201 P. 154 | Wyo. | 1921
Lead Opinion
Annie Richey was convicted- of larceny of neat cattle, and brings the case here in error.
The information, with the formal parts omitted, charges that:
*124 “Annie Richey and Charles King, late of the connty aforesaid, on the 23rd day of July, A. D. 1919, at and in the county aforesaid, then and there being, did then and there unlawfully and feloniously steal, of the personal property of Davision Brothers, seventeen head of neat cattle, then and there of the value of $50.00 each; two head of neat cattle of the personal property of William Spencer, then and there of the value of $50.00 each; four head of neat cattle of the personal property of Lincoln Livestock Company, then and there of the value of $50.00 each, and two head of neat cattle of the personal property of Ernest Corless, then and there of the value of $50.00 each.”
Defendant King was found not guilty, and when hereinafter we mention the defendant we refer to plaintiff in error only.
A motion to quash the information upon the ground that it charges in one count four separate and distinct offences was denied by the court, and this ruling is assigned’ as error. We construe the information to charge that all the cattle mentioned in it were taken at the same time and place, and, therefore, it charges but one larceny. This conclusion is unaffected by the circumstance that it appears that the cattle stolen were not all owned by the same person or company. (Ackerman v. State, 7 Wyo. 504, 54 Pac. 228; 17 R. C. L. 54; note to State v. Sampson, 42 L. R. A. (N. S.) 967.) There is little," if any, authority to the contrary. The case of U. S. v. Beerman, 5 Cranch. C. C. 412, Fed. Case No. 14560 was expressly disapproved in State v. Ackerman, supra. Counsel rely upon State v. Bliss, 27 Wash. 463, 68 Pac. 87 and Joslyn v. State, 128 Ind. 160, 27 N. E. 492, 25. Am. St. Rep. 425, but neither case can be accepted as authority in support of the motion.
It appears from State v. Makovsky, 67 Wash. 7, 120 Pac. 513, that the Bliss ease has been expressly overruled, and by Furnace v. State, 153 Ind. 93, 54 N. E. 441, the Joslyn casif not overruled, has been limited, as “an authority, to those cases where the information does not charge that the differ
It is argued that the information is insufficient because it fails to allege that Davision Brothers was a co-partnership and the Lincoln Livestock Company a corporation. The omission of those allegations was not made the ground of the motion to quash nor of any other objection to the information in the trial court, is not assigned as error here, and we might well disregard the point. However, as it is claimed that the information for this reason is fatally defective (citing State v. Clark, 223 Mo. 48, 122 S. W. 665, 18 Ann. Cas. 1120), we shall not pass the question without consideration. In the case cited, where it was held that the information for larceny was fatally defective for failure to allege the incorporation of the owner of the stolen goods, the question was considered, in the absence of a statute, as one under the common law. But, in this state, the effect of defects and imperfections in informations is largely regulated by statute. Section 7462, Wyo. C. S. 1920 provides that “No indictment shall be deemed invalid * ■* * for any defect or imperfection which does not tend to the prejudice of the substantial rights of the defendant upon the merits; ’ ’ Section 7483, that a motion to quash may be made when there is a defect “in form of the indictment, or in the manner in which the offense is charged;” and Section 7487, that defects which may be excepted to by motion to quash, shall be waived by demurring, or pleading in bar, or not guilty. Under such statutes, indefiniteness is a defect in the manner of charging the offense, and, unless raised by motion to quash, may be waived. (Wilbur v. Territory, 3 Wyo. 268, 21 Pac. 698; Bryant v. State, 7 Wyo. 311, 51 Pac. 879; Koppola v. State, 15 Wyo. 398, 89 Pac. 576; White v. State, 23 Wyo. 130, 147 Pac. 171; State v. Messenger, 63 O. St. 398, 59 N. E. 105; Arnsman v. State, 11 O. Cir. Ct. (N. S.) 113.) Without deciding that the information is defective at all in failing to describe more fully Davision Brothers and Lincoln Livestock Company, we hold that the defect, if any, was in the manner of charging the crime, not suffi
It is contended that there was a fatal variance because the evidence on the part of the state tended to prove, and the verdict of the jury found, that the cattle alleged in the information as the property of Davision Brothers was the .property of Davidson Brothers. We find nothing in the record to indicate that the defendant was in any way misled by such variance. Section 7463 Wyo. C. S. 1920 provides that a variance between the 'statement in the information and the evidence in the name or description of any matter or thing whatsoever shall not be deemed ground for an acquittal unless the trial court shall find that such variance is material to the merits of the case or prejudicial to the defendant. We think there is a clear inference -from the evidence that the defendant knew that Davision Brothers, mentioned in the information, and Davidson Brothers, referred to in the evidence and verdict, were the same. We agree with the trial court in its refusal to.find that the variance was material or prejudicial; (Eggart v. State, 19 Wyo. 285, 116 Pac. 454; Harris v. State, 23 Wyo. 487, 153 Pac. 881.)
