Plaintiff-appellant, Janet Riley, sued defendant-appellee, Elkhart Community Schools (“ECS”), for discrimination under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e (“Title VII”), discrimination under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. § 621 (“ADEA”), and violation of her equal rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1981. Riley roots her causes of action in ECS’s failure to promote her to various positions during her career as a teacher with the school district. The district court granted summary judgment for ECS on all claims, based on procedural bars and insufficient evidence. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
ECS has employed Riley, an African-American female, as a teacher since 1980. She has served in multiple capacities during her tenure. Currently, she teaches business education at Elkhart Central High School and leads evening and summer adult education classes. She has an administrator’s license and is pursuing her doctorate in education. In 2010, she was named the ECS Teacher of the Year.
From 2005 through 2013, Riley unsuccessfully applied for twelve different positions with ECS. Seven positions are relevant to this appeal. In 2007, Riley applied for an assistant principal position at Elk-hart Memorial High School. ECS hired Carey Anderson, who is white. In 2008, Riley again applied for an assistant principal position, this time at Central High School. ECS hired Andrew Bridell, who is white. In 2009, Riley applied for two more assistant principal positions, one at North-side Middle School, the other at Memorial High School. ECS hired Mary Wisniewski, who is white, for the position at Northside Middle- School; it hired Krista Hennings, who is African-American, for the position at Memorial High School.
In 2010, ECS posted two academic dean positions, but did not advertise them as administrative, positions. Riley did not apply for these positions; ECS hired two white males under the age of 40 for the openings. In both 2010 and 2013, Riley
On May 12, 2011, Riley filed an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission charge against ECS, claiming that race, sex, and age discrimination were the reasons that ECS had not promoted her to any of the positions for which she had applied. The EEOC sent Riley a right to sue letter on April 26, 2012.
On July 24, 2012, Riley filed a pro se complaint in federal court alleging discrimination, harassment, libel, defamation, and retaliation by ECS. On August 8, 2012, Riley filed an amended complaint, alleging violations of Title VII race and sex discrimination, ADEA age discrimination, and violation of equal rights under § 1981. She filed both incarnations of the complaint in the Southern District of Indiana, which transferred the case to the Northern District of Indiana, where both parties reside.
Riley retained counsel on November 26, 2012, and the parties agreed on January 16, 2013, to have a magistrate judge adju-dieáte the dispute. On May 13, 2015, ECS moved for summary judgment. The district court granted summary judgment for ECS on all counts, dismissing some claims on procedural grounds, and dismissing the remaining claims because Riley had failed to produce sufficient evidence.
Riley appealed.
II. DISCUSSION
First, like the district court, we winnow down Riley’s bevy of claims to those which we will assess on their merits. The other claims fail for procedural reasons. Some claims appear in her original complaint but not in the amended complaint; an amended complaint supersedes any prior complaint, and becomes the operative complaint. See Anderson v. Donahoe, 699 F.3d 989, 997 (7th Cir. 2012) (citations omitted). So any claim in Riley’s original complaint not included in her amended complaint is extinguished. Id. These include her claims of hostile work environment and disparate treatment.
Riley argues that we should be lenient towards her because she drafted the original and amended complaints without assistance of an attorney. See, e.g., Ambrose v. Roeckeman,
Additionally, some of Riley’s claims are time-barred. Both Title VII claims and ADEA claims must be filed within 300 days of the alleged discriminatory act or unlawful practice. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1) (Title VII statute of limitations); 29 U.S.C. § 626(d)(1)(B) (ADEA
When the dust settles, these four § 1981 claims as well as three Title VII claims remain. All of these causes of action are for failure to promote. The § 1981 claims relate to the following positions: (1) assistant principal available in 2007; (2) assistant principal available in 2008; (3) assistant principal at Central High School available in 2009; and (4) assistant principal at Memorial High School available in 2009. The Title VII claims relate to the following positions: (1) the academic dean positions available in 2010; (2) the Blazer Connection coordinator position available in 2010;
The district court correctly held that Riley failed to produce sufficient evidence for any of these claims to survive summary judgment. We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, construing the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, Riley. E.g., Chaib v. Geo Group, Inc.,
To proceed to trial on a failure to promote claim, a plaintiff either must produce “sufficient direct or circumstantial evidence that [the employer’s] promotion decisions were intentionally discriminatory or make an indirect case of discrimination” under the burden-shifting method of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,
To demonstrate a prima facie case for failure to promote, a plaintiff must produce evidence showing that: (1) she was a member of a protected class; (2) she was qualified for the position sought; (3) she was rejected for the position; and (4) the employer promoted someone outside of the protected class who was not better qualified for the position. Jaburek v. Foxx,
First, Riley cannot prove a prima facie case for the § 1981 claim regarding the assistant principal position for which she applied in 2009. Section 1981 causes of action are limited to discrimination claims based on race. See McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transp. Co.,
Second, Riley cannot prove a pri-ma facie case regarding the 2010 academic dean positions because she never applied for the positions. So ECS could not have rejected her.
Third, Riley did not prove a prima facie case regarding the Blazer Connection coordinator position, because being rejected for this position does not constitute a sufficiently adverse employment action. Failure to promote claims are only actionable if not receiving the position is a “materially adverse” employment action. Carter v. Chi. State Univ.,
Riley’s remaining claims fail because she has not produced sufficient evidence of pretext. Regarding the 2012 assistant principal positions, Riley has produced evidence of a prima facie case for age discrimination: (1) she is over 40 years old; (2) she has extensive teaching experience and an administrator’s license, so she is qualified; (3) ECS rejected her for the positions; and (4) ECS instead hired two people outside of the protected age group — both Gratsy and Adams were under 40 — who did not have her teaching experience.
But ECS has produced evidence of a nondiscriminatory reason for not hiring Riley: both Adams and Gratsy were more qualified for the position than Riley. See Scruggs v. Garst Seed Co.,
a. [Administrative] [c]ertification;
b. Skills, abilities, attributes, training, and education which the applicant possesses which would be necessary or desirable for an [ECS] administrator, and any other employment requirements imposed by law;
c. Contribution the applicant is likely to make to students and/or the school system due to special training and/or competence;
d. Ability to communicate and relate effectively to others;
e. Good past performance in position(s) with [ECS] [s]chools or other school corporations;
f. Opportunity for professional growth of the applicant; and
g. Length of service of the applicant in the [ECS].
ECS also produced the affidavit of Krista Hennings, who was a member of the screening committee. Hennings averred that the committee believed that Adams and Gratsy were the best at answering interview questions, specifically the questions relating to particular ways to improve the respective school to which the applicant would be assigned. Hennings noted how Gratsy’s and Adams’s answers to these specific questions related directly to factors c, d, and f of the committee’s assessment rubric. Hennings also stated that Riley did not communicate as effectively in her interview; she tended to criticize without providing potential solutions. Hennings also noted that the committee did not view Riley’s teaching experience with ECS as dispositive, given that seniority was the least important factor in the screening committee’s rubric.
In response to ECS’s evidence, Riley needed to produce evidence of pretext. She has not done so. Simply put, pretext is a lie — “a phony reason for some action.” Smith v. Chi Transit Auth.,
Riley has not produced evidence that she was clearly better qualified for the position than Gratsy and Adams. The evidence presented shows that while Riley had more teaching experience, all three had comparable administrative experience and training. Thus, all three were on the same plane for the assistant principal position, an administrative position. Further, Riley has produced no evidence that contradicts Hennings’s statements regarding the answers of the candidates to the interview questions. Finally, the evidence produced shows that ECS valued length of service to ECS as the least important consideration for recommending a candidate for the position. Therefore, since there is no evidence that she was clearly better qualified than either Gratsy or Adams, Riley’s age discrimination claim fails as a matter of law.
Nor is there sufficient evidence of pretext for the § 1981 claims relating to her 2007, 2008, and 2009 applications to assistant principal positions. In each instance, ECS hired a white woman or man instead of Riley. She argues that she was better qualified than these three because she had more teaching experience and had worked at ECS longer. But this is not sufficient evidence that she was clearly better qualified for the positions. As with the Title VII age discrimination claim related to the 2012 assistant principal positions, that Riley had more teaching experience does not carry particular weight. The position was administrative, and each of the three people that ECS chose obtained his or her administrator’s license at the same time as Riley. Thus, Riley had com
A court is not a “super personnel department that second-guesses employers’ business judgments.” Millbrook,
III. CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the grant of summary judgment in favor of ECS.
Notes
. We do not consider her 2013 application for this position. On August 14, 2014, Riley filed an EEOC complaint regarding her failure to receive the position in 2013. She received a right to sue letter from the EEOC on December 11, 2014, but never incorporated the allegations from this second right to sue letter into her complaint. Any allegation not found in the amended complaint is forfeited. See Anderson,
. Riley argues that she did not apply for the positions because she did not know that they were administrative positions. Citing Eighth Circuit dicta, Riley argues that the application requirement can be excused where the employer has no formal application process or where the employee is unaware of the opportunity. See Kehoe v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc.,
. Riley cannot establish a prima facie case for race or sex discrimination because Adams, like Riley, is an African-American female. But the effect of hiring Adams on Riley's race and sex discrimination claim relating to Gratsy is hazier. The district court essentially viewed the position as one position with two openings. This means that because ECS hired an African-American female for the position, both of Riley’s race and sex discrimination claims fail, regardless of whether ECS also hired a person who is outside Riley's protected race and sex classes. Riley argues that we should view the position as two distinct positions giving rise to two distinct failure to promote claims. This means that even if ECS hired Adams, Riley can still bring a separate claim relating to ECS hiring Gratsy.
It is hard to divine from the record whether Riley raised this argument in the district court, so she has likely waived the argument. E.g., Homoky v. Ogden,