92 Me. 292 | Me. | 1898
Lead Opinion
The constitution of this State provides that no city or town shall create any debt or liability, which singly, or in the aggregate with previous debts or liabilities, shall exceed five per centum of the last regular valuation of said city or town.
In interpreting this constitutional provision we believe we would be willing to adopt the middle doctrine on which some of-the authorities stand, called by counsel for respondents the rule of reconciliation, which allows a municipal corporation, although its indebtedness has already reached the constitutional limit, to make time contracts in order to provide for certain municipal wants which involve only the ordinary current expenses of municipal administration, provided there is to be no payment or liability until the services be furnished, and then to be met by annual appropriations and levy of taxes; so that each year’s services shall be paid for by each year’s taxes; the scheme being variously denominated in the cases as a business, or cash, or pay-as-you-go transaction, and the like.
And we incline to the belief that, on this principle, a town or city may contract for the use of a hall for a term of year's, to be used for strictly municipal purposes, provided the principle be fairly applied in any case and not be abused; not however allowing a hall to be hired for the purpose of subletting either the whole or any part of it. Municipal necessities are only to be regarded.
But under the guise of the principle above stated, a municipality should not be allowed to pass off, as an agreement for renting a hall, an agreement which is not really entered into strictly for such purpose. And we feel that the transaction here in question must be repudiated upon that ground. The transaction has in some respects the semblance of a lease, but it is a misnomer to call it such. It is attempted to make it one thing in form, while in reality it is something else. It is apparent enough that the city is to have
It would not be a misinterpretation to say that the city of Water-ville, instead of leasing the property, undertakes to purchase or pay for it on the installment plan, and that what are called rentals for the hall are merely partial payments on its cost.
In Gross v. Jordan, 83 Maine, 380, the head-note is as follows: “ Writing an agreement in the form of a lease does not alter the character of an instrument which by its more essential terms discloses itself to be a conditional sale of personal property.” The facts of that case showed that by a paper called a lease, and sprinkled with phrases appropriate to a lease, one person received a wagon of another, agreeing to pay fifteen dollars a month for its use, and when the sums so paid amounted to one hundred and sixty-five dollars and interest thereon, such party was to receive title to the wagon. The court said: “This paper, which calls itself a lease, is a conditional sale of property, the title passing when the full price shall have been paid. Its own terms are the true test of the nature of a contract, whatever its framers may denominate it.” That case was followed by other cases in this state where agreements to convey pianos and sewing machines were attempted to be passed off and construed as leases, but the attempts did not prevail.
We need not dwell on this point, however, because our opinion is that the true nature of the transaction is rather the hiring of money by the city upon the security of city property through the intervention of a trustee, the title to the property being and remaining in the city from the beginning to the end, subject only to the lien upon it in favor of bondholders for money to be lent. This kind of agreement is so clearly and satisfactorily explained by Pomeroy in his Equity Jurisprudence, in § 995, that we here quote the entire section, as follows: “ Deeds .of Trust to Secure Debts.— A special form of trust for the benefit of creditors peculiar to the
The statutory commission in the case before us was very little more than a passive trustee, and would be entirely such when the bonds should become paid. The trust at all times was to be fastened upon the estate rather than upon the trustee, and a conveyance of the estate by the city itself, after payment of the debt, could not be repudiated by the trustee. Sawyer v. Skowhegan, 57 Maine, 500; Pom. Eq. Juris. § 988. So there was no need of inserting in the act that the commission should reconvey to the city. The learned counsel for the respondents admits that an equity of redemption reposed in the city. When therefore the debt should become paid, the new city hall would be absolutely the property of the city.
There appears upon the brief of respondents this assertion: “In many -cases, where commissioners, not being incorporated, have issued bonds, the courts have held that the city was liable, as the statutes properly construed required a holding that such unincorporated commissioners were simply agents of the city.” We can see no reason why an. incorporated commission may not act as an
The commission as created by the act was naked of all authority excepting in just one respect, and that was as a formal medium through which the city could secure to the bondholders its debt. It will be seen all the way along that the commission is to be under the control of the city. The commission could sue and be sued, but it had no property and was subjected to no risks. It is entitled to have certain officers, and such others “as the city may direct.” The city treasurer is to be the treasurer of the commission, but no new bond is required of him, and his sureties would not be responsible for his defaults, unless he be considered as acting for the city in what he does for the commission.
