v. Hyatt Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc.,
If, however, the buyer “rightfully rejects or justifiably revokes acceptance then with respect to any goods involved . . . the buyer may cancel and whether or not he has done so may . . . [recover] so much of the рrice as has been paid. . . .” N.C.G.S. § 25-2-711(1) (1986). Upon rejection or revocation, the buyer retains a security interest in the goods for any payments made and “any expenses reasonably incurred in their inspection, receipt, transportation, care and custody. ...” § 25-2-711(3). Thus, upon revocation of acceptance the buyer may recover the full purchase price, if the goods have been fully paid for, and other reasonable expenses.
The trial court awarded plaintiffs the full purchase price based on its finding that plaintiffs successfully revoked acceptance of the Yugo. Revocation of acceptance is governed by section 25-2-608, which requires a showing of substantial impairment of value, and either a showing that (1) acceptance was made “on the reasonable assumption that [the] nonconformity would be cured and it has not been seasonably cured,” or (2) acceptance occurred “without discovery of such nonconformity if [the] acceptance was reasonably induced either by the difficulty of discovery before acceptanсe or by the seller’s assurances.” N.C.G.S. § 25-2-608(l)(a), (b) (1986). Furthermore, revocation of acceptance must occur “within a reasonable time after the buyer discovers or should have discovered the ground for it and before any substantial change in condition of the goods which is not caused by their own defects. It is not effective until the buyer notifies the seller of it.” § 25-2-608(2).
The facts support the trial court’s conclusion that the defects existing in the Yugo substantially impaired its value to the plaintiffs so that they were entitled to revoke acceptance. We find that plaintiffs’ acceptance was “reasonably induced” by both the difficulty of discovery before acceptance and by defendant’s assurances that the vehicle was coverеd under a 12 month, 12,000 mile warranty. The real question, then, is whether plaintiffs notified defendant of their revocation, and whether revocation “occurred within a reasonable time.” Because we conclude that plaintiffs never notified defendant of their revocation of acceptance, we find it unnecessary to address whether any purported revocаtion occurred within a reasonable time.
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Formal notice of revocation of acceptance is not required.
Warren v. Guttanit, Inc.,
In the case at hand, plaintiffs never indicated in their complaint or elsewhere that they were proceeding on thе basis of revocation of acceptance. As in
Warren,
plaintiffs complained several times to defendant and took the car in several times for repairs. However, when defendant refused to make any further repairs after October 1987, plaintiffs acquiesced and took their car to a dealership in South Carolina. When that course also proved unsuсcessful, plaintiffs had the car towed to their own mechanic. Plaintiffs did not return the car to defendant until after this lawsuit was filed and they were requested to do so for discovery purposes. We note that plaintiffs continued to make all the required payments under the contract. Plaintiffs’ actions, therefore, did not indicate they were revoking acceptance. Thеir complaint contained allegations only of breach of warranty, and merely requested the purchase price, costs of the action, and “such other and further relief as the Court may seem (sic) just and proper.” We cannot conclude, as the trial court did, that filing of this complaint constituted notice of revocation.
See Danjee, Inc. v. Addressograph Multigraph Corp.,
Because plaintiffs did not properly revoke their acceptance, they were not entitled to damages under section 25-2-711. Instead,
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plaintiffs are entitled to damages for breach of warranty as set forth in section 25-2-714.
See Lyon v. Shelter Resources Corp.,
Plaintiffs were also entitled to incidental and consequential damages as set forth in section 25-2-715. Incidental damages include, in pertinent part, “any . . . reasonable expenses incident to the delay or other breach.” N.C.G.S. § 25-2-715(1) (1986). Consequential damages include “any lоss resulting from general or particular requirements and needs of which the seller at the time of contracting had reason to know and which could not reasonably be prevented by cover or otherwise. ...” § 25-2-715(2)(a). We find that the trial court properly awarded plaintiffs incidental and consequential damages for maintenance of liability and collision insurance, the towing charge to South Carolina, and interest since the date of filing.
The trial court also concluded that plaintiffs were entitled to rescission of the sales contract. Rescission of a contract is not addressed in the Uniform Commercial Code, but it has been treated as revocation of acceptance in the context of a sale of goods.
See Performance Motors,
*174 The trial court apparently allowed defendant to “retain” title and possession of the car based on its finding of rescission. We note, however, thаt defendant had no title to “retain” since plaintiffs had acquired title at the time of purchase pursuant to the installment sales contract. Without either rescission or revocation of acceptance, we see no reason to transfer title of the car from plaintiffs to defendant. We therefore find the trial court’s award of title to defendant improper.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded on the issue of damages for breach of warranty.