Some statement of facts which the jury may have found from the evidence is necessary to an understanding of some other questions. Shortly before July 23, 1919, neat cattle belonging to the various parties named as owners in the information were upon the open range near the defendant’s ranch. July 25, defendant loaded at Fossil, Wyoming, for shipment to a commission firm at South Omaha, Nebraska, thirty-two head of cattle, all of which had been branded recently by defendant with brands owned or used by her, placed over older brands. Upon the arrival of the cattle at their destination, and before they had left the pens of the consignee, they were examined by an inspector of live stock whose duty it was to inspect all cattle arriving at that market from Wyoming. It was discovered then, and by later investigations, that the older brands were different
The defendant admitted that the cattle shipped from Fossil had been recently rebranded by her, but claimed that the older brands on said animals were hers also. Her old brands, she says, were dim, and she rebranded upon the advice of her father, who had told her to ship no cattle except those upon which the brands were distinct.
Other incriminating circumstances we deem it unnecessary to rehearse. ....
The railway agent at Fossil testified that the records of . her office showed that the cattle loaded there July 25 were put into car 45782; the manager of the stock yards at Cheyenne testified that his records showed that car 45782 arrived there July 26, when the cattle therein were unloaded, and on July 27 reloaded into car 35677, and the superintendent of the stock yards at Valley, Nebraska, testified that car ■35677 arrived there July 29, when the cattle were unloaded, and on July 30 reloaded into car 1367. This testimony of ..these three witnesses was elieted by questions to which no objection was made, nor was there any motion to strike out the answers.
Over objection, an employee of the stockyards company at South Omaha testified that his record showed that thirty-two head of cattle were unloaded there July 30 from car 1317. The record itself was not introduced in evidence, and probably was used by the witness as a memorandum from which to refresh his memory, though the facts warranting such use do not clearly appear. There was received in evidence, also over objection, the way-bill of the shipment.
. The defendant admitted the billing of 32 head of cattle to the commission company; their receipt by that company was proved by the unobjectionable and uncontradicted evidence of other witnesses, one a defendant’s witness, an agent of the consignee, who identified tally sheets made by the inspector of livestock, stating that they had reference to the shipment of thirty-two head of cattle received July 30 by the consignee from defendant. Therefore, whatever may be said as to the right of the defendant to deny the inference that the cattle delivered were the same cattle that were billed, we are of opinion that there was no dispute of the bald fact that thirty-two head of cattle were shipped by her
It is contended that it was error to permit the jury to examine the hides which were taken from the eight head of cattle killed at South Omaha, for the reason that they were not sufficiently identified as having been taken from animals that had been shipped by defendant. We are of opinion that this inspection by the jury was properly permitted, and after what has already appeared from the foregoing statement of the facts, we believe the question requires but little discussion. From the facts proved it was the almost irresistible inference that the cattle received at South Omaha and examined there by the inspector and Davidson were the same cattle shipped by defendant. There was positive testimony that the eight head which were killed were a part of the cattle so examined, and like testimony that the hides' exhibited to the jury were the ones that had been taken from those eight animals, with no change in the meantime of the marks or brands. In this connection it is argued that in finding the ownership of the cattle to be in the parties named as owners in the information was in disregard of the rule that one presumption or inference cannot rest upon another presumption or inference, citing State v. Potello, 40 Utah 56, 119 Pac. 1023. Without questioning the rule, we think the case at bar furnishes no example of its violation. If we understand the argument of counsel, it is that the presumption of ownership arising from proof of ownership of the older brands found upon the animals at South Omaha rests upon the inference that those animals were the same as the ones shipped from Fossil by defendant. We cannot accept this reasoning. The fact that the cattle discovered by the inspector at South Omaha were the cattle which had been claimed, possessed and shipped by defendant was inferred from facts which were proved.' It then became important to the state to