Section 2 declares that the powers and duties of the commission shall be controlled by the city. The commission is to have “such powers as are already conferred on it by the city,” and it “shall have any other 'powers and perform any other duties which may hereafter from time to time be voted and conferred upon it by the city council.” This does not sound much like the city being only a hirer and tenant of the property.
Section 3 imposes merely a clerical duty upon the commission, without the exercise of any discretionary power whatever. It is authorized to issue its bonds “ at such rates and on such times and for such amounts as the city council may approve,” not exceeding $75,000. By section 4 the city is authorized, “when its council so votes,” to convey its city hall lot and all improvements thereon, presumably of great comparative value, to the commission for the sole purpose of securing the bonds before named and for no other purpose, the commission to hold the property and the new building to be erected thereon in trust as security therefor. These ai’e all very commendable provisions, but only go to show the true relations which the city was to hold towards this city property, and indicating that the city was really to build the new hall as its own property. And does not the very mischief here arise which the
Section 5, in case of a default in the payment of bonds or coupons, authorizes bondholders to petition the court to enforce their lien by appointing a receiver for the sale and distribution of the property. The petitition goes to the court, ignoring the commission. Is there any doubt, should there be an excess of assets over indebtedness, that the balance would belong to the city as the debtor and owner?
By section 6, tbe city is “authorized and required to raise annually by taxation such sum as may be necessary to pay all expenses for repairs, insurance and management of said city building, when completed, together with an annual rental of said building in a sum equal to the annual interest on the bonds issued and outstanding .... and it shall be-authorized to except said property from taxation while held in trust” .... These are exactly the burdens which the city would necessarily bear as an owner of the property, and it is nothing less than affectation to style such payments rentals instead of payments of interest on the bonds. It is indeed an ingenious provision to fix the so-called rental as just equivalent to interest on the bonds and the expenses, because it has a look of fairness on its face. But the unfairness of this proposition is exposed when we find • in section 7 a compensatory clause “authorizing and empowering the city to raise by taxation or other means such other sums as may be voted by the city council to add to the sinking fund to be provided for the purchase of the bonds and coupons issued under section 3 of this act.” It eei’tainly cannot be pretended that these occasional taxations made from time to time are rentals or in the nature of rentals, for it is expressly provided that they shall swell the sinking fund for the payment of the bonds for the benefit of the city, and of course to
Section 7 contains grotesque provisions: “In consideration of the rental as aforesaid the city of Waterville shall become the tenant of said city building when completed.” If that shall be taken to mean that the city may remain in possession of its property without interference of bondholders, so long as it promptly pays the interest on the bonded indebtedness and keeps the property in good preservation and repair, that idea may be easily understood. If it means, however, that the city is to be a tenant and some other party a landlord, who is such landlord ? It cannot be the constructors for they are to have their pay. Nor can it be the bondholders, for they have a lien only and must go to the court for the enforcement of any of their rights. It cannot be the Commission, for there are no words in the act investing them with any such authority. The landlord then cannot be other than the city itself, the city to be both landlord and tenant. The draftsman of the legislative act seems to have been in some confusion of mind on this point, evidently regarding the city as one party and its city council as another; especially when he declares in section 7 that the city shall become tenant “ under such provisions and directions as the city council may vote from time to time.” But it is of course difficult to keep up the landlord and tenant theory and
■ Section 10 in effect affirms again that the commission shall have no power excepting to act as a medium through which the city may deal with the bondholders.
Certain provisions contained in section 11 are very important as disclosing the true nature of these transactions on the part of the city of Waterville, which section is as follows: “All duties and powers necessary to be exercised with respect to the erection of said city building and the care of the same after erection, not conferred on said City Hall Commission by any existing ordinance or vote of the said city of Waterville, or by the provisions of this act, shall be vested in the city council of Waterville. The city of, Waterville, and not said City Hall Commission shall be liable for all damages which said city would have been liable for in the erection of said building or the proper care of the same, had not the trust herein provided for been created.”
