GiveN, J".
I. The defendant Iiuiskamp filed with his argument an “amended abstract,” consisting of the written opinion of the learned judge who ruled upon the demurrer, and this the plaintiffs move to strike from the files, “because the same is no part of the -record appealed from.” We 1 have held that it is not improper to include in the abstract or the additional abstract the written opin- ■ ion of the lower court in the case, and that it will not be stricken on motion. Williams v. Tschantz, 88 Iowa, 126" court="Iowa" date_filed="1893-05-16" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/williams-v-tschantz-7105773?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7105773">88 Iowa, 126; McLean v. Ficke, 94 Iowa, 283" court="Iowa" date_filed="1895-04-05" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/mclean-v-ficke-7106724?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7106724">94 Iowa, 283; Gregg v. Spencer, 96 Iowa, 501" court="Iowa" date_filed="1895-12-14" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/gregg-v-spencer-7107050?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7107050">96 Iowa, 501; Mellerup v. Insurance Co., 95 Iowa, 317" court="Iowa" date_filed="1895-06-01" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/mellerup-v-travelers-insurance-7106882?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7106882">95 Iowa, 317.
II. The written agreement set out in the petition is ás follows: “This- indenture witnesseth: That whereas, William O'. Carlton,, of Oarthage; Illinois, and Henry Huis-fcamp; of Keokuk, Iowa, have recently entered into a cer 'tain business relationship: Now, therefore, for the purpose of reducing the agreement between the said parties to writing, and fully defining and explaining such business relationship, and fixing definitely the rights, interests, and *517duties of the respective parties, tbis instrument is this day 2 signed and sealed by the- parties aforesaid. First, It is agreed that said Carlton shall continue in mercantile business in the city of Carthage for the next five years, his health permitting, and’ keep in stock and sell the same general line or class of goods in which he has been dealing since opening a store in said city during the past summer, and shall not remove said business or said stock of merchandise from the said city of Carthage except with the consent of said Huiskamp'. Second. It is agreed that said Carlton shall at all times keep in stock not less than three thousand dollars’ worth of merchandise, fully paid for, over and above all his indebtedness and the exemption allowed him by law. Third. That said Carlton shall give his personal attention and time to said business, and shall, at his own expense, employ all necessary help' or assistants in conducting said store, and shall pay all the expense incurred in the conduct of such mercantile business. Fourth. It is agreed that of the capital invested in said business said ITuiskamp', during said five years, shall keep invested in said business the sum of three thousand dollars, which sum shall be under the control and management of the said Carlton, and be'used by him in said business as he may deem best and proper. Fifth. It is further agreed that said ITuiskamp shall not be required to give any time, or attention to said business, and that he shall never ask for or receive any part of the profits of said business, and shall not be liable- for any of the losses of the same; that for the money so invested by him he shall receive an annual dividend of 10 per cent, on said three thousand dollars out of said business from said Carlton, which dividend of three hundred dollars per year shall be paid on the 15th day of October in each and every year during the continuance of this ageement. Sixth. It is further agreed that said ITuis-kamp shall at all times be an owner in, and have an interest in, said stock of merchandise to the extent of the entire *518afbounfc invested by him, but no greater interest, and that said Carlton shall not do, or suffer anything to be done, with or in connection with said stock of goods, that will in any manner entail loss upon said Huiskamp-, or jeopardize his interest therein. Said Huiskamp shall not be liable for any loss or damage sustained in the; conduct of said business, and shall not be liable-for any of the debts made by said Carlton or incurred in said business, and shall in no event and.under no- circumstances be liable to- any person for the loss or damage; in- excess of said $3,000.00 so invested by him. Seventh. Upon the termination of said business relationship- at the expiration of the time aforesaid, or sooner by agreement of the parties, said Carlton shall repay the said $3,000 to- said Huiskamp-, and shall then own said entire business; and if, for any reason, he should fail to- repay the same, or any part thereof, then said Huiskamp shall have the right to; select goods out of said stock to- the amount o-f $3,000 at their fair cash value at wholesale. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals this 24th day of November, A. D. 1891. Will O. Carlton. (Seal.) H. W. Huiskamp-. (Seal.)” The statute, as set out in the petition, is, so- far as necessary to- be noticed, in substance as follows: Section 1 provides that limited partnerships may be formed as provided in the act. Section 2 is as follows: “2. General Partners — Special Partners. Limited partnerships may consist of one or more persons, who- shall be called general partners, and who; shall be jointly and severally responsible, as general partners now are by law, and o-f one or more persons who- shall contribute a specific amount of capital, in cash, or ’other property at cash value, to the common stock, who shall be special partners, and who shall not be liable for the debts of the partnership beyond the amount of the fund so contributed by them, respectively, to the capital stock, except as hereinafter provided.” Section 3 provides that the general partners only shall be authorized to transact business, to- sign fo-r the part*519nership, and to bind the same. Sections following require that a certificate containing the name of the partnership; the nature of the business; the names of the general and of the special partners, designating which are general and which special; their place of residence; the amount of capital each special partner has contributed; and when the partnership shall commence and end, — shall be made, signed, and acknowledged as deeds are acknowledged, by the persons forming the partnership, and filed for record. Section *1 requires that an affidavit-of one or inore of the general partners be filed with the certificate, stating the amount in money, or property at cash value, contributed by each of the special partners. Section 8 provides that no such partnership shall be deemed to have been formed until such certificate, acknowledgment, and affidavit have been filed; and that, if any false statement shall be made in such certificate or affidavit, “all persons interested in such partnership shall be liable for all the engagements thereof as general partners,” Section 9 requires that the terms of partnership •shall be published in some newspaper by the partners, and provides, “If publication be not made as herein provided, the partnership shall be deemed general.” Laws 1858, chapter 98.
III. The claims of the parties,'as we understand them, •are these: Plaintiffs insist that, as said written contract was made with reference to the conducting of a business in the state of Illinois, the statute of that state applies; that by said contract the defendants formed a partnership, wherein Carlton was a general partner and Huiskamp. a special partner’; and that by failing to comply with said .statute they each beeame liable as general partners. The defendant Huiskamp does not question that, if said agreement. is a. contract of partnership, the law of Illinois applies; but he insists that said written agreement is not a contract for a partnership, but simply for the loan of three thousand dollars. It is admitted, for the purposes of the demurrer, *520that the defendants did not comply with said statute as io making, signing, acknowledging and; recording a certificate, nor. in making affidavit and publication of the terms of partnership, as required 'by said statute. Authorities are cited to the effect that as to creditors, where one permits himself to be held out as a partner, he will be held liable as such.. This rule has no application here, as it is not so alleged, nor that credit was given on the faith that Iiuis-3 kamp was a partner. The controlling question is whether a partnership- was formed by this contract wherein Carlton was a general and Huiskamp a special partner. That they could have so contracted cannot be doubted, nor can it be disputed that this contract contains some of the elements of such a partnership'. The powers, duties, and responsibilities assumed by Carlton are such as would belong to him as a general partner, and the exemption of Huiskamp- from liability and from care of business, such as would pertain to him as a special partner. Huiskamp contributed a specific amount of capital in cash to the common stock. We say “common stock,” because in the fourth clause of the contract “it is agreed that of the capital invested in said business said Huiskamp shall keep invested in said business the sum of three thousand dollars.” It was “of the capital invested in said business” that he agreed to- contribute three thousand dollars, and the fact that the use of it was restricted to- the business shows that is was a contribution to the common stock. It does not necessarily follow from these facts that Huiskamp became a partner. Looking, as he did, to- the success of the business, and that at least three thousand dollars of merchandise would be kep-t on hand as his security, he might rightfully, as a loaner, require that his money should be kept in the business, and not used by Carlton for other purposes, and that he should be exempt from liabilities and care of the business. It has been held many times by the courts of Illinois and by this court that an essential element of a partnership is that part*521ners must share in both profits and losses. See Adams v. Funk, 53 Ill. 219" court="Ill." date_filed="1870-01-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/adams-v-funk-6953949?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6953949">53 Ill. 219; Smith v. Knight, 71 Ill. 149; Gottschalk v. Smith, 156 Ill. Sup. 377 (40 N. E. Rep. 937); Newlin v. Bailey, 15 Ill. App. 199" court="Ill. App. Ct." date_filed="1884-07-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/newlin-v-bailey-6988605?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6988605">15 Ill. App. 199; Clark v. Barnes, 72 Iowa, 564; and Winter v. Pipher, 96 Iowa, 17" court="Iowa" date_filed="1895-10-17" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/winter-v-john-pipher--co-7106965?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7106965">96 Iowa, 17. In the latter ease it is said: “A partnership' is defined to* be a contract of two or more competent persons to place their money, effects, labor, and skill, or some or all of them, in lawful commerce or business and to divide the profits and bear the loss in certain proportions. * * * Participation in the profits and losses of a joint business or undertaking affords the' usual, and perhaps the most cogent, test of the existence of an intention to form a partnership. We need not cite the large number of cases which sustain the proposition. It is true that there are eases which hold that a community of interest in profits is sufficient to constitute a partnership. But this court is committed in the doctrine that there must be a sharing of the losses.” In Ruddick v. Otis, 33 Iowa, 402" court="Iowa" date_filed="1871-02-24" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/ruddick-v-otis--snow-7095156?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7095156">33 Iowa, 402, it was said that “no doctrine of the lawr is better settled thanthatamereparticipationin the profits does not constitute a partnership' in respect to the concern or adventure from which the profits arise'. Story Partnership1, 540-545. In order to constitute a partnership inter sese, there must be a sharing in thelossesaswellas the profits.” See, also1, McBride v. Ricketts, 98 Iowa, 539" court="Iowa" date_filed="1896-05-25" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/mcbride-v-ricketts-7107332?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7107332">98 Iowa, 539. By this contract it is expressly provided that Iiuiskamp shall not be liable for any of the losses, and there is no provision by which he was to share in the profits. As a return for the use of his money, he was to receive an “annual dividend of ten per cent, on said three thousand dollars out of said business -from said Carlton ; not ten per cent, of the profits, but ten per cent, on three thousand dollars.” That it is called “an annual dividend” does not malee it a share in profits. It was to be paid annually, whether profits were realized or not. The pro* vision that at the expiration of the five years, or sooner by agreement of the parties, Carlton was to- repay the three thou* *522■sand dollars, or, upon failure, Huiskamp bad the right to ‘•take of the goods to that amount, seems to preclude the conclusion that the parties intended to form a partnership. While the contract is unusual as a contract for the loan of money, and possesses some of the features of a contract of •co-partnership, yet, viewed in all its parts, we think it was simply a contract for the loan of money, that it lacks the -■essential element of a partnership in that there is no sharing in profits and losses, and that wherein it does possess features -of a co-partnership contract is explained by the nature of “the security for the payment of the three thousand dollars.— Aeeirmed.