22 Wis. 544 | Wis. | 1868
This case must turn entirely upon the construction which is placed upon a clause in the deed of warranty, dated March 13th, 1863, given by the plaintiff as grantor to the defendant as grantee. The deed was for the consideration of $225, and conveyed “ all that certain piece or parcel of land, situated, lying and being * * *, reserving the right to cut und remove all the pine timber or trees upon said premises, and one-half of all cedar trees upon said premises ; and the right is hereby reserved by the party of the first part to enter upon said lands at any time within two years next succeeding the date of Hhis instrument, for the purpose of cutting and removing the trees or timber so reserved.”
The question now is, Did the grantor, by this language, reserve only the right to cut and remove so' much of the timber upon the land conveyed as he might cut and remove within two years from the date of the deed? Or did 'he reserve to himself the absolute ownership of the timber, and merely fix or limit the time it would be lawful for him to enter upon the premises for the purpose of taking^ off the timber so reserved? The defendant contended that the former construction was the proper one to be placed upon the clause of the deed just cited, and accordingly asked the circuit court to instruct the jury that the conveyance conveyed an estate in fee to the defendant, with the right of plaintiff to cut and remove all the pine timber thereon, and one-half of the cedar, within two years from the date of the deed; and that if not cut and removed within that time, the reservation or exception lapsed, and the estate became absolute in the defendant. The - court refused to give this instruction,
Judge Selden, in Craig v. Wells, 11 N. Y., 815-321, in speaking of the distinction between an exception and a reservation in a conveyance, says: “ Although these terms are frequently used as substantially synonymous, yet they are in reality different. Perhaps the difference cannot be better stated than in the words of Shepard. He says : ‘ A reservation is a clause in a deed, whereby the grantor doth reserve some new thing to himself out of that which he granted before. This doth differ from an exception, which is ever a part of the thing granted, and of a thing in esse at the time; but this is of a thing newly created or reserved out of a thing demised that was not in esse before.’ (Shep. Touch., 80). It will be seen, therefore, that a reservation is always of something taken back out of that which is clearly granted; while an exception is some part of the estate not granted at all. A reservation is never of any part of the estate itself, but of something issuing out of it, as, for instance, rent, or some right to be exercised in relation to the estate; as to cut timber upon it. An exception, on the other hand, must be a portion of the thing granted, or described as granted, and can be of nothing else; and must also be of something which can be enjoyed separately from the thing granted. Shep. Touch., 77-78; Cunningham v. Knight, 1 Barb. (S. C.), 399; Starr v. Child, 5 Denio, 599.”
Substantially the same language is used by Chief Justice Tenney, in State v. Wilson, 42 Maine, 9-21, where he says: “ Exception is always a part of a thing granted, and of a thing in being; and a reservation is of a thing .not in being,
• In giving a construction to this clause of tbe deed, we must ascertain, if possible, tbe intention of tbe parties to tbe instrument. And we tbink that tbe intention manifestly was, to reserve only tbe right to cut and remove so mucb of tbe timber upon tbe land conveyed as tbe grantor might remove within two years from tbe date of the deed. It will be noticed that tbe reservation is of tbe right to cut and remove tbe timber upon tbe land — that is, a new right derived from the estate granted, and hence it falls fully within tbe definition of a reservation above given. Eor when tbe land was conveyed, and this right to cut and remove tbe timber was reserved, that right, in tbe sense of tbe law, became a new thing, separate from tbe right of tbe grantee in tbe premises. In some of tbe cases, tbe timber itself is reserved; and tbe courts bold that this is strictly an exception, since, it is a part of tbe realty, or a part of tbe estate, and would have passed to tbe grantee but for tbe exception. Tbe property in tbe timber continues in tbe grantor with the right in so much of tbe soil as is necessary to sustain it. That was tbe language of tbe grant in Howard v. Lincoln, 13 Maine, 122; Goodwin v. Hubbard, 47 id., 595; and Knotts v. Hydrick, 12 Richardson’s Law R., 314; where it was held that tbe timber remained tbe property of tbe grantor. In Sanborn v. Hoyt, 24 Maine, 118, where a tract of land was conveyed, “ excepting and reserving all tbe buildings on said premises,” tbe court held that tbe whole land described in the deed, including that under tbe buildings, passed to tbe grantees, but that tbe buildings became tbe personal property of tbe grantors. But those cases are readily distinguishable from tbe one we have before ■us. Here ifc is not tbe timber which is excepted from tbe
But it is said, if it was the intention of the parties merely to reserve to the grantor the right to-go upon the land and take off the timber standing thereon for two years, then the last clause of the reservation is wholly unnecessary. But this is a mistake. The proper office of that clause was to fix the time within which the grantor must ■ exercise the ■ right reserved. In the first clause of the reservation no time was specified. But the parties provided by the subsequent language, that the right to cut and remove the timber might be exercised for the period of two years, after the expiration of which time the right lapsed.
But further, it is said that within the two years, the time limited for removing the timber, the defendant agreed that the plaintiff might get the timber off the next winter, or whenever he chose, and therefore that the defendant is now estopped from insisting that the right is lapsed. It is claimed that the doctrine of estoppel in pais applies to the case. But the defendant testified that he never gave a longer time than two years. Row, assuming that such an agreement would be valid as a parol license — a.point we do not decide — still it is obvious that whether an agreement of this kind was made or not was a proper question to be submitted to the jury upon the evidence. In the present attitude of the cause, we certainly cannot determine whether the license would be irrevocable, or prevent the right to remove the timber from terminating or not. The jury must find, under proper instructions, that such a license existed, and the terms of such license, before this question can arise. "We think the court erred in refusing to give the
By the Court. — The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and a new trial awarded.