By this section all duties and powers to be exercised in the construction and after-management of the hall, not already lodged in the commission by the city council or by the act, and we do not find that any are so lodged, are vested in the city itself. How inconsistent with the contention that the city is to be really a tenant paying rent! It may be admitted that it is provided it may be called a tenant. And so purely submissive an agent of the city is the commission to be,, and so thoroughly and abjectly under its control, that it is to be protected during the construction of the-hall, from all incidental risks, and the city is to assume all the same. What an unheard of proposition that a tenant is to pay a full price for his tenancy, and also be answerable for all injuries and misfortunes that may happen while the building he is to occupy is in process of construction!
But none of the features of this section' are at all inconsistent
It appears from the facts that at first the city made its contract directly with the builders, and finding it illegal, afterwards annulled that contract, intending to make the same contract over again indirectly through its incorporated agent or trustee. Here were two forms, but the embodiment in each case is the same. Where is there any essential difference between the two?
Section 12 provides that all vacancies in the membership of the commission shall be filled by the city council. It constitutes its own agent or trustee at its liking.
Section 13 provides for the city’s acceptance of the act, and it accepted it. By its acceptance the city assents to all the taxations provided for, and to all the obligations imposed upon it by the act. The learned counsel for respondents sets up the contention that the true test of its liability is whether the city can or not be sued, arguing that the only remedy against it must be by mandamus. But is not mandamus a legal remedy of the most potential kind? And is there not a .clear liability where mandamus can be maintained? After the city accepted the act, were the act free from the taint 'of unconstitutionality, would not the city be under a requirement for thirty years to make at least an annual assessment
It must be confessed that the act in question is a very dexterous attempt to accomplish one thing under the name of another thing, — as plausible as it is fallacious. It is error with truth’s clothes on. And such erroneous propositions are not always easy to answer. Dr. Whately truly said of erroneous arguments:— “ Although they are most unsubstantial, it is not easy to destroy them. There is not a more difficult feat known. than to cut through a cushion with a sword.” It is sure, however, if the plan here, intended as it is to avoid rather than uphold the law, shall prevail, the result as a precedent will shatter the constitutional amendment into pieces.
The respondents further contend that the remedy here is at law and not in equity. Such a decision would be a victory for respondents, because the city could control its common law obligations to suit the majority; while the constitutional amendment, is for the protection of the minority against the majority.
We have no doubt that the city’s own valuation, and not the valuation made by the State Board of Commissioners, is the test by which to ascertain the amount of indebtedness which settles the constitutional limit. If the city wants its valuation increased for one purpose let it increase it, by its own act, for all purposes.
Our conclusion is that the bill must be sustained, and that the deed to the City Hall Commission from the city of' Waterville must be adjudged to be illegal, null and void; and that the contract between the Commission and the firm of M. C. Foster & Son
Decree accordingly, and for costs against the city of Waterville.
Dissenting Opinion
Dissenting Opinion.
I am unable to concur in the opinion of the court. And the importance of the decision, as affecting municipal development in this state both now and hereafter, seems to justify me in placing on record the reasons which govern my dissent.
The situation may be fairly summarized as follows: The inhabitants of the city of Waterville desired the present use of a city hall building, which by reason of the constitutional debt limit they were unable to build by borrowing money therefor. The city, being indebted already beyond its debt limit, could not incur any debt for that purpose. It owned land which had already been devoted to and used for city hall purposes. It was willing that the land and the new building which might be built upon it should be held for the payment of the cost of the building. In consideration of the use of the building, the city was willing to be bound to pay the actual current expenses, and a sum equivalent to the interest on the. cost of the building, and to assume liability for such damages as might be incurred in the construction of the building. The city also desired to have the right to pay, at its option, whenever it could constitutionally do so, the cost of the building, at one time or in installments. None of these things, however, could be done, if thereby the city was to incur a debt or liability, within the meaning of the constitution. The legislature sought to enable the inhabitants of the city of Waterville to accomplish these purposes by the act creating the City Hall Commission.
I concede all that is said in the opinion of the court concerning the cordial, even intimate, relations between the Commission and the city. I see no reason why they should not be so.
