67 Wash. 444 | Wash. | 1912
This action was commenced in the superior court for Pierce county, to recover damages for personal injuries which the plaintiff alleges resulted to him from the operation of one of the street cars belonging to the defendant Tacoma Railway & Power Company. A trial before the court and a jury resulted in a verdict and judgment in favor of the plaintiff, from which the defendants have appealed.
Appellant Tacoma Railway & Power Company is the owner of an electric street railway system in the city of Tacoma. Appellant A. B. Justice was, on the 27th day of July, 1910, an employee of the company in charge of one of its street cars as motorman, when respondent was struck and injured by the car at the crossing of South 52d and M streets in the city. The negligence charged against appellants is, in substance," that the car was being run at an excessive and unlawful rate of speed, and without any warning' of its approach to the crossing until too late to enable respondent to
The first and principal contention made by counsel for appellants is that the trial court erred in denying their motions for an instructed verdict and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. This involves their right to have a determination of the cause in their favor upon the evidence as a matter of law, and we will first notice the facts upon which this question must be determined.
The evidence is not free from conflict, but a careful reading of the entire record convinces us that the evidence was sufficient to warrant the jury in regarding the following facts as established thereby. One of the company’s lines is a double track street railway running north and south on M street, where it crosses South 52d street. This crossing is in a somewhat thickly populated residence district of the city. At the northwest comer of this crossing is a grocery store building fronting directly upon M street. This is a crossing at which very frequent stops are made by the cars for the purpose of letting off and taking on passengers. The cars run north upon the east track and south upon the west track. Respondent was familiar with the locality and the manner of operating cars there. ' He had resided for a considerable time some two blocks to the west of the crossing, and was accustomed to go from his home along the south sidewalk of 52d street to take north-bound cars, which, according to custom, stopped at the north sidewalk crossing.
On the morning of July 27, 1910, respondent started from his home to take a north-bound car. He had proceeded but a short distance when he saw a north-bound car coming some distance to the south. He then increased his pace, walking very fast, and also i*unning at least a part of the distance, in order to reach the car when it would stop at the north side
He did not look for the coming of the north-bound car after he was about 45 feet from the track, but hurriedly proceeded on his way, evidently thereafter intent only on reaching the north-bound car before it started from the north sidewalk crossing where he expected it to stop. He does not remember of hearing any warning, by bell or whistle, of the approach of the south-bound car. This may be accounted for by the noise of the other car coming to a stop and the rapid succession of events then occurring, though it seems highly probable that a bell warning was given from the south-bound car about the time it passed the north sidewalk crossing and the other car which was there. Such signal was, in any event, given only a very short time before respondent was struck, and while the car was moving very fast.
There was then in force in the city of Tacoma an ordinance of the city regulating the speed of street cars within the city limits, which limited the speed of cars upon double-track lines in this part of the city to twenty miles per hour. For the purpose of showing the duty of the motorman in controlling his car while passing over crossings and passing other cars while stopped to let off and take on passengers at crossings, respondent called the superintendent of the company as a witness, who was interrogated and answered as follows:
“Q. I will ask you to state whether or not the company had any rules relative to the operation of a street car in passing*454 another car standing at a crossing taking on passengers, or just going up to the crossing for the purpose of taking on and letting off passengers? A. Yes, sir. Q. I will ask you what that rule was ? A. Cars passing another car, discharging or loading passengers are required to reduce speed and sound gong. Q. Reduce the speed to what? A. What the motorman would consider a safe rate of speed. . .' . Q. Would that be for the purpose of enabling him to stop and avoid injuries to people who might get in front of his car? A. Yes, that is the idea. Q. The object of that rule is to protect passengers who are going to or are taking the other car? A. It is not altogether; people might be crossing the street and a view of the passing car obstructed by the standing car; that is a rule that is for the safety of any one, pedestrians, horses or passengers or any one else. Q. For the protection of the public generally? A. Yes, sir. Q. There is no particular speed to which it is reduced? A. No, sir.”
We note this evidence, not for the purpose of indicating a violation of rules of the company, but as throwing light upon the question of appellants’ negligence in the operation of the car at this point, and as indicating what might be expected from the operation of the car, by a person of ordinary prudence approaching the crossing at that time.
