691 A.2d 1384 | N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. | 1997
The opinion of the court was delivered by
In 1977, the infant-plaintiff, William J. Reimer, Jr., was born at St. Clare’s Riverside Medical Center. Ten years after his birth, the infant-plaintiffs parents, individually and on his behalf, filed a medical malpractice complaint against Reza P. Zarkesh, M.D., the obstetrician who handled the delivery. The complaint alleged that the infant’s presentation in a double footling breech position warranted performance of a caesarean section and that failure to perform that surgery was malpractice which resulted in injury to the infant. In 1989, that action was voluntarily dismissed because plaintiffs were apparently unable to produce an expert report.
On June 3, 1991, the infant-plaintiffs parents, individually and on his behalf, filed a new complaint against Dr. Zarkesh and fictitiously joined unknown “licensed practicing physicians and/or other health care providers.” These defendants allegedly breached their duty
to render proper diagnostic tests and procedures, failed to carefully & diligently monitor plaintiff pregnancy with infant plaintiff ... and failed to adequately monitor plaintiffs overall obstetrical condition, failed to make themselves available to plaintiff for consultations and treatment, failed to properly advise plaintiff' of potential complications of her pregnancy which the defendants knew or should have known of, failed to properly attend her delivery of infant plaintiff ... and used a contraindicated and unreasonably dangerous means of delivering said infant, and the defendants generally failed and neglected to treat and care for plaintiff [mother] in a skillful and knowledgeable fashion according to accepted standards of medical and obstetrical practice.
Dr. Zarkesh moved for summary judgment. The trial judge granted the motion, but only as to the parents’ individual claims, and subsequently ordered the guardian ad litem to serve a liability expert report within 30 days. Because no report was timely produced, Dr. Zarkesh again moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint as to all plaintiffs with prejudice.
Apparently, on February 20,1992, plaintiffs served Dr. Zarkesh with an expert report prepared by Bernard M. Nathanson, M.D. Dr. Nathanson’s report, citing alleged deviations from the standards of practice by Dr. Zarkesh, states in pertinent part:
*106 On page 101 [of his deposition transcript in the previous action] Dr. Zarkesh indicates that he had no time to do a Ceasarean section and that it would take almost an hour to ready an operating room for a Ceasarean section. In that the standard in 1977 for any facility representing itself as offering obstetrical facilities had [sic] to have Ceasarean section capability within 30 minutes, it is clear that either the hospital [i.e., St. Clare’s] deviated/departed from the customary standards or Dr. Zarkesh was egregiously incorrect in his opinion that at 9:00 a.m. on a week day morning it would take one hour to set up and start a Cesarean section.1
The trial judge granted Dr. Zarkesh’s previously filed motion for summary judgment and dismissed plaintiffs’ complaint in its entirety, with prejudice, on the basis that the expert report was inadequate to establish that Dr. Zarkesh committed malpractice. On appeal, we reversed the trial judge’s dismissal of the infant-plaintiffs claims, but affirmed the dismissal of the parents’ claims on the basis that they were time barred under N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2. Riemer v. Zarkesh, No. A-4043-91 (App. Div. April 23, 1993). The infant-plaintiffs case proceeded.
On October 6, 1993, in response to a subpoena duces tecum, St. Clare’s advised the infant-plaintiff that it had no written protocols or rules for delivery of infants in a footling breech presentation or for performance of a caesarean section. Dr. Zarkesh thereafter moved to dismiss the infant-plaintiff’s complaint for various procedural shortcomings, including the failure' to produce Dr. Nathan-son for a deposition; to arrange for an examination of plaintiff by a defense medical expert; and, to arrange for depositions of the orthopaedic and pediatric neurology experts. The case then settled, after which a hearing to approve the infant-plaintiffs settlement was held pursuant to R. 4:44-3. An order approving a settlement for $525,000 was signed on November 2,1994.
On January 25, 1995, the infant-plaintiff moved for vacation of the orders of dismissal so that he could amend his complaint to
On January 18, 1996, St. Clare’s moved for summary judgment on the basis of the entire controversy doctrine. The judge granted summary judgment and dismissed the infant-plaintiffs claims against the hospital with prejudice. In his ruling, he stated:
I’m going to grant the Motion for Summary Judgment---- I believe that the entire controversy doctrine does apply to this situation; that at least since 1992 ... the evidence that suggests a cause of action against the hospital was in the possession of the Plaintiff and it wasn’t until 1994 that somebody thought, as the case was being settled, that there might be a claim against the hospital.
I would think that that should have been the time that somebody would move to amend the Complaint rather than getting the ease fully settled, the whole case concluded, dismissals entered, and then bring the Motion.
... [T]his was a closed case____And certainly the entire controversy doctrine contemplates that where you know that you have a cause of action against a whole group of people and you — or you should know it because you have a report in hand, that you can’t wait and conclude the pending ease and then bring a Motion to reopen it.
... [T]here was knowledge [of a cause of action] and I think the Plaintiffs are charged with knowledge, at least as early as 1992 because that’s when the report was available. And I think looking at it in 1994 is too late.
The infant-plaintiff appeals. We reverse.
Rule 4:30A, which codifies the entire controversy doctrine, provides:
Non-joinder of claims or parties required to be joined by the entire controversy doctrine shall result in the preclusion of the omitted claims to the extent required by the entire controversy doctrine, except as otherwise provided by R. 4:64-5 (foreclosure actions) and R. 4:67-4(a) (leave required for counterclaims or cross-claims in summary actions).
Originally, the doctrine only required joinder of claims arising from “the same overall transaction” involving the parties previously named in the lawsuit. DiTrolio v. Antiles, 142 N.J. 253, 266,
The entire controversy doctrine embodies an effort to promote the goals of fairness to the parties and fairness to the system of judicial administration, as it requires, to the extent possible, that the adjudication of a legal controversy occur in one litigation and in one court. Joel v. Morrocco, 147 N.J. 546, 548, 688 A.2d 1036 (1997); Gelber v. The Zito Partnership, 147 N.J. 561, 565, 567, 688 A.2d 1044 (1997); Prevratil v. Mohr, 145 N.J. 180, 187, 678 A.2d 243 (1996); Circle Chevrolet, supra, 142 N.J. at 289, 662 A.2d 509; Cogdell, supra, 116 N.J. at 15, 560 A.2d 1169. It also requires that where a party has decided to hold back from an initial lawsuit a related component of the controversy, he should thereafter be barred from raising it in a subsequent proceeding. Wm. Blanchard Co. v. Beach Concrete Co., Inc., 150 N.J.Super. 277, 292-93, 375 A.2d 675 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 75 N.J. 528, 384 A.2d 507 (1977). Thus, the doctrine mandates that the “parties to a controversy before a court to assert all claims known to them that stem from the same transactional facts, even those against different parties.” Joel v. Morrocco, supra, 147 N.J. at 548, 688 A.2d 1036.
Particularly, the objectives sought to be fostered by the doctrine are: “(1) to encourage the comprehensive and conclusive determination of a legal controversy; (2) to achieve party fairness, including both parties before the court as well as prospective parties; and (3) to promote judicial economy and efficiency by avoiding fragmented, multiple and duplicative litigation.” Mystic Isle Dev. Corp. v. Perskie & Nehmad, 142 N.J. 310, 322, 662 A.2d
In deciding whether successive claims constitute one controversy for purposes of this doctrine, the focus is on whether the claims arise from related facts or the same transaction or series of transactions. DiTrolio, supra, 142 N.J. at 267, 662 A.2d 494. “It is the core set of facts that provides the link between distinct claims against the same or different parties and triggers the requirement that they be determined in one proceeding.” Id. at 267-68, 662 A.2d 494.
It is well recognized that the entire controversy doctrine does not bar related claims which were unknown, or had not arisen or accrued during the pendency of the original action. Milkap Corp. v. Industrial Constr. Co., Inc., 281 N.J.Super. 180, 185-86, 656 A.2d 1292 (App.Div.1995); Fisher v. Yates, 270 N.J.Super. 458, 469-70, 637 A.2d 546 (App.Div.1994); Cafferata v. Peyser, 251 N.J.Super. 256, 260, 597 A.2d 1101 (App.Div.1991). “The knowledge of the existence of a cause of action which will invoke the entire controversy doctrine is the same as the knowledge which will trigger the running of the statute of limitations in those cases to which the discovery rule of deferred accrual is applicable.” Circle Chevrolet Co. v. Giordano, Halleran & Ciesla, 274 N.J.Super. 405, 413, 644 A.2d 626 (App.Div.1994), aff'd, 142 N.J. 280, 662 A.2d 509 (1995) (quoting Cafferata, supra, 251 N.J.Super. at 260, 597 A.2d 1101). The discovery rule postpones the commencement of a cause of action until a plaintiff knows, or should have known, of facts which establish that an injury has occurred and that fault for that injury can be attributed to another. Lynch v. Rubacky, 85 N.J. 65, 70, 424 A.2d 1169 (1981); Mystic Isle, supra, 142 N.J. at 326, 662 A.2d 523 (where the Court held that a claim accrues for the purposes of the entire controversy doctrine when: “(1) the claimant suffers an injury or damage; and (2) the claimant knows or should know that its injury is attributable to professional negligence”).
Our concern over this case arises in a different context. As the infant-plaintiff correctly points out, “[t]he law is solicitous of infants.” See Zukerman v. Piper Pools, Inc., 232 N.J.Super. 74, 96, 556 A.2d 775 (App.Div.1989); M. v. K., 186 N.J.Super. 363, 371, 452 A.2d 704 (Ch.Div.1982). That is the reason underlying the legal requirement of judicial approval of an infant settlement by way of a “friendly” hearing. See R. 4:44-1 to 4:44-3; see also R. 4:48A By that approval, there is assurance that the infant’s interests have been protected and that a settling defendant is afforded some measure of repose. The repose ele
Protection of the infant’s interest in this context obviously involves assessment of whether the proffered settlement is commensurate with the settling defendant’s liability and, if so, whether it adequately compensates the infant for his past, present and future losses attributable to that defendant. To suggest that this is the sole purpose of the hearing, however, says too little. In our view, judicial approval of an infant settlement is also a vehicle to avoid a settlement which, although fair in itself, could deleteriously affect the infant’s ultimate interests in some other way. That said, and given the present existence of the entire controversy doctrine with its potential to extinguish otherwise viable liability claims, it seems to us that it is essential for the judge approving a settlement to inquire of the infant’s representatives as to existing but unfiled claims arising out of the same transaction as the litigation being settled. This inquiry should target potentially liable defendants, the claims against whom, though viable, may be lost unless filed while the settled litigation is still pending or otherwise preserved. Burrell v. Quaranta, 259 N.J.Super. 243, 250, 612 A.2d 379 (App.Div.1992). If such viable but unfiled claims
So long as the entire controversy doctrine exists in its present form, such a procedure serves its purposes by assuring fairness to all parties, judicial efficiency and the avoidance of piecemeal litigation. At the same time, it carries out the aims underlying the infant settlement approval procedure by looking beyond the four comers of the settlement and assuring preservation of meritorious claims against potentially liable defendants. In so doing, the procedure would avoid exactly the problem presented in this case.
The procedure we have outlined does not appear to have taken place here.
This quotation is taken from the certification of plaintiffs’ counsel. We were not provided with a copy of Dr. Nathanson’s report.
Additionally, it seems that there were two separate orders of dismissal entered, one as a result of defendant's earlier motion, and the other sua sponte by another judge; we have not been provided with copies of these orders.
The transcript of the settlement approval has been lost. However, in view of the fact that no party has suggested that the issue of St. Clare’s liability was in any way adverted to during the proceeding, we assume that it was not.