The personnel of the Commission, the manner in which its mem
There seems to me to be no good reason why the city, with legislative permission, under these circumstances, may not divest itself of the right to the use of the building unless it pays what is equivalent .to a fair rental. It seeks to put the property in trust for the benefit of those persons who advance money for the purpose of building it, and for the purposes of the trust it is to pay a compensation, which in the legislative act is styled rent. It is to remain in the possession and control, to be sure, but this privilege is subject to the duty of paying the compensation. If an individual places his property in trust, is it not permissible for him to agree to pay a rent in consideration of retaining the use?
All these things do, indeed, show the relations which the city bears to the building and to the Commission. Aside from the constitutional limit upon municipal indebtedness, I am unable to see why such relations may not properly be created by the legislature. And it is the legislature which has attempted to create them in this case. It must be remembered that we are not dealing with natural persons. These relations are not to be deemed colorable, as is frequently the case in the relations between private individuals, and as was the case in Gross v. Jordan, cited in the opinion, The relations in this case were created by law, by the statute, by the only body which had the right to create them. Both the city and the Commission are creatures of the legislature. Their powers,
These relations are lawful, unless by operation of this statute the municipal debt of Waterville would be increased. The statute creating this Commission should be construed, like every other statute, according to the clear-' intention of the legislature as expressed therein. That intention, I take it, was that the city might put its city hall lot into a trust; that the trustee might hire money for the construction of a city hall on the security of the property alone; that the city should not in any event be liable for the debt; that the city.might have the possession and control of the building by paying annually therefor a fair compensation, but not otherwise; and that the city might pay from time to time, or at one time, if it could constitutionally, the amount necessary to redeem the property from the bondholders. This is all there is .to it.
The real question, however, underlying all others, is whether this legislation is in contravention of the constitution of Maine, in that it may increase the debt of the city beyond its limit.
Whatever may be the opinion of the court of the wisdom or expediency of this instrumentality devised as a part of municipal government in the city of Waterville, if its operation does not tend, directly or indirectly, “to increase the debt or liability” of the city of Waterville; it should not be held to violate the constitutional provision referred to. To the legislature, and not to the court, has been assigned the power to create municipal corporations and municipal governments, and the duty to modify, regulate and control them for the best interests of the people. With the exercise of this duty we should not interfere, unless the legislature oversteps the organic law of the state. The city is the creature of the state. Its powers and duties are defined and limited by the state, acting through the legislature. The state can abolish it and substitute another instrumentality in its place. The state may create, within the town or city, other municipal instrumentalities,
I think it is not to be questioned that such legislation is within the power of the legislature. No. Yarmouth v. Skillings, 45 Maine, 133; People v. Draper, 15 N. Y. 532.
The complainants charge, and in argument claim, that the act incorporating the City Hall Commission, as a whole, is “an evasion and legal- artifice” to enable the city to increase its debts and liabilities far beyond the constitutional debt limit created by the twenty-second amendment to the constitution, and is therefore unconstitutional and void.
The broad ground is taken that the statute under consideration is nothing but a mask, a scheme, a contrivance, a legal artifice, by which Waterville can get a city building, while indebted beyond the constitutional limit, by indirectly creating a debt or liability, and thus break the spirit, if not the letter, of the amendment above referred to.
“To get at the thought or meaning expressed in a constitution, the first resort, in all cases, is to the natural signification of the words in the order of grammatical arrangement in which the framers of the instrument have placed them. If the words convey a definite meaning, which involves no absurdity, nor any contradiction of other parts of the instrument, then that meaning apparent on the face of the instrument must be accepted, and neither the courts nor the legislature have the right to add to it or take from it.....The simplest and most obvious interpretation of a constitution, if in itself sensible, is the most likely to be that meant by the people in its adoption.” Commissioners of Lake County v. Rollins, 130 U. S. 662.
It is a striking and suggestive fact that the states whose courts have construed the debt limit amendments most narrowly and
The act in question creates a City Hail Commission, to which the city of Waterville has the power of appointment, which is charged with the duty of building a city hall for the use of the city, has power to issue bonds for that purpose, and is constituted a trustee for the bondholders.