The evidence being sufficient to warrant the jury in believing these facts, argument seems unnecessary to demonstrate that the question of appellants’ negligence was for the jury to determine. The speed of the car, the presence of the street crossing, the presence of the other car stopped at the crossing to let off and take on passengers, the delay in any attempt to check the speed of the car until it was practically upon the crossing at the side of the other car, and the delay in giving any signal of its approach until about that time, it seems to us leaves nothing to be argued upon the question of appellants’ negligence, except such argument as might be properly addressed to the jury. Clearly, this branch of the case does not present a question of law for the court to decide. Indeed, the argument of learned counsel for appellants gives but little attention to their negligence,
' It is insisted that respondent’s failure to look north along M street, where he could have observed the approaching car after he had first looked in that direction from a point about 45 feet from the track, was so plainly contributory negligence on his part that the court should decide, as a matter of law, that he is precluded from recoArering damages for the injuries he received even though appellants were negligent. In the early case of McQuillan v. Seattle, 10 Wash. 464, 38 Pac. 1119, 45 Am. St. 799, this court expressed its views upon the question of contributory negligence being generally one for the jury, as follows:
“Generally the question of contributory negligence is for the jury to determine from all the facts and circumstances of the particular case, and it is only in rare cases that the court is justified in withdrawing it from the jury. . . .
“There are two classes of cases in which the question of negligence may be determined by the court as a conclusion of law, but we think the case in hand does not fall within either of them. The first is Avhere the circumstances of the Case are such that the standard of duty is fixed, and the measure of duty defined, by law, and is the same under all circumstances. . . . And the second is where the facts are undisputed and but one reasonable inference can be draAvn from them. ... If different results might be honestly reached by different minds, then negligence is not a question of law, but one of fact for the jury.”
And in the case of Traver v. Spokane St. R. Co., 25 Wash. 225, 65 Pac. 284, even stronger language was used as follows :
“The great weight of authority is to the effect that, before a court will be justified in taking from the jury the question of contributory negligence, the acts done must be so palpably negligent that there can be no two opinions concerning them.”
This doctrine has been adhered to and variously expressed in many other decisions of this court. Steele v. Northern
It is a matter of some interest, as well as- of value in this connection, to notice the reason of this, and ask ourselves why it is more rare for a case to be taken from the jury upon the ground of contributory negligence than upon the ground of want of proof of the defendant’s negligence? Contributory negligence involves the consideration of affirmative proof of such negligence. It is not something that meets the plaintiff’s right to recovery by a mere assertion of it on the part of a defendant. It is not a denial; but an affirmation which requires proof before it is of any effect. Hence, when a court decides, as a matter of law, that an injured plaintiff is precluded from recovering damages for his injury, because of his own negligence contributing thereto', the court is in effect deciding that facts have been affirmatively proven which conclusively show, as a matter of law, such contributory negligence. It is not easy to see why the question of plaintiff’s contributory negligence should be decided by the court as a matter of law in the affirmative, under any different circumstances or required degree of proof than that the question of defendant’s negligence should be decided by the court as a matter of law in the affirmative. It is true that the affirmative proof need not necessarily come from defendant’s evidence. It may appear in the plaintiff’s evidence. The question, nevertheless, involves an affirmative finding in order to be decided as a matter of law in defendant’s favor. This is quite a different matter from withdrawing a case from the jury because of the failure of required affirmative proof to sustain a claimed right. In 1 Thompson on Negligence, § 425, that learned author observes:
“Contributory Negligence Generally a Question of Fact*457 for the Jury. — As we shall see, the statement is often loosely made in judicial opinions that negligence is generally a question of fact for the jury; whereas, the true rule, so far as there can be any rule, is that whether there has been contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff is a question for the jury, under the same circumstances and subject to the same limitations as the question whether there has been negligence on the part of the defendant. Loose expressions, often found in judicial opinions, to the effect that contributory negligence is generally a question for a jury, are concessions to the obvious principle that whether a man, woman, or child has used, in a particular situation, the care which such persons ordinarily use, or whether they have, under the circumstances, used reasonable care, or acted reasonably, is a question which, as a general rule, is better determined by twelve men, on a comparison of their experience, than by a single legal scholar on the bench.”