The witness Davidson was permitted to testify that soon after the car of cattle was shipped by defendant he discovered on the range in the vicinity of Fossil four other cattle .on which the Davidson Brothers’ brand had been altered as he found it altered on the cattle discovered at Omaha, and that the defendant afterwards claimed them as hers. Two of these cattle were those discovered July 26, to which we have already referred, and the others were discovered a few days later. It is contended that the reception of that evidence, tending to show that defendant had been guilty of other criminal acts, was error. It is true that evidence of crimes other than that charged in the information may not be received for the purpose of leading to the conclusion that the defendant is a person likely from his criminal conduct or character to have committed the offense for which he is being tried. On the other hand, the mere fact that the evidence adduced tends to show the commission of other crimes does not render it inadmissible if it be relevant to an issue before the jury, and it may be so relevant if it bear upon the question whether the acts alleged to constitute the crime charged in the information were designed or accidental, or to rebut a defense that would otherwise be open to the accused. (17 R. C. L. 75; 16 C. J. 588-589; Note 43 L. R. A. (N. S.) 776; note 3 A. L. R. 1213 ; Smith v. State, 17 Wyo. 481, 101 Pac. 847.)
The defendant, admitting the recent branding and claiming it was done because her older brands could not be deciphered readily, presented to the jury the question wheth
In a larceny case, evidence of the possession by defendant of goods other than those mentioned in: the.information may not be relevant unless it is sufficient to prove prima facie that such goods were stolen. It was so héld in State v. Jones (Wyo.) 191 Pac. 1075. It is argued that the evidence under discussion was subject to objection on this ground, but we must hold otherwise. Conceding for our present purpose that it did not make a prima facie case of larcény of the four head of cattle, it was sufficient to prove prima facie the relevant fact sought to be established; that is, similar, wrongful instances of misbranding by defendant at about the same time. In cases like State v. Jones, supra, the evidence is inadmissible unless it be sufficient to prove another larceny; in this ease it was admissible if it were sufficient to prove another misbranding.
The next question is the alleged insufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict. What has been said in treating another assignment of error expresses our view that the ownership of the cattle was satisfactorily established. That it was not proved that the cattle were taken feloniously is another alleged defect in the evidence. It seems to be contended that, to warrant a conviction, there should have been some different or additional evidence to prove that the cattle were lost by a felonious taking from the owner, that is, of the corpus delicti. Such a taking must, of course, be proved, but, as said in Dalzell v. State, 7 Wyo. 450, 53 Pac. 297, “the evidence relied upon to establish the corpus delicti in larceny is not necessarily, or indeed usually, distinct from that relied upon to identify the offender and
It is argued also that the defendant’s possession was not recent within the meaning of the rule, often invoked in larceny cases, that certain inferences may be drawn from the recent,, unexplained possession of stolen property. ' Such inferences, and the grounds upon which they may be based, are important in those-cases where the possession of the stolen property by the defendant is relied upon to estab
It is also claimed that the evidence was insufficient to prove that the cattle found by the jury to have been stolen were all taken at the same time. It was the theory of the state that the defendant was engaged in one continuous transaction consisting of the gathering, branding and shipping of cattle belonging to others; that all of her acts during that transaction were with the same intention and set in motion by a single impulse, and that in the shipping of the cattle, which was the result of the transaction, there was but one “carrying away,” and but one larceny. The facts in support of this theory were, we believe, satisfactorily established. We do not decide that such facts would, in cases where the property of different owners is taken, necessarily result in only one larceny. Let it be conceded in this case that the time of taking from the range must be the determining consideration, upon the question whether there was one or several larcenies, yet we think the evidence was sufficient to support the finding of the jury that the cattle mentioned in the verdict were taken at the same time and place. ■ It was shown by the state that the defendant had stolen a number of cattle all of which were taken probably within a certain brief period. The defendant alone had knowledge of the exact time when any particular animal .was taken from the range; her evidence failed to disclose