It is not claimed that the building or leasing of a city hall by a city is not legal and proper, as a municipal act. Spaulding v. Lowell, 23 Pick. 71; Stetson v. Kempton, 13 Mass. 278; State v. Haynes, 72 Mo. 377; People v. Mononey, 4 Cal. 9; Halbut v. Forrest City, 34 Ark. 246; Eastman v. Meredith, 36 N. H. 295; Beaver Dam v. Frings, 17 Wis. 409; Torrent v. Muskegon, 47 Mich. 115 ; People v. Green, 64 N. Y. 499 ; Rome v. McWilliams, 67 Ga. 106; Camden v. Camden Village Corp., 77 Maine, 530.
It is admitted that the primary object of the proposed city hall will be for the' city’s use. If the hall, which shall be adapted for meetings of the citizens for municipal, political and other purposes, shall at the same time be fitted so that it can be used as a theatre
To call this act a “scheme” or “artifice” does not add to the weight of the argument. Much private legislation consists of “schemes.” The wit of men is all the time being exercised in accomplishing new results by new means, within legal limits. If needed public improvements, if the ownership of public water supplies, and the like, by a town or city can be accomplished only by a “ scheme ” like this, and that without infringing upon the constitutional amendment, or becoming subject to the evils which that amendment was intended to prevent, then it is to the credit of the legislature that a “scheme” has been devised.
The question is whether any of the specific provisions of the act are within the inhibition of the constitution. Does the grant of authority to the city to convey its old city hall lot to the Commission in trust, or to the Commission to issue bonds, or the requirement of an annual tax levy to pay “ all expenses for repairs, insurance and management,” and an annual rental of the building, or the requirement that the “revenue derived from the building shall be invested in a sinking fund to be used for the purchase of the bonds,” tend to “increase the debt or liability” of the city?
The language of the constitution is clear. No refinement of language can make it more so. Of its absolute wisdom no one can doubt. Its purpose is equally clear. It is easy to read it in the light of the history of the state. Municipalities of tax-payers can in most instances safely be left to tax themselves, but occasionally a wild and unwarranted enthusiasm attacks a community, as it does an individual. In the years just prior to the adoption of this constitutional amendment many towns in this state had incautiously lent their aid to what were thought to be improvements, notably
I. Is tbe provision authorizing the conveyance of the old city hall lot to the Commission in contravention of the constitutional amendment referred to ? I do not think so. As has already been said, the City Hall Commission is a legal' and proper municipal instrumentality. It was competent for the legislature to create it. The act merely authorizes the transfer of a piece of municipal property created for municipal uses, from one municipal corporation to another municipal corporation, to be used for the same purpose by the same people. Both corporations are a part of the
Some courts have' gone so far as to say that the legislature may divert municipal property to other and different uses from those to which it has been applied by the municipality itself. Indianapolis v. Indianapolis Home, 50 Ind. 215. See note to Mount Hope Cemetery v. Boston, (158 Mass. 509) 35 Am. St. Rep. at p. 536.
If the legislature may require an absolute conveyance of such property by a city to another municipal corporation to be used for the same purpose, can it not permit the conveyance in trust, reserving to the city what may be called an equity of redemption ? I think it can. It must be remembered that it lies with the legislature to determine how and upon what terms and conditions, and for what purposes, a municipal corporation may hold property.
It is claimed, in argument, that the act is unconstitutional, so far as the authorized conveyance of the city hall lot in trust is
It is not clear that such a possibility would render the act invalid. The act is permissive. The legislature merely gives the authority. And when the legislature and the municipality affected both agree as to the wisdom of the proposed proceeding, I am unable to see how it infringes upon any provision of the organic law. But a sufficient answer to this objection is, that it is at all times within the power of the city, by the legitimate exercise of the power of taxation, to provide for the payment of the bonds, and so prevent a forfeiture or loss. The amount of the bonds, the rate of interest, and the time or times when they shall mature are all subject to the approval of the city, and it certainly has it within its power to make such provisions that even0 the payment of the debt of the City Hall Commission, from time to time, by money raised by taxation, would not be extremely onerous.
