Cole, O. J.
After a careful examination of the bill of exceptions, we fail to discover any error in this case which should reverse the judgment. There is much conflict in the testimony, and it is not easy to get at the real facts. Put the evidence as given on both sides, and the law applicable to it, seem to have been fairly submitted by the court below in its charge.
It is objected on the part of the defendants that improper *44testimony was admitted on the trial. For instance, it is said it was error for the court to permit evidence to he introduced, against defendants’ objection, as to other fights than the one between the plaintiff and defendants, especially the testimony as to how the fight between “Ed.” Whitehead and Homer Ullom began, and the particulars of that fight. But it is indisputable that there were a number of fights going on at the same time, or in quick succession, between persons at the school-house. It was difficult to separate them, or to get the slightest idea of one without going into the history of others. They seem to be parts of one general preconcerted affray. The theory of the plaintiff about the transaction was that Henry Whitehead, together with his sons and some others, went to the school-house on the evening in question with the intent of getting up a quarrel with the “band boys,” or some persons they expected to find there, and whip them. If there was an unlawful combination on the part of Henry Whitehead and others with him to do such a wrongful act, whatever was said or done in the execution of that purpose was material and pertinent. The learned counsel for the defendants would not probably dispute the correctness of this proposition; but their contention is that there was no evidence of any such unlawful combination or conspiracy entered into before the defendants went to the school-house. All we have to say upon that point is that we think there was sufficient evidence of such a combination to carry the question to the jury. In that view all this evidence objected to was admissible.
Another error assigned is that it was improper to permit Dr. Confer to testify, against defendants’ objection, as to the tendency or danger of wounds by bites in general, instead of confining the testimony to the actual danger of this wound, and the extent of the injury it had caused. The doctor had seen and examined this wound on plaintiff’s thumb, and he was asked to state, from his experience and *45observation as a physician, the tendency or danger of that hvnd of a wound. He only testified as to the general or probable consequences of such an injury, which we suppose was proper. The injury to the thumb was caused by a bite by one of the defendants, and the question related to the general tendency or probable consequences of a bite by a human being on that part of the hand, and did not refer to bites by animals or reptiles. It seems to us the question was entirely proper in the form it was put.
"We are unable to see any objection to the ruling of „ the court in allowing the witnesses Estel and Keel to testify to what they did, when called in rebuttal.
As to the rule of liability where several persons unite in an act which constitutes a wrong to another, intending at the time to commit it, or doing -it under circumstances which fairly show them to be joint tort-feasors, the court gave the law substantially as laid down in Brown v. Perkins, 1 Allen, 89, which was cited with approval by this court in Hilmes v. Stroebel, 59 Wis. 74" court="Wis." date_filed="1883-12-11" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/hilmes-v-stroebel-6604230?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6604230">59 Wis. 74. That is to say, the court instructed that “ any person who is present at the commission of .an assault, or an assault and battery, by one person upon another, encouraging or inciting the same by words, gestures, looks, or signs, or wiho in any manner or by any means countenances or approves the same, is in law deemed an aider and abettor, and liable as principal; and evidence that a person is present at the commission of an assault and battery, without disapproving or opposing it, is evidence from which, in connection with other circumstances, the jury may infer that he assented thereto, and lent to it his countenance and 'approval, and was thereby aiding and abetting the same. But it is to be borne in mind that mere presence at the commission of an assault and battery or other wrongful act done, does not render a person liable as a participator therein.” The learned counsel insists that this charge should have been qualified in order to make - it *46applicable to the case, and. should have been: “ If a person is present at the commission of an assault and battery, knowing that it. is or is about to be committed, without disapproving or opposing it, this is evidence from which, in connection with other circumstances, his assent or participation in the act may be inferred.” No such qualification of the charge was asked for on the part of the defendants.
The instruction was surely applicable to one phase of the case. If there was an intent and purpose on the part of Henry Whitehead, and those with him, to go to the .schoolhouse and get up a fight with persons there, it was not necessary that he should actually aid his co-defendant in the assault and battery of the plaintiff. He would be equally liable in such a case as though he had committed, the battery himself. But the court, in effect, further said, if there was no unlawful combination or purpose of that kind, the mere presence of Henry Whitehead, without doing something, by word or act or gesture, denoting his countenance or approval, would not render him liable. In view of much of the testimony introduced on the trial, the charge on this point is unobjectionable. It was surely as favorable to the defendants as the law would justify. There was enough in the case to authorize the jury in finding,-— as they probably did under the charge,— that Henry. Whitehead, and others with him, were engaged in a common unlawful act, and that whatever was done in the execution of their purpose had his full sanction.
A further error is assigned, which is that this is not a case for exemplary damages. This point seems to us so-plainly untenable that it requires no comment.
The defendants put in a joint answer, consisting (1) of the general denial; (2) that Levi Whitehead admits he struck plaintiff, but alleges that plaintiff first assaulted and .struck him, and that he used only such force as was reasonable *47and necessary in defending himself against plaintiff’s assault ; and (3) Henry denies that he advised his co-defendant Levi to assault the plaintiff, or aided him in any manner. The other parts of the answer are immaterial. In this state of the pleadings the court charged very distinctly that the burden of proof was upon the party who had the affirmative of the issue, and that it was incmnbent upon the plaintiff to prove that Levi Whitehead assaulted and struck him and bit his thumb, and that Henry Whitehead advised, encouraged, and induced Levi to commit these injuries before they were inflicted, and that Henry Whitehead was also present when the injuries were committed by Levi, and aided and abetted in the commission of them. In respect to the justification set up by Levi, the court charged that as to that issue the burden of proof was upon the defendants. We do not see any error in this charge. Counsel say that the plaintiff was bound, under the answer, to prove his entire case, which we think he did do, for the case seems to have been tried without any regard to which side had the burden of proof. And the court clearly separated the defenses of the defendants in his direction to the jury. But we suppose as to the justification the onus was upon the party relying on that defense. We do not quite comprehend the position of counsel when they say that, even so far as Levi was concerned, the answer does not admit that he struck the plaintiff. If that admission is not in the answer we do not understand it. But the admission is certainly in the answer, and the plaintiff might have availed himself of the admission though the answer contained the general denial (Sexton v. Rhames, 13 Wis. 99" court="Wis." date_filed="1860-11-19" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/sexton-v-rhames-6598306?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6598306">13 Wis. 99; Hartwell v. Page, 14 Wis. 50; Farrell v. Hennesy, 21 Wis. 632" court="Wis." date_filed="1867-01-15" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/farrell-v-hennesy-6599782?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="6599782">21 Wis. 632); but he did not see fit to do so.
On the whole record we think the judgment is correct, and must be affirmed.
By the Court.— Judgment affirmed.