The charge of the court was made up of seventeen, sepa-, rate, numbered instructions, and there is nothing in the bill of exceptions to point’ out at whose request any of them were given. The only exception to the instructions was “to the giving of all instructions by the court on behalf of the prosecution on the ground that they do not give the law applicable to the case. ’ ’ In any view which we can take of this- exception it is insufficient as the foundation of an assignment of errors here. It was evidently directed at some group of instructions; possibly, to the whole of the charge. An aggrieved party must point out definitely and particularly the ruling of which he complains, and an exception to. the giving of a group of instructions will be disregarded if any one of the group be correct. We consider this general principle settled in this state by Dickerson v. State, 18 Wyo. 440, 473, 479, 111 Pac. 857, 116 Pac. 448. In that case the court considered the sufficiency of assignments of error in a motion for a new trial, but the reason for requiring particularity in objections and exceptions applies- with perhaps greater force in the present case, where we have to consider the sufficiency of the exceptions at the time of the adverse ruling. (14 R. C. L. 809-811; 17 C. J. 86.)
-- The rule- requiring timely and definite exceptions to instructions' has been relaxed in criminal cases in this state in some particulars. In cases where the punishment was capital, the court has considered the entire record, although it did not ‘ disclose objections and exceptions, and -granted- a hew trial if, from such examination, - it determined that
In cases where the punishment imposed is less than capital, the general rule requiring that there be proper exceptions has been adhered to (Dickerson v. State, supra; Loy v. State, 26 Wyo. 381, 185 Pac. 796), except that in Palmer v. State, 9 Wyo. 40, 59 Pac. 793, 87 Am. St. Rep. 910 it was held that where the instructions as a whole present an erroneous view of the law as applicable to the facts of the case, a general exception to the charge is sufficient.
We have examined and considered the charge of the court for the purpose of determining the questions (1) whether as a whole it presented an erroneous view of the law as applied to the facts, and (2) whether it may be said that all of any group of instructions to which defendant’s exception may reasonably be considered to have been directed were _ erroneous. We find that both questions must be answered in the negative, and, therefore, there is no exception in the record which would justify the discussion of any specific instruction. We repeat, the issues in the case were simple, and they were no doubt well understood by the jury. And in view of that and the convincing' character of the evidence pointing to defendant’s guilt, we are satisfied that the verdict was not the result of any errone'ous statements in the instructions now criticized by counsel.
There remain for consideration some questions in regard to the sufficiency of the verdict, which reads:
“We, the jury duly impaneled and sworn in the above entitled case, do find the defendant, Annie Richey, guilty of stealing livestock, the property of, viz: 3 of Davidson Bros, and 1 of Lincoln Livestock Co. as charged in the information, and we further find the value of the property stolen to be a total of $200.
“H. E. Robinson, Foreman.”
A verdict' must be construed with reference to the information and the trial, and if, when so construed, it be responsive to the issues, and the court can understand the true intent and meaning of the jury, it is good. (Ackerman v. State, supra; Long v. State, 15 Wyo. 262, 88 Pac. 617; People v. Patrick, 277 Ill. 210, 115 N. E. 390; Kendall v. State, 183 Ind. 162, 105 N. E. 899.)
It is contended that the verdict is defective in' three particulars.
First, that it refers to the crime as “stealing live stock” instead of stealing neat cattle. As neat cattle are live stock, and the only live stock mentioned in the information or the evidence, there is no doubt that the jury intended to find the defendant guilty of the crime charged.
Second, that the language “3 of Davidson Bros, and 1 of Lincoln Livestock Co.” is indefinite. We think it too clear to require discussion that the language means “3 head” of the kind of livestock mentioned in the information and the evidence.
Third; that the finding of a value of $200 is insufficient to comply with the statute (§7549 Wyo. C. S. 1920) requiring that the jury find and declare the value of the property. The dollar is the unit of value in this country, and the omission of the dollar sign or word “dollars” in a verdict does not render it indefinite. (Ex parte McLean, 84 Kan. 852, 115 Pac. 647, 35 L. R. A. (N. S.) 653, and note.) Here the jury not only omitted the dollar sign, but placed before the figures another sign which we understand, when used, signifies number. However, we think it clear that the jury did not intend that that sign should have such meaning in this instance. ' The only evidence in regard to value tended to support the allegations of value in the information, that is, that the cattle were worth $50 each. The statement of value in.the verdict, if construed to mean $200.00, is consistent with the undisputed evidence, and to
As we find no error in the record the judgment will be affiirmed.
Affirmed.
Rehearing
ON PETITION FOR REHEARING
The judgment of the district court upon a verdict finding plaintiff in error, defendant below, guilty of larceny of certain neat cattle having been affirmed by this court (see 201 Pac. 154), she has filed a petition for rehearing, stating as grounds therefor that the conclusions of this court are erroneous in the following particulars :
(1). In holding the evidence sufficient to sustain the verdict. (2). In sustaining the rulings of the trial court admitting the testimony relating to the discovery upon the range of other cattle upon which the brand of Davidson Bros, had been altered in the same manner as the brands upon the Davidson cattle alleged to have been stolen, and that the defendant claimed them as her cattle. (3). In refusing to review the instructions complained of, for want of proper exceptions, particularly instructions numbered 8%, 9, and 9%.
The ease was ably presented at the original hearing, both by brief and oral argument, and all the points now insisted upon in support of the grounds assigned for a rehearing were then urged as grounds for reversal. . And they were considered by the court and discussed as fully as deemed necessary in the former opinion. We have, however, carefully considered the petition and the brief filed in its support, but are not convinced that .a rehearing might result in a change of our views upon any of the questions presented, or the conclusion that the judgment should be affirmed.
While it appears from the evidence that cattle of various owners-upon the open range in the vicinity of the defendant’s ranch would occassionally, or perhaps habitually, drift or stray upon certain lands belonging to that ranch, in search of water which was accessible there, it does not appear that any of the cattle alleged and found to have been stolen, or any cattle of other owners, came into the possession of the defendant in that manner, even if it might be possible, under the law, that she could have obtained possession of such cattle lawfully or innocently, by reason of the fact that they had strayed upon such lands; a point which, as stated in the former opinion, we are not willing to concede, though it is a question whieh it was and is not necessary to decide in this case. And it may be said in addition to the facts stated in the former opinion in discussing the question that instead of claiming that she had innocently acquired possession of’ the cattle in question she expressly denied in her testimony that she had ever shipped or had ever seen the cattle from which the eight hides produced by the prosecution had been taken, and which were the cattle claimed to have been stolen, but that the cattle shipped by her at the time in question were her own, that she had, handled them since they were calves, and rode among them every day. And she also testified that the 32 head so shipped by her were all her cattle, and that there
With reference to the second ground of the petition, challenging the correctness of our conclusion as to the admissibility of the testimony concerning other Davidson cattle, showing a similar change of brands discovered on the range in the vicinity of the station from which it was claimed by the prosecution the cattle alleged to have been stolen had been shipped by the defendant, and soon after that shipment, we think our reasons for holding the testimony to have been properly admitted were-sufficiently stated in the former opinion and we remain of- the opinion that the point was correctly decided. But it seems to be contended in the present brief that the fact that the defendant had brought a suit in replevin for the possession of such other cattle, after the discovery of them upon the range by the witness Davidson and-his taking possession of them, rendered the testimony inadmissible for the reason that the ownership of said cattle was thereby shown to be in dispute in a civil action pending in the district court at the time of the trial of this case. The fact that such replevin suit had been brought was not mentioned in the former opinion for the reason that it was not deemed material since it was stated that the defendant claimed such cattle as her own; and it is not now perceived that the fact that the defendant had brought such replevin suit, which was first testified to by the witness Davidson in connection with his statement that the defendant claimed' the cattle as her own, could operate in any way to render the testimony objected to inadmissible. Whether she replevied them or not, the fact that she claimed to own them would present the fact of a dispute as to the ownership, but clearly, we think, that would not destroy the admissibility of the testimony. Without the fact that the defendant claimed the other alleged mis-branded cattle the evidence would not have been admissible, for the cattle- were not shown to have been found in her immediate personal possession, but at large upon the range.
The offer being objected to as an undertaking to prove a separate offense, the attorney for the state then said: It is offered as a circumstance to show that the defendant claims to be the owner of cattle where the said Davidson brand had been changed. The objection being overruled the witness answered: “Yes, sir, I did,” and he further said that he had found four head out there on the range with D Bar D changed; that they were left in “our charge” at the ranch by the sheriff; and that the defendant had claimed these cattle as her own, -and had replevined them. It further appeared that the Davidsons, upon giving a redelivery bond in the replevin action, had retained possession of .the cattle.
It is argued in this connection that the question of the title to the cattle being in dispute and litigation between the Davidsons and the defendant, the ownership could not be determined on the trial of this ease. Conceding that to be true, it does- not destroy the relevancy of the testimony- to
It is to be remembered that the theory of the prosecution and the effect of its evidence was that' the Davidson cattle alleged to have been stolen by the defendant were shipped by her from Fossil, in this state, to South Omaha, Nebraska, after the Davidson brand upon each head of said cattle had been recently changed, and the material point was whether such cattle had been misbranded and shipped by the defendant. And we see no good reason to doubt that it was relevant upon that theory of the case for the prosecution to show that other cattle of the same owner, claimed by the defendant as her cattle, had been discovered upon the range at or about the same time with the owner’s brand changed in the same manner.
It is argued that it is not shown that said other cattle were stolen. We are not convinced that the testimony of the witness Davidson as to the change of the brand upon said cattle, under the circumstances, might not properly be held sufficient to show, at least prima facie, that they had been stolen. In the former opinion, and for the pur
It seems to us that the greater part of the argument in the brief upon this question relates to the sufficiency of all the evidence, that for the defense as well as for the prosecution, as to these other four head of cattle to show that -they were misbranded D Bar D cattle,- or were cattle belonging to the Davidson Brothers. That was a question for the jury, and was no doubt argued to them upon the evidence, but it cannot affect the question of the admissibility of the testimony that was objected to. We doubt if it has evei; been held, at least no case has been cited to that effect and we have found none, that testimony otherwise admissible offered to show the finding of other recently stolen property in the possession of a defendant accused of larceny is rendered inadmissible by the fact that such defendant claims or had claimed at the time of the finding of such property in his possession or under his control that he owned the same.
A situation somewhat similar to that in the case at bar Was presented in the recent Texas case of Mueller v. State, 215 S. W. 93. That was a prosecution for larceny of cattle, and the other cattle in that case were found in the same
We think it proper further to say, with reference to the second ground of the petition, that counsel is mistaken in supposing that the case of Commonwealth v. Coyne, 228 Mass. 269, 117 N. E. 337, 3 A. L. R. 1209, was cited in our former opinion. It is stated in the brief in support of the petition that said case is cited in the court’s opinión, and it is then commented upon by counsel as not in point upon' the question. The case was not cited by this court, but we did cite “Note, 3 A. L. R. 1213,” which happens to be a note supplemental to a report of the case of Commonwealth v. Coyne. But the note only was cited, and it was cited because of the many eases referred to and considered therein upon the general subject; and that note is upon points expressly distinguished from the proposition upon which the decision in the said reported ease was based. Nor was it supposed that the cases which we cited upon the question were all that might be cited in support of the conclusion Stated, or that they were even the strongest cases affirming
Under the third ground stated in the petition for rehearing, it is contended that the instructions complained of are so fundamentally erroneous as to vitiate the entire charge and to require a consideration thereof in the absence of any exception. And in this connection it is argued, first, that the general exception is substantially the same as the exception in Palmer v. State, 9 Wyo. 40, cited in our former opinion as holding that where the charge as a whole presents an erroneous view of the law as applicable to the case a general exception to the charge is sufficient. In that case the court said that the instructions for the state as a whole presented an erroneous view of the law as applied to the facts of the case. But in the cáse at bar we said that the charge as a whole did not present an erroneous view of the law as applied to the facts-. And we added to that that we were satisfied that the verdict was not the result of any erroneous statements in the instructions criticized by counsel.
In support of the proposition that without sufficient exception the alleged errors in the instructions should be considered, the rule stated in Parker v. State, 24 Wyo. 491, 161 Pac. 552, is relied on, viz: “However, if it clearly appears from the record that such fundamental and prejudicial error has been committed as to amount to a denial of substantial justice, or to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, the court should not hesitate to reverse the judgment and grant a new trial, although proper exceptions were not taken at the time. ’ ’ That was said in a capital case, and as the concluding part of a discussion of the attitude of appellate courts in such eases, showing that they have inclined to the view that in such cases it is their right and duty to examine the record to ascertain whether or not the defendant has been deprived of his constitutional right to a fair and impartial trial, but that the judgment should then be reversed
‘ ‘ The rule of practice is a salutary one in most cases and should not be departed from even in criminal cases except in a case like this, where deemed necessary to the security of defendant’s right to a fair trial or the just administration of the law.”
But if it should be conceded that the rule requiring proper exceptions might properly be departed from in this case under the conditions stated and considered in the Parker and Ohama cases, we are unable to agree with counsel in their contention that either of the instructions complained of was fundamentally erroneous or necessarily prejudicial, or announced an incorrect theory affecting the entire charge and the validity of the trial. The contention, while not confined to any one of the instructions complained of, is presented with special insistence as to the ninth instruction, and with reference to the concluding words of that instruction, viz: “You are not at liberty to disbelieve, as jurors, if you believe as men; your oath imposes on you no obligation to doubt where no doubt exists if no oath had been administered.” The entire instruction was as follows :
‘ ‘ The court further instructs the jury, as a matter of law, that the doubt which the juror is allowed to retain in his own mind, and under the influence of which he should frame a verdict of not guilty, must always be a reasonable one. A doubt produced by undue sensibility in the mind of any*146 juror, in view of thé consequences of his verdict, is not a reasonable doubt, and a juror is not allowed to create sources or materials of doubt' by resorting to trivial and fanciful suppositions, and remote conjectures as to possible state of facts, differing from that established by the evidence; you are-not at liberty to disbelieve, as jurors, if you believe as men; your oath imposes on you no obligation to doubt where no doubt exist if no oath had been administered. ’ ’
An instruction in the same words, except that in the last sentence the word “exist” was preceded by “would” was condemned by this court in Robinson v. State, 18 Wyo. 216, 106 Pac. 24, because of the omission from it in the first sentence of the clause now objected to of the words “from the evidence” immediately preceding the words “you believe as men.” If the words omitted had been included in said clause of the instruction, the first sentence thereof would read “you are not at liberty to disbelieve as jurors, if from the evidence you believe as men. ’ ’ The court said that the language of the instruction in the Spies case (Spies v. People, 122 Ill. 1, 12 N. E. 865, 17 N. E. 893, 3 Am. St. Rep. 374) was attempted to be followed, and further:
“Whatever force there might be in the adoption and approval of the instruction in the Spies case by eminent courts, it is not persuasive as upholding the instruction given in the case before us. Here one of the essential elements of that instruction is lacking, viz: that the belief in the guilt of the accused sufficient to convict must be based upon the evidence in the case. A lack of evidence to prove such guilt cannot be supplied by what a juror knows or believes, regardless of his oath. Under our procedure he is required to base his verdict solely upon the evidence and law as given him by the court. ’ ’ And the judgment in the Robinson case was reversed because of that instruction and another.
By the very clear weight of authority, such instruction, though disapproved and concerned either as useless and unnecessary, or as liable to mislead the jury, is held not to be
Such an instruction is said to have originated with the language of Chief Justice Gibson in Comm. v. Harmon, 4 Pa. St. 273, followed in Fife v. Commonwealth, 29 Pa. St. 429, the latter ease holding that the instruction “although liable to be misunderstood by a jury, is not erroneous as a matter of law. ’ ’ In McMeen v. Comm. 114 Pa. St. 300, it was said by Mr. Justice Paxson, delivering the opinion of the court, referring to the holding in the Fife case: “Yet even this ruling, it appears to me, requires some qualification. If it does mislead the' jury, or is so used that it is likely to mislead the jury, we regard it as error. But in the case at bar, as in Com. v. Harmon, the language used was used in connection with the evidence. Thus, the learned judge said in a sentence immediately preceding the one assigned as error, ‘This reasonable doubt is not one which the jury will reach out for to relieve them from finding a verdict of guilty, but such a doubt as is left from the failure of the evidence to convince your minds of the guilt of the defendant.’ Undoubtedly, a jury should be convinced
In a later Colorado case, Sarkisian v. People, 56 Colo. 330, 138 Pac. 26, the same instruction was given as in the Robinson case and in this. The judgment was reversed upon other grounds, but after announcing such reversal, Gar-rigues, J., delivering the opinion of the court, and speaking for two other justices, said'that he thought the instruction bad with the words “from the evidence” omitted, though in view of what was said in McQueary v. People, supra, it may not be reversible error where the jury are told in some other proper instruction that they are to find from the evidence, and he further said that he believed the instruction proper when correctly given. In a still later Colorado case, however, Highley v. People, 177 Pac. 975, the instruction was expressly condemned and held to be prejudicial error, because it did not refer to the evidence, the Robinson case being quoted from and followed. And the court seems to have been led to declare the instruction to be reversible error by the continued practice of district attorneys and trial courts to ignore the court’s condemnation of it. In several instructions in the case at bar thé jury were told that their verdict must be based upon the evidence; particularly in the 8th, which states that it is incumbent upon the prosecution to establish all the mate1 rial allegations of the information by competent evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, and in another instruction on reasonable doubt, the 14th, it is said among other things that “it is a state of the case which, after the comparison and consideration of all the evidence leaves the minds of
• The instruction is condemned in West Virginia, but held not to be reversible error unless found to have been prejudicial. Thus it was said in State v. Young, 82 W. Va. 714, 97 S. E. 134: “We have had occasion recently to comment upon the propriety of giving such an instruction to the jury. In the case of State v. Worley, 82 W. Va. -, 95 S. E. 56, it was condemned and in the cases of State v. Snider, 81 W. Va. 522, 94 S. E. 981, and State v. McCausland, 96 S. E. 938, decided at this term of this court, it was disapproved. In each of these cases, there was another ground upon which reversal was necessary, and it was not held that the giving of this instruction would justify a reversal if some other ground did not exist therefor. Nor do we say in this ease that this alone would justify setting aside the verdict. There may be cases where the giving of such an instruction would require the reversal of the judgment, while there may be others where it can be said that no injurious effects could have resulted therefrom.” In State v. Price, 83 W. Va. 71, 97 S. E. 582, the same court said: “While we have never reversed a conviction upon this ground alone, in the case of State v. Young, 97 S. E. 134, decided at this term of this court, we expressed the opinion that there might be cases in which the giving of this instruction would compel us to reverse it. Certain • it is that it can accomplish no purpose but a mischievous, one, and in no case should it be given.” And it was said by the same court in the later case of State v. Ringer, 100 S. E.
We think it is disclosed by this review of the authorities that such an instruction is not generally regarded as fundamentally erroneous, or inherently or necessarily prejudicial, even by the courts condemning or disapproving it, and that it is reversible error only when it appears to have been prejudicial, and that in several jurisdictions it is approved as a correct and proper statement of the law. And it follows that the error in giving it is not of such a character as to exclude it from the rule requiring timely and definite exceptions as a condition to the consideration of alleged errors by á reviewing court.
While we need not, therefore, consider the alleged error in the instruction, we have above referred to or quoted the remarks of other courts condemning it, for the purpose partly of discouraging its use by trial courts in this jurisr diction, even in the form approved in the Spies case, since it may mislead the jury or tend to do so and become thereby prejudicial error, and in any event, as declared .by some of the cpurts, though it may not be error, it is useless and unnecessary, and, when given, may afford an opportunity to bring the case before an appellate court for review, when that might not be justified upon any other ground. (People v. Whitney, 53 Cal. 421; People v. Clark, supra; McQueary v. People, supra.)
.We think it unnecessary to discuss the other instructions complained of, further than to repeat that the error, if any, in giving them, is not such as. should be considered in the
Rehearing Denied.