It is claimed further that the subtraction of a portion of the municipal assets of the city is in effect increasing its “debt or liability,” inasmuch as it lessens the means from which the city can derive funds for the payment of its debts. A plain reading of the constitution does not lead to this result. A city is forbidden to “increase its debt or liability,” entirely irrespective of its assets.' They may be more or they be less. If diminishing the assets increases the debt, so increasing the assets ought to diminish the debt. But it is not so. The prohibition is absolute, as to the debts. The amount of a person’s debts is in no way contingent upon the amount of his assets. His debts are not increased by selling his assets.
In computing indebtedness, to ascertain whether it is within thev limit, the courts do not permit the deduction of assets. The debt] stands alone. Lovejoy v. Foxcroft, 91 Maine, 367. Even cash in 1 the treasury for the purpose of paying bonds cannot be deducted. Waxahatchie v. Brown, 67 Tex. 519; 17 Am. & Eng. Corp. Cases, 348. So neither can uncollected taxes nor the levy for the present' year be deducted. Council Bluffs v. Stewart, 51 Iowa, 385.
The same general considerations which apply to the provision for the conveyance of the city hall lot also apply to the requirement that the revenues from the building shall be invested in a sinking fund to be used for the purchase of bonds issued by the Commission. This revenue as earned becomes municipal property. Placing it in a sinking fund does not, for reasons already stated, increase the city debt or liability. The legislature, especially with the assent of the city, which was given by accepting the act, may well impose a trust upon this revenue, when its purpose is to relieve the burden of debt from a property in which the city has an equitable interest. Indeed it may be said that the trust attaches to the money, as earned, and that the city never will have any.title to it except subject to the trust. Would it not be clearly within the power of the legislature to require a city to set aside-any income derived by it from its own income producing property, in order to create a fund to be used for proper municipal purposes ? And if so, why may not the city be required to set aside the income of this trust property and apply it in time to the payment of the liens upon it? It is difficult to see how any municipal debt or liability is created thereby, and unless a debt or liability is created thereby, the propriety of the sinking fund provision is a question which addresses itself to the legislature and not to the court.
It is now the general law of this state that towns and cities may create sinking funds by taxation. The Laws of 1897, Chap. 208. See Burlington Water Works v. Woodward, 49 Iowa, 58.
II. The complainants argue that the city may ultimately be liable for the payment of the bonds issued by the Commission, that there is at least an implied liability which is as obnoxious to the constitution as an express liability. I am unable to see how this can be so, unless the Commission is the agent of the city for the purpose of issuing bonds. But the whole purport of this act is that the city shall not be liable for the bonds of the Commission. The legislature can undoubtedly create an agent for whose acts the city would be liable, but I think it did not do so in this case. Nothing can be clearer than the purpose of the legislature that the bondholders should look to the property alone for the payment of the principal of the debt.
The City Hall Commission is created a body corporate and politic; it has a seal; it can sue and be sued. It has a separate legal entity. It is a corporation entirely distinct from the municipal corporation of Waterville. It is true that the persons composing the Commission may be chosen by the city and that the city may prescribe its powers and duties, not inconsistent with the act
A contract to build a sewer, by which the contractor was to receive certificates of assessments upon abutting owners of adjacent property in full payment, was held not to create a debt within the meaning of the constitutional limitation. Davis v. Des Moines, 71 Iowa, 500. Where a city council could not authorize expenditures for the current year beyond the limit fixed by the charter, a contract for grading and paving, not to be completed within the municipal year, and beyond the limit for the current year, was held valid. Weston v. Syracuse, 17 N. Y. 110.
The act, as I understand it, provides that the commission shall hire the money, and the debt will be the debt of the commission. The case of Mayor of Baltimore v. Gill, 31 Md. 375, which is sometimes cited upon this general question, and adversely to the ground I take, is a good illustration of the distinction which I
But it is said that the city would be liable to proceedings by mandamus. I do not think the city would be liable to proceedings by mandamus to aid in the recovery of the debt, for unless there is a liability for the debt, no proceedings whatever against the city, looking to its recovery, would lie. That mandamus might lie to compel it to meet the annