516 P.2d 1153 | Mont. | 1973
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
This is a damage action for personal injuries suffered by a business invitee in a slip and fall on the showroom floor of an automobile sales and repair agency in Dillon, Montana. The district court of Beaverhead County, the Hon. Prank E. Blair, district judge sitting without a jury, entered findings of fact, conclusions of law, and judgment for the defendant automobile agency. From this judgment, plaintiff appeals.
Plaintiff is Harold T. Richardson, a salesman for a postage meter service, who received injuries in a fall on the showroom floor as he was leaving the premises after a business call. Defendant is Howard Motors, Inc., the automobile sales agency and repair business on whose premises plaintiff fell.
The accident occurred on June 19, 1968, at about 9:30 a.m. Plaintiff entered premises through a door on the south side of the building for the purpose of doing business with defendant concerning a postage meter. He walked across the showroom floor to a counter where he had a short discussion with the bookkeeper, Mrs. Avis Hoerning. While waiting for Jack Howard, the owner, to return, plaintiff walked around the showroom floor and looked at a car. Thereafter, plaintiff and
Plaintiff walked in an easterly direction across the showroom floor and upon realizing he was not going in the proper direction to exit through the south door, he made a righthand turn of aproximately 90 degrees at which time he fell to the floor. The first statement that plaintiff made after falling was '“Oh, those damn leather heels”. Plaintiff suffered personal injuries as a result of his fall for which he seeks to recover •damages from defendant.
At the time of his fall, plaintiff was wearing shoes which the ■district court found to be of “an unusual type”. Specifically the district court found plaintiff’s shoes to have:
“Leather soles with two or three nailheads protruding from the leather soles and leather heels with two rows of nails completely going around the outside edge of the heel, and with a wedge-shaped piece of steel that also protruded above the leather so that both the nails and the wedge-shaped piece of steel would come in contact with any surface on which the shoe was placed.”
The showroom floor was constructed in 1960 or 1961. It was ■composed of an asbestos or asphalt tile which the district court found to be “of common ordinary use in homes, and businesses in Montana.” Allen Sorenson, a full time employee of defendant, was responsible for its care and maintenance. The last time it had been cleaned and waxed prior to plaintiff’s fall was on June 1, 1968, some 18 days prior to plaintiff’s fall. At that time the floor was first cleaned by mopping it wdth a mixture of hot water, ammonia, “Spie and Span”, and “Wax-Off”. The floor was then twice remopped with hot water only and allowed to dry for about an hour. Then a liquid wax was poured on the floor and the floor was waxed with a hand waxer. It was then allowed to dry for two or three hours and then buffed with a buffer.
Plaintiff testified, at least indirectly, that the showroom floor was slippery at the time and place of his fall. Additionally, plaintiff called as an expert witness a consulting engineer who testified concerning a series of tests he had conducted prior to the trial on various types of tile floor surfaces with reference to their slipperiness and who also conducted tests in the courtroom during the trial on the tile on defendant’s showroom floor under substantially similar conditions as those existing at the time of the accident.
The thrust of his testimony was that defendant’s showroom floor was in a slippery condition at the time of plaintiff’s fall. This opinion was based on tests that he had conducted indicating that the coefficient of friction (the ratio of force required to move a weight on a floor surface) exceeded what he described as the national standard of safety with reference to coefficients of friction on floor surfaces in the United States. This so-called national standard was based on a 1948 research report entitled “Measurement of Slipperiness of Walkway Surfaces” by the National Bureau of Standards in conjunction with the National Bureau of Safety. In a nutshell, this research report fixed a coefficient of friction of .4 as the breaking point between a slippery surface and a nonslippery surface. If a given floor surface has a coefficient of friction lower than .4
Following trial, the district court entered findings of fact, •conclusions of law, and judgment for defendant accompanied by and opinion giving the basis of the decision. In substance, the •district judge found that the plaintiff had not come forth with ■any substantial evidence showing the breach of any legal duty by defendant and found that defendant had used ordinary and Teasonable care in the maintenance of its showroom floor; hence no negligence and no liability on the part of defendant.
The controlling issue on appeal is the sufficiency of the evidence to support the district court’s findings, conclusions and judgment.
Plaintiff contends that the district court erred in finding that the floor was not slippery; that plaintiff’s shoes were unusual; and that defendant breached no legal duty.
At the outset we observe that there is no direct finding by the district court that the floor was not slippery. However, we believe this is necessarily implied in the findings the district court did make and we will so treat it. Admittedly the evidence is conflicting in reference to the slipperiness of the showroom floor. It is the function of the trier of the facts, in this case the district judge, to resolve those conflicts by determining the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. Our function on appeal is simply to determine whether there is substantial credible evidence supporting the findings. State Highway Commission v. West Great Falls Flood Control and Drainage District, 155 Mont. 157, 468 P.2d 753, and cases cited therein. If there is, the findings will not be disturbed on appeal. Spencer v. Robertson, 151 Mont. 507, 445 P.2d 48, and cases cited therein.
We find substantial credible evidence supporting the
Directing our attention to the district court’s finding that plaintiff’s shoes were of an “unusual type” and specifying the particulars of how they were unusual, we likewise find substantial credible evidence supporting this finding. However, we need not examine the supporting evidence on this point in detail as the district court’s decision was not based on any contributory negligence of the plaintiff, but on the absence of negligence by defendant. Where, as here, the district court finds no negligence on the part of defendant, the finding is simply surplusage in any event as the questions of contributory negligence or proximate cause need never be reached.
Plaintiff’s final contention is that the district court erred in its conclusion that defendant breached no legal duty. Having heretofore found that there is substantial credible evidence supporting the district court’s implied finding that the showroom
Whatever may be said of the expert opinion evidence of plaintiff’s consulting engineer, that the showroom floor was in a slippery condition at the time of plaintiff’s fall based on tests he conducted relating to the coefficient of friction, it simply created a conflict in the evidence which was resolved against the plaintiff by the district judge as trier of the facts.
Expert opinion evidence is not conclusive of the issue; the credibility of the expert witness and the probative value of his testimony are for the trier of the facts. Putman v. Pollei, 153 Mont. 406, 411, 457 P.2d 776. The following stock jury instruction is commonly given in Montana and sets the correct standard to be applied by a jury in weighing expert opinion evidence and the same criteria apply in cases where the district judge rather than a jury is trier of the facts:
“The rules of evidence ordinarily do not permit the opinion of a witness to be received as evidence. An exception to this rule exists in the ease of expert witnesses. A person who by education, study and experience has become an expert in any art, science or profession, and who is called as a witness, may give his opinion as to any matter in which he is versed and which is material to the case. You should consider such expert opinion and should weigh the reasons, if any, given for it. You are not bound, however, by such an opinion. Give it the weight to which you deem it entitled, whether that be great or slight, and you may reject it, if in your judgment the reasons given for it are unsound.”
The testimony of plaintiff’s consulting engineer clearly indicated that the wax applied to the showroom floor had no effect on the slipperiness of its surface:
“Q. Yes, so I think it’s fair to say, and you have stated before that these tiles from Howard Motors, your coefficient of*354 friction was not any different particularly whether the tiles were waxed or whether they were unwaxed, is that a fair statement? A. Correct.
“Q. OK. A. With the shoe we used.
“Q. Yes, so I take it, Mr. Nurse, that based on that, that we can probably rule out the Duratex wax with regard to whether it made the surface slippery or less slippery, that would be a fair statement? A. In the ease of Howard Motors.
“Q. Yes. A. Yes.
“Q. And of course, that’s what we are talking about here, so the wax wouldn’t really make any difference, is that right? A. We didn’t feel it was detectible.
“Q. Right. A. I didn’t.”
This testimony, coupled with uncontradicted testimony that there was no foreign substance on the floor, and that the floor had been dust mopped about an hour prior to the accident amply supports the conclusion defendant used ordinary and reasonable care in maintaining its showroom floor and breached no legal duty owing to plaintiff
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.