Lead Opinion
Statement by
John L. Rickard and John F.Welshaus, late partners under the name style and firm of Rickard & Welshaus, M. S. Ken-
“ In consideration whereof, forasmuch as your orators are remediless in the premises save by aid of a court of equity, they pray that the rents and profits of said real estate may be sequéstered and a receiver appointed for the same; that the value and annual rental value of the said real estate of the defendant John E. Schley, with the amount of liens thereon and their respective priorities, may be ascertained and that a*619 decree may be rendered for a sale of said real estate, or so much thereof as may be necessary to pay and satisfy said liens thereon, and for such further and general relief as may be consistent with equity and the case requires, and that they will ever pray, &c.”
It will be observed, that the relation of these twenty-six defendants other than Schley to the purposes and objects of this bill is not stated; and we can only guess at that relation by supposing that some of them are judgment-creditors of Schley and others deed of trust creditors and other’s trustees in deeds of trust given by Schley, as they are called trustees. But thisis of course a mere surmise, and their relations to the cause might be very different from this surmise. . '
This bill was demurred to by Schley; and on March 27, 1882, the demurrer was sustained by William II. Travers sitting as speeial judge. The ground, on which the demurrer was sustained, as stated in the decree sustaining it, was that there was a misjoinder of parties plaintiff, the bill showing that Kendal & Knode had only decrees against Schley as receiver or as late receiver, and these decrees, the court was of opinion, were not liens on the lands of Schley. Leave was given the plaintiffs to amend their bill. The bill was accordingly amended; and Kendal & Knode left out of the amended bill as plaintiffs, the only plaintiffs in it being Rickard & Welshaus ; but Schley and the same twenty-six others were made defendants. The amended bill alleged the same facts as the original bill omitting the statement about the decrees against Schley as receiver, but avoided an obvious defect in the original bill by showing the relation of each of these twenty-six defendants to the cause stating that they were judgment-creditors, or had liens on said tract of land by deeds of trust, or were trustees in these deeds of trust. This amended bill sets out in detail these various judgments and deeds of trust, and concludes by asking, “that the rents and profits of said real estate may be sequestered, and a receiver be appointed for that purpose; that the value and annual rental value of the said real estate of the defendant John E. Schley, and which is all the real estate said Schley owns or is possessed of in this county and State, with the amount and character of the liens thereon and their respective priorities, may be ascer
Another amended bill was filed simply giving the names of the members of a firm made parties-detendants by the bill and the names of the administrators of one of the defendants, who had died; and it asks that these parties may be made defendants. . Demurrers by Schley to these amended bills were overruled.
On May 29,1883, this cause was by a decree referred to Forrest W. Brown, a commissioner in chancery, with instructions to ascertain and report, first, the real estate of which the defendant John E. Schley is seized and possessed; second, the value and anniral rental value of said real estate ; third, to-audit all the liens on said real estate, stating their character and respective priorities. TJnder this decree a report was made by the commissioner which by a decree of November 29, 1884, was recommitted to him without the court’s talcing any action upon it and with instructions to execute the above decree. And on February 9,1885, the commissioner having-proceeded in all respects properly to execute the duty imposed on him returned his report. I give below the conclusion of this report adding to it simply the dates when the liens ot each of the lienors were docketed. These dates are taken from portions of the report, which I have not deemed it necessary to state.
*621 
The only exception taken to this report was the one taken by Isaac Fouke audtlie other creditors, in whose favor there were sums decreed to be paid in said decree ot April 29,1876, a copy of which was returned with said report. That decree was rendered by the circuit court of Jefferson on April 24, 1876, in four causes heard together, which causes arc put below at the head of said decree which was as follows:
“James W. Grantham and others, Plaintiffs, Against “Henry Blackford and others, Defendants, In Chancery.
“Henry Blackford and others, Plaintiffs Against “Martin Grove and others, Defendants, In Chancery.
“Evelina Moler, Plaintiff, Against “Fouke and Blackburn, Sp'l Com’rs, Def’ts. In Chancery.
*622 “These causes coming on again to be heard together upon the papers formerly read in the cause, and upon the recommitted report of Commissioner Cleon Moore, of date April 24, 1876, returned and filed April 26, 1876; and there being-no exceptions to said report, the same is approved and confirmed ; and it appearing from said report that the amount iu the hands of John E. Schley, late receiver, of the funds in these causes on August 1, 1876, will be the sum of $3,691.65, it is adjudged, ordered and decreed that the said John E. Schley do retain the sum of $73.82 for his commissions as receiver, and that he do out of the sum of $222.80 retained' for that purpose, pay any costs taxed by the clerk which have not heretofore been paid, to those interested in the same, as ordered by previous decree in the cause and to Cleon Moore, commissioner, the sum of $35.00 for his report, and to Isaac Eouke the sum of $75.00 for his fee in collecting the debt against W. G. Butler, &c., and that then on August 1, 1876, he do pay to the several paternal heirs of Wm. Grove, deceased, or their attorneys acting under power of attorney, the several sums severally appropriated to them.”
Then follows in said decree the names of upwards of 200 persons, to whom were apportioned severally the sums named in connection with each name severally. These sums varied from ninety-four cents to $469.26. This decree concludes as follows :
“And it is iurther adjudged, ordered and decreed that in case ot the death of any of the persons before receiving the amounts herein decreed them the said John E. Schley shall and he is hereby ordered to make payments to the legal representatives of such persons or their attorneys acting under power of attorney in the same manner as it the persons were living to receive the same, and it appearing from a former report in the cause, and by the decree rendered on the-day of November, 1872, that James W. Glenn administrator of Wm. Grove, deceased, holds the several refunding bonds of Catherine Kuode, William Blackfoot and Helen Douglass each for a lager amount than the sums herein severally decreed said several parties ; it is hereby adjudged, ordered and decreed that John E. Schley the late receiver do pay to the said Janies W, Glenn the several amounts herein*623 severally decreed said Catharine Knode, ¥m, Blackford and Helen Douglass, same to be credited by said James W. Glenn on the said several refunding bonds. And it being suggested to the court that certain other tunds in addition to those hereinbefore distributed in the hands of the late general, receiver John E. Schley, due distributees in these causes directed to be paid under a former decree of distribution, have not yet been so paid by said receiver, to the parties entitled thereto, by reason of errors .in the names of certain distributees as reported and because a detailed statement of the names of all distributees entitled,-were not then reported and stated in the decree. And it now appearing that said errors in names have been corrected, and a detailed statement of the distributees has been made in said report of commissioner Cleon Moore, it is adjudged, ordered and decreed that John E. Schley, receiver, do forthwith distribute and pay said sums heretofore ordered to be paid respectively to the parties entitled thereto, in accordance with the corrected names and detailed statement of distributees ascertained and reported in said Cleon Moore’s report, and hereinbefore stated in decree.”
The exceptions of Isaac Fouke and the other creditors named in this decree were not bled in the commissioner’s office but wrere filed at the June term of the circuit court of Jefferson county before the hearing of the cause, which was on June 10, 1885. This decree was rendered by A. E. Kenedy special judge, who had been duly elected and qualified, and was as follows :
“ This cause came on again on June 10, 1885, upon the papers formerly read, and the report of commissioner Forrest W. Brown returned and filed in the cause on February 9, 1885, the exceptions to said report endorsed thereon in court by Isaac Fouke and was argued by counsel; on consideration whereof the court is of opinion to overrule said exception, and doth confirm said report in omnibus. And it appearing from said commissioner’s report that the real estate of which the defendant John E. Schley is seized consists of 351 acres of land valued at $55.00 per acre, equal to $19,635.00, and the rental value thereof is $900.00 per annum, and that the liens binding upon said real estate amount in the aggregate to*624 $23,034.44, including interest to January 16,1885, and costs and that therefore a sale of said realty to satisfy said liens will be necessai’y, the court doth adjudge, order and decree that unless the said John E. Schley or some-one for him shall within sixty days from the date of this decree pay to the several parties entitled or in the hands of the general receiver of the court, the amount of the debts so audited as liens upon his land as aforesaid.” •
Then follows the appointment of commissioners of sale, who are in the usual and proper mode directed to sell said land of John E.' Schley. From this decree and the decree of March 27, 1882, sustaining the demurrer to the original bill Tsaac Foukc and most of the parties, to whom sums were decreed in the above decree against Schley, receiver, obtained an appeal to the first of said decrees and an appeal and mper-sedeas to the last.
Opinion by
The first question presented by this record is : Is the decree of the circuit court of Jefferson of April 29, 1876, against John E. Schley, the then late receiver of the circuit court of Jefferson, in favor of more than two hundred persons severally for various sums of money from ninety-four cents to $469.26 to be paid at a future day, August 1, 1876, a lien on the lands of said John E. Schley then owned by him ? The circuit court of Jefferson was of opinion, that it was not, and therefore on demurrer by Schley to the original bill, which was a creditor’s bill, to subject the lands of Schley to sale to satisfy the judgment-liens and other liens upon them, the court sustained the demurrer, because two of the plaintiffs in the bill were parties who had only this decree in their favor against Schley as general receive)’, and they were united as plaintiffs with parties who were judgment-creditors against Schley individually. This the circuit court regarded as a misjoinder of plaintiffs, these two plaintiffs, who had only this decree against Schley as receiver, being regarded by the court as thereby acquiring no lien on the lands of Schley.
Originally no decree of a court of chancery of any kind was a lien upon the lands of the defendant debtor nor could
But at a very early day it seemed to the Legislature of Virginia to be right, not only that courts of equity should have the power of carrying their decrees into execution, but that such execution ought to be had by the most direct, simple and efficacious means. As early as 1787 an act was passed, that after a final decree of a court of chancery for lands, slaves, money or things of a specific nature the parties obtaining such decree might issue any appropriate writ of execution thoreou, a ft. fa., cci. set., elegit, or any other writ, which could be issued on a like judgment in a common law court. And by an act passed January 23, 1798, like writs of execution in like cases might be issued on interlocutory' decrees. This law was greatly changed in the code, 1849, by the provisions to be found in Tittle 58, oh. 186 to 189 inclusive. Chapter 189, secs. 1 and 2 were as follows (page 708 of Code of 1849):
“ 1. A decree for land or specific personal property and a decree or order requiring the payment of money, shall have the effect of a judgment for such land property or money and be embraced by the word ‘judgment’ when used in any chapter under'this title. But a party may proceed to carry into execution a decree or order in chancery other than for the payment of money, as he might have done if this and the following sections had not been enacted.
“ 2. The persons entitled to the benefit of any decree or order requiring the payment of money shall be deemed*626 judgment creditors, though the money be required to be paid into a court, or a bank, or other place of deposit. In such case, au execution on the decree or order shall make such recital thereof, and of the parties to it, as may be necessary to designate the case; and if a time he specified in the decree or order, within which the payment is to be made, the execution shall not issue until the expiration of that time.”
The sixth section of said ch. 186 of Code of 1849, p. 709 provided that “ every judgment for money rendered in this State heretofore or hereafter shall be a lien on all the real estate of or to which such person shall be possessed or entitled at or after the date of such judgment or if it was rendered in court at or after the commencement of the term at which it was rendered ” with an exception in reference to judgments rendered prior to July 1, 1850, when this Code went into effect.
These provisions of the Code of Virginia of 1849 have ever since been in force both in Virginia and West Virginia (Code of W. Va. ch. 139, secs. 1, 2 and 5, Warth’s Code pp. 772-773). Of course since this statute-law went into effect a decree of a chancery court against a party personally has been a lien on his lands, just as the judgments of a common law court against him personally are a lien on his land. But whether a decree or order requiring the payment of money by a commissioner of sale or by a receiver general or special out of funds in his hands, whether such payment is required to be made irnmediately or at a certain fixed period in the future, is to have the effect of a judgment and be a lien on the lands of such commissioner of sale or general or special receiver has never been decided in this State, though it has been decided in Virginia under the same statute-law, that a decree entered directing a commissioner of sale out of funds reported in his hands to pay certain creditors named has under said secs. 1 aud 2 the effect -of a judgment and is a lien on the lands of such commissioner of sale (Lee v. Simpson, 76 Va. 173). The reasoning, by which this conclusion was reached, would necessarily' give to a decree or order directing a receiver to pay money reported to be in his hands to certain creditors the effect of a judgment and make it a lien on all the lands of such general receiver. The follow
“The contention is that the decree against Sydnor as commissioner, requiring the money to be paid by him out of the funds in his hands, imposes no personal liability, and does not constitute a lien on the real estate of the said Syd-nor. We think the word ‘commissioner’ upon familiar principles, does not give character to the decree, and may be rejected as surplusage. The directions to pay the money ‘out of the funds reported in hishaads’ was not intended to restrict the personal liabilities of the defendant, but was a mere statement or recital of the reason or grounds upon wffiich the court proceeded in entering up the decree at that time. It was so understood by the parties interested, for immediately upon the adjournment of the court they proceeded to have the decree- regularly docketed, and it certainly was so understood by the court itself. We need not however trouble ourselves to discuss this point, as every difficulty on the subject is removed by the provisions ot our statutes. Secs. 1 and 2 of ch. 18, Code of 1873, declare that a decree or order requiring the payment of money shall have the effect of a judgment for such money and be embraced by the parol ‘judgment’ where used in any chapter under that title. The persons entitled to the benefit of such decree or order lor the payment of money shall be deemed judgment creditors, although the money bo required to be paid into court, or a bank, or other place of deposit, and may be enforced by execution; Sec. 6 declares every judgment for money rendered in this State, theretofore or thereafter rendered, shall be a lien on all real estate from or to which such person shall be possessed or entitled at or after the date of such judgments. We are of opinion that under the operation of these provisions it' is very clear that the decree of May, 1875, constituted a valid lien upon the lands of Sydnor.”
It is apparent from this, that the Virginia court of appeals thought, that entirely independently of these sections land 2, which are also in force in'this State, a decree, that Alexander Sydnor, commissioner, out of the funds reported in Ids hands do pay a certain sqm to a certain person was aper^
It i s not necessary to discuss this question in this case; but 1 will refer to a few Virginia cases decided prior to 1850, which, I think, when duly considered will show, that this reasoning and conclusion of Judge Staples can not be sustained (Endors v. Board of Public Works et al. and Same v. Robinson, et al., 1 Gratt. 364; Gibson v. White & Company, 3 Munf. 98). These causes appear to go even further than was necessary to go in order to reach the conclusion, that prior to July 1, 1850, a decree to pay money out of a particular fund in an officer’s hands was not a personal decree; for though rendered against one, who was not an officer of the court, these causes seem to hold that such a decree could not be enforced by execution and therefore did not create a lien on the defendants’ property. But it seems to me that this was all changed by sections 1 and 2 of ch. 186 of the Code of Virginia, p. 708 quoted above and which are the first and second sections of ch. 139 of Code of W. Va., ( Warth’s code p. 772) which obviously made .many kinds of orders and decrees of a chancery court the equivalent of common law judgments and capable of being enforced in like manner, which no one would have considered as decrees, on which execution could issue, or which created liens on the debtor’s land prior to that time. No one for instance would have regarded money required to be paid into court -by a
All this is expressly changed by this second section above quoted; and after it went into effect on July 1, 1850, an execution could issue on any such orders, and being regarded by the express provisions of said 1st and 2nd sections as having the effect of judgments they of course created a lien on the lands of the party ordered to pay the money into court or into bank or to some other party at a future time. If then the legislature thought proper to make so great a revolution in our law on this subject, I can see no sound reason, why we should exclude from its operations orders or decrees on officers ot the court having funds in their hands, the words of these sections being broad enough to include them. It is true, that such orders had never been regarded as the equivalent of judgments, on which an execution would issue; but it is also true, as we have seen, that many of the other orders made the equivalent of judgments were never so regarded before, though made or parties to the cause. To my mind it is obvious, that the legislature in enacting these first and second sections designedly used language broad enough to cover orders on officers of the court to pay out
This is exactly the character of the decree aforesaid of April 27, 1876. The report of the commissioner, on which this decree was based, distinctly shows, that the funds decreed to be paid were then in the hands of John E. Schley, the late receiver of the court, and the calculation of interest was made to August 15, 1876, for convenience only, but though this report is copied into the record, it constitutes no part of it, and we can not look at it, as it was obviously not before the court below, when it acted in this cause. But on the face of said decree of April 27, 1876, it sufficiently appears, that the funds decreed to be paid out on August 1,1876, were then in the hands of John E. Schley and were not funds to be by him thereafter received. The following are the words of the
But it is insisted by the appellees’ counsel, that if this be the true interpretation of secs. 1 and 2 of ch. 139 oí the Code, then these sections are unconstitutional, as they violate 'the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, rvhieh provides: “ No State shall deprive any person of life liberty or property without due process of lawthat as the receiver or commissioner of sale or other officer of the court is no party to the cause, in which he holds funds, he can not be bound by any decree ordering him to pay out funds in his hands; and that if such decrees or orders are to be regarded as judgments and enforced by the sale of the officer’s property real or personal, then he will be deprived of his property without due process of law.
Now I do not by due process of law- when applied to suits understand, that no person can be deprived of
The circuit court ought not to have sustained the demurrer to the original bill in this cause, as it did, because there was a misjoinder of plaintiffs in the bill; for on its face it showed, that all the plaintiffs had judgment-liens on the lands arising from common law judgments or decrees, which the statute-law provided should have the effect of judgments. But this demurrer ought to have been sustained on another ground. For though the bill on its face shows, that the plaintiffs knew, that there were many liens on the land of the defendant, Schley, both by deeds of trust and judgments, yet they made no one but Schley a defendant in. any proper manner instead of making all the lienors other than those, who were plaintiffs, defendants properly, as they should have done. It is true process issued against twenty-six others besides Schley as defendants in this cause, and they are so called in the bill, but not a word is said about them in the bill, and we cannot learn from it, why these twenty-six persons were called defendants and summoned more than any other twenty-six 'persons having no connection Avith the cause. The court might properly for this reason have sustained the demurrer to the original bill and have given leave to file an amended bill. (See Moseley v. Cocke,7 Leigh 224). The amended bill corrected this error and showed the interest of these twenty-six defendants in the cause as parties having liens upon the land asked to be sold or as trustees
It is claimed that these parties never did become parties to this cause, nor were any of the appellants, because the commissioner’s report does not show, that this decree of April 27, 1879, of the circuit court of Jefferson was presented to him, while he was auditing the liens against the land of Schley. This claim of the appellent’s counsel is based on the indefinite character of the statement of the commissioner in his report in reference to this decree. He says a decree against John E. Schley as general receiver has been presented to your commissioner, but has not been audited, as the commissioner does not consider it a lien upon the real estate of John E. Schley. This certainly would be so vague, that no one could thereby be regarded as made a party to the cause. But the commissioner adds: “A copy of this decree is herewith returned” and a copy of the decree of April 27, 1876, against John E. Schley is in the record and must be regarded as returned with this report, as the copy of no other decree is in the record. This makes this vague statement of the commissioner in his report perfectly definite and all the appellants parties to this cause.
Ought the court to have sustained the exception filed by Isaac Eouke for himself and other judgment-creditors named in said decree, because the commissioner refused to audit the same ? It is insisted by the counsel for the appellee, that this exception ought to have been overruled, because it was not filed, while the report was before the commissioner, and not until it had been returned to the court. The law on this subject is well settled. By the acts of 1882, page 108 § 7 (Warth’s Coded). 129, § 7 page 718) the commissioner is required, after his report is complete, to retain it ten days in his office for exceptions; and if exceptions are filed, while the report is in his office, the commissioner must return the
In the ease before us the court, before it referred the cause to the commissioner, had decided, that this decree of April 27, 1876, ordering John E. Schley to pay to the appellants severally various sums of money gave them no lien on the real estate of said Schley. This was done when the demurrer to the bill was sustained. As a matter of course therefore the commissioner in auditing the liens had to refuse to audit any liens in favor of the appellants based on this decree, as he states in his report be did; and of course any evidence relative to the amount of these rejected claims or any evidence in reference to their payment would have been entirely irrelevant to the matter referred to the commissioner to ascertain; and. this report on its face shows, that these liens claimed by the appellants by virtue of this decree were rejected, because they never were liens and for no other rea
But in the exception filed by Isaac Fouke and the other parties,[to whom Schley was by this decree ordered to pay money, they insist that the commissioner erred not only in not aubliting their claims as liens but also in not including them in class No, 2. This class consisted of Frank W. Muz-zey alone; and his claim to be a lienor on this farm of Schley was, that Schley had executed to II. II. Blackburn, trustee, on April 30,1872, on which day it was duly recorded, a deed of trust on this farm to indemnify Bylmyer & Miller, his sureties upon a receiver’s bond, in the penalty of $25,-000.00 ; and they had been compelled as his sureties to pay a judgment against Schley as receiver, which with interest and costs amounted, when the commissioner’s report was made, to $725.17; and that their right and claim to demand the re-páymeut of this by Schley had been assigned to him, Muzzey. The appellants claim, that said Bylmyer & Miller were also sureties for Schley, general receiver, for his default in not paying to them the various sums decreed them by the said decree of April 27, 1876; and that Bylmyer & Miller were also indemnified against any loss as sureties of Schley by reason of this decree of August 27, 1876, by said deed of trust given by Schley dated April 30, 1872; and as it appears, that Schley is insolvent, and that for the various sums decreed against him in favor of the appellants said securities are now responsible with no hope of the same ever being paid by their principal, the appellants have the same right to have these sums paid, as the said Bylmyer & Miller, and by substitution and in the same order, that is, as lienors • of date April 30, 1872; and that therefore all the claims of the appellants should have been audited in class No. 2.
It is highly probable, that in point of fact this claim of the appellants is just; but that is amere surmise. It is obviously a claim, which might have been affected by extrinsic evidence taken before the commissioner and not returned with his report. We only know from said decree of April 27, 1876,
But as no enquiry as to the amount due to the several parties from John E. Schley under the decree of April 27, 1876, has ever been made and could not have been properly made under the former reference to the commissioner, as the.court had decided they were not liens, it would be proper, before a sale of said property is made, to have an enquiry made as to the amount still due from Schley under the decree of April 27, 1876; and though the various sums decreed against Schley in favor of various parties do not bear interest on the face of the decree, yet interest must be calculated on all of them from August 1, 1876; for our law provides that “every judgment or decree for the payment of money, except where it is othenvise provided by lawq shall bear interest from the date thereof, whether it be so stated-in the judgment or decree or not.” (Code of W. Va. ch. 131, § 18.) The circuit court
The sale of the defendant John E. Schley’s land should not be delayed to ascertain, to whom each of the sums decreed to be paid by him by this decree of April 27, 1876, is now coming, it will suffice to ascertain the amount now due from him under this decree including interest on the various sums from August 1, 1876. The court should after the sale of the defendant Schley’s land make such provision for the payment ot the amount due under this decree of April 27, 1876, to the parties then entitled to it, as it shall deem proper.
I am therefore of opinion, that the decree of the circuit court of Jefferson county dated June 10,1885, should be set aside, revoked and annulled, and the appellants should recover of the appellees their costs in this Court expeuded, and this cause should be remanded to the circuit court of Jefferson county tobe further proceeded with according to the principles laid down in this opinion and further according to the principles governing courts of equity.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur in the opinion aud syllabus with the following explanation : T have no doubt of the constitutionality of secs. 1 and 2 of ch. 139 of the Code, as it is of course understood, that no judgment or decree could be entered under said sections without due process of law. The officers of the court, before sqcb an order to pay money, which is fo hare the force
This explanation I deem proper, because some of the language used by Judge Green is, as I think, liable to be misunderstood. This I understand was the- opinion of my brethren who concurred in the opinion.
Revebsed. Remanded.