185 A. 288 | Pa. | 1936
Argued April 13, 1936. This is an appeal in an interpleader proceeding to determine the ownership of a savings bank deposit of approximately $3,500 in the name of Anna M. Ries, who was 87 years of age at the time of her death. Mary Ries, her daughter, claimed the fund as a gift. The other children, through the executors of the estate, resist the claim. The mother and daughter lived together harmoniously for many years after the other members of the family had married. She took care of her mother for at least twenty years. There was considerable feeling among decedent's children. All had displayed animosity toward Mary and attempted to show cruelty on her part toward the mother. *214
Her claim is based on a written order on the bank, accompanied by delivery to her of the deposit book. The order reads as follows:
"Hazleton National Bank Oct. 2, 1933
I give all the money to my daughter Mary that I have in your bank pay it to her
her "Anna Martha X Ries mark
Mary Ann Scowcroft Emma Ann Davis."
She presented the order to the bank for payment for the first time eight days after decedent's death. The bank refused to pay it.
Appellant averred lack of mental capacity, undue influence, forgery in procuring the order, and no delivery of the deposit book. The court instructed the jury that if decedent had executed the written order and delivered it along with the deposit book to Mary with intent to make a gift of the funds on deposit, the burden was on the contestants to show undue influence, lack of mental capacity or fraud. The jury found for claimant.
The errors assigned in this appeal are the refusal to charge that due to the relationship existing between decedent and her daughter, the transaction was presumed void and the burden rested on claimant to show that it was fair and voluntary; and that since the written order was not drawn for the exact amount standing to the credit of decedent, her death revoked the gift. Other trial errors assigned are the refusal to admit declarations alleged to have been made by decedent in the absence of Mary, complaining of her conduct toward the declarant.
To constitute a valid gift inter vivos two essential elements must appear: a present intention to make the gift and, at the same time, an actual or constructive delivery to the donee as divests donor of all dominion over the subject and invests donee therewith (Yeager's Est., *215
The court below charged the jury to this effect. The record reveals that claimant, the appellee, met this burden by showing a writing executed by decedent manifesting an intent to make a gift of all the money and ordering the bank to pay it. It was testified that at the same time she handed her the deposit book. There was also testimony that Mary's mother said "all the money in the bank . . . was for her [Mary] . . . so that she would have something to care for herself because the others [her children] were all married and had homes of their own." This was clear, convincing and persuasive evidence of an intent to make a gift and a delivery divesting the donor of all control over the funds.
It is argued that appellee had to go further and show affirmatively that the gift was free, open, voluntary and well understood. Appellant relies mainly on McConville v. Ingham,
In the instant case the relationship was that of mother and daughter, and the evidence shows they lived together for many years after the other children had gone. The action of decedent must be regarded as natural under the circumstances. The rule is that where the donor and donee are strangers the presumption against a voluntary transfer is greater than where a more intimate relationship exists between them. When the gift is from parent to child, the transaction is not unusual and no presumption against invalidity arises: Kaufmann's Est., supra. In Northern Trust Co. v. Huber, supra, an old and feeble man turned over to his son and daughter-in-law some bonds and cash without words showing an intention to limit their rights of ownership. This court held that by reason of the relationship existing between the parties no presumption against the invalidity of the gift arose, and the burden was on those attacking the transaction to establish affirmatively facts showing undue influence. See also Weber v. Kline, supra.
The court below actually placed a heavier burden on appellee than the law requires. It charged the jury to "Bear in mind that the burden is upon the plaintiff [appellee] to show that all was fair, open, voluntary, and *217 well understood." The assignments of error as to the burden of proof are dismissed.
Appellant also contends that the delivery of the written order along with the deposit book did not serve to pass title to appellee and divest decedent of all control over the funds on deposit. It is argued that as the delivery of a check is not an executed gift of money but merely constitutes an order to pay which is revoked by the death of the donor before actual payment, the same rule applies to the writing before us.Estate of Eshenbaugh,
While it is true that the delivery of a bank deposit book, though coupled with words manifesting intent to make a gift, will not pass title to a bank account and constitute a valid gift (Walsh's App.,
Appellant further asserts that the court below erred in refusing to admit declarations made by decedent indicating that Mary was abusive to her and tried to compel a surrender of the money and that she was afraid of her daughter. They argue that the declarations are admissible on the ground that they negative the existence of a donative intent and are probative of undue influence. Careful consideration of both these contentions will show they cannot be sustained for several reasons.
At best, this type of evidence is dangerous: see Swope v.Donnelly,
In the case at bar the declarations are too remote to *219 be relevant. Most of them were made long before the time the gift was made. The only ones which occurred at all proximate in time to the transaction in dispute were those made to a laundress of decedent on or about September 21, 1933. They do not have any bearing on the question whether decedent intended to make a gift on October 2, 1933. We have held that declarations relating to testamentary capacity to be admissible must cover the period when the testament was executed. Likewise, declarations concerning a donor's state of mind must cover a similar period, especially where the transaction is between parent and child, as family quarrels are so often soon followed by complete domestic harmony. In Swope v. Donnelly, supra, a will dated in December was attacked on the ground of forgery. Its execution was proved by a number of witnesses. This court held that declarations of the decedent made in the preceding October as to existence and provisions of another will, and her satisfaction therewith, were inadmissible. In the instant case the declarations are not so connected with the alleged gift in point of time as to justify the inference that they indicate the state of mind of decedent when the gift was made. Under the circumstances, on the ground of remoteness, their exclusion was proper.
Aside from this there is another ground justifying the refusal of the lower court to admit them. Appellee proved a writing evincing an intent to give the money to her and ordering the bank to pay it. The donative intent expressed in the written order is clear and convincing. There is no ambiguity whatsoever. There being the presumption that the gift was voluntary, as well as evidence to sustain that fact, the only purpose which could possibly have been served by the introduction in evidence of these extrajudicial declarations would have been to show fraud, mistake, forgery or the exercise of undue influence. The rule is firmly established that declarations *220
of a testator to prove such facts are only admissible in connection with other more direct evidence for the purpose of corroboration: Herster v. Herster,
In support of the admissibility of the declarations appellant cites Kaufmann's Est., supra. We there stated that while self-serving declarations ordinarily are not admissible to prove title in declarant, previous declarations manifesting a donative intent or lack of such purpose are receivable. That case involved an act of delivery which in itself was not free from ambiguity, and it was necessary to admit declarations of the decedent bearing on the animus with which he acted in delivering the subject-matter of the gift. The declarations related directly to the transaction in issue and were not remote in point of time. The decedent's secretary testified that he had said, "He intended to give the notes and stocks to Lillian." But in the instant case the intention with which delivery was made is certain. The declarations at most indicate abusive conduct toward decedent on the part of her daughter and are not probative of a donative intent or lack of such purpose.
The record reveals that several witnesses for appellant were given wide latitude in relating abuses of decedent by appellee and conduct of decedent which might have a bearing on mental capacity. It was within the discretionary power of the court below to place a reasonable limitation upon proof pertaining to this particular phase of the case. After a reasonable amount of evidence has been produced in support of a point in issue, the administration of justice is not aided by its excessive multiplication. The decision of questions of this type is a *221
matter which the trial judge is peculiarly fitted to pass upon and will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is apparent that there was an abuse of discretionary power: Com. v. Gibbons,
Appellant complains that the trial court made many misleading statements prejudicial to it. Although this question is not supported by an assignment of error, we have examined the charge and the record; there are no misstatements of fact of the slightest consequence. The court in precise language cautioned the jury to take the testimony of the witnesses and not as related by it. At the conclusion of its charge, the court gave the parties opportunity to make suggestions, and having failed to ask for corrections, appellant cannot now object to errors not basic in character. See Broomall v. P. R.R. Co.,
Judgment affirmed.