At § 433 the author makes further observations of interest along this line of thought. It would indeed be a remarkable case that would call for a directed verdict against a defendant upon the ground that his negligence had been so conclusively proven as to enable the court to so decide as a matter of law; and yet there seems to be no more reason for expecting such disposition of personal injury cases occasionally against a defendant, than to expect directed verdicts against a plaintiff by reason of his contributory negligence. Both involve an affirmative showing of negligence against an equally strong presumption to the contrary. These observations suggest the exercise of great caution in deciding, as a matter of law, that a defendant is guilty of contributory negligence.
Now, in view of the facts we have summarized as occurring in this case, can the minds of reasonable men differ upon the question of the contributory negligence of respondent in proceeding towards and across the track without looking to the north, the direction from which he knew a car might come, after he had passed a point 45 feet from the track? This question cannot be determined by any hard and fast rules. The law does not fix, with any degree of exactness, the meas
“The degree of care required in crossing a highway and steam railway, in looking up and down the track, is not necessarily the test of care required in crossing the track of a street railway on a public street. Failure to- look and listen before crossing the tracks of an electric railway in a public street, where the cars have not the exclusive right of way, is not negligence as a matter of law.”
In the very recent case of Morris v. Seattle, Renton & Southern R. Co., 66 Wash. 691, 120 Pac. 534, this rule is again recognized, and numerous- other decisions of this court cited in support thereof. The evidence was sufficient to warrant the jury’s believing that the appellant looked from a point 45 feet from the track, and could see only about 200 feet north along the track, and did not see any car approaching from that direction. This fact would in no event require any greater degree of care on his part than as if he had seen a car approaching 200 feet away. That is, he was warranted in governing his actions as if he saw a car approaching at that distance. He surely was not proceeding in the face of any greater hazard than that condition would suggest to him. This court has held that a pedestrian is justified in ordering his movements upon the assumption that street cars will be operated, not only in conformity with local
“The unlawful speed at which the car was being operated has a bearing upon the question of plaintiff’s contributory negligence, for he had a right to assume when he started to*460 cross the street, having seen the car approaching a block away, that it was running at a lawful rate of speed, and, if he could cross the track in safety before the car could' reach him coming at that rate of speed, he was not chargeable with contributory negligence, unless he had become aware that it was running at a higher rate of speed. It was necessary for plaintiff to walk only about thirty feet in a diagonal direction to cross the track, and it is not contended that, had the car been approaching at a speed not exceeding eight miles an hour, he would not have been across the track and out of danger before the car reached the street crossing.
“The general claim for defendant, made in argument, is that plaintiff must have known that the car was coming at a rapid rate on account of the dust and noise to which his companions, as witnesses, testified, and that it was his duty to look out for danger before he went upon the .track; but, if, as a matter of fact, plaintiff, having observed the car a block distant, proceeded to do that which would have been safe if the car was going at a lawful rate of speed, it certainly was not conclusively contributory negligence on his part that he did not stop before reaching the track to make another observation of the car, unless he was aware that the danger was greater than that which he had cause to anticipate from his first observation.”
That decision is valuable as showing how the solution of the question of respondent’s contributory negligence does not depend alone upon his own acts, but that such question may be largely influenced by the negligence of appellants. This is not the doctrine of comparative negligence, which seems to be repudiated by most of the courts. It simply involves the right of respondent to govern his actions in the light of such actions on the part of appellants as a reasonably prudent person in his situation would anticipate. Kansas City-Leavenworth R. Co. v. Gallagher, 68 Kan. 424, 75 Pac. 469, 64 L. R. A. 344.
Counsel for appellants call our attention to, and particularly rely upon, the following decisions of this court: Skinner v. Tacoma R. & Power Co., 46 Wash. 122, 89 Pac. 488; Helliesen v. Seattle Elec. Co., 56 Wash. 278, 105 Pac. 458;
The court instructed the jury touching the doctrine of last clear chance, in substance, that although they might believe that respondent was guilty of negligence, if they should believe that the motorman in charge of the car saw respondent’s dangerous position and could thereafter have prevented the accident, but failed to do so, that the verdict should be for the plaintiff, because the motorman was obliged' to exercise a reasonable degree of care to prevent the accident after seeing respondent’s dangerous position, although he may have been negligent in getting in the way of the car. It is not contended but that this is correct as an abstract proposition of law, but that there is no evidence justifying the giving of any such instruction. It may be conceded, for the sake of argument, that the instruction upon this subject was technically erroneous, because it appears- from the evidence that the motorman did exercise all possible efforts to prevent injuring respondent after he discovered respondent’s dangerous position. This instruction might be considered prejudicially erroneous if it were not for the fact that the record affirmatively shows that it was not prejudicial. Certain special interrogatories were submitted to the j ury touching respondent’s contributory negligence. Among others was the following interrogatory and' the jury’s answer thereto:
“Q. Did the plaintiff in approaching the track upon which he was struck, and in going upon same, exercise the same degree of care and diligence as would have been exercised' by an ordinarily careful and prudent man having due regard for his own safety under similar circumstances and conditions? A. Yes.”
This, we think, conclusively shows that the jury did not consider, and were not in the least misled by, this technically erroneous instruction. Having found that respondent was not negligent, the jury, of course, gave no consideration to the question of the circumstances under which he might have
The court, among others, gave the jury the following instruction :
“You are instructed that as the plaintiff approached the street car track at the point of the accident he had a right to presume that no street car would be run along such track in violation of the ordinances or laws governing the rate of speed of cars at that point; and while this presumption that the defendants would not run a car at an unlawful rate of speed, if it was so run, would not relieve the plaintiff of the obligation to exercise due care for his own safety, yet it is a circumstance which you may take into consideration in determining what is due care under such conditions, and in determining whether the plaintiff did all that an ordinary, prudent man would have done under similar circumstances to escape injury in case the law had been obeyed.”
It is insisted that this instruction is prejudicially erroneous as against appellants. It is first contended that it is so because respondent did not testify that he knew that there were any ordinances or laws governing the speed of cars, nor that he relied upon the fact that a car would not exceed the speed limit. Counsel argue that the speed-limit ordinance can avail respondent nothing, because he is not shown to have been relying upon it as a matter of fact. We think, however, that it was proper for the jury to understand that respondent had a right to presume that the ordinance was not being violated and that respondent knew of the existence of the ordinance; this upon the theory that all persons are presumed to know the local laws. It has been doubted that evidence is admissible to prove that an injured person, as a matter of fact, knew of the existence of such an ordinance. Moore v. Chicago, St. Paul & K. C. R. Co., 102 Iowa 595, 71 N. W. 569; Eckhard v. St. Louis Transit Co., 190 Mo. 593, 89 S. W. 602. In the latter case the court said, “Deceased had a right to presume that the defendant would obey
Some contention is made that the instruction as a whole has the effect of taking from the jury the consideration of the question of respondent’s contributory negligence and permitting him to recover in any event if the speed of the car was unlawful. We think a careful reading of the instruction will not support such contention, as the court therein plainly told the jury that, while respondent was entitled to presume that defendants’ car would be kept within the ordinance speed limit, yet if such limit was exceeded, respondent would not thereby be relieved of the obligation to exercise due care. Indeed, it is plain that that presumption was stated by the court to the jury only as a circumstance bearing upon the question of respondent’s due care. We conclude that the instruction was not erroneous.
Other instructions requested by counsel for appellants were refused by the court, upon which error was assigned. An examination of these, however, convinces us that they were embodied in instructions which were given by the court, in so far as appellants were entitled to have them given. We do not think they call for further discussion. We are of the opinion that the evidence was such that neither the question of appellants’ negligence nor of respondent’s contributory negligence could be decided as a question of law, but that the cause was properly submitted to the jury upon evidence which supports the jury’s findings, and that there was no prejudicial error in the giving or refusing of instructions. The judgment is affirmed.
Dunbar, C. J., and Gose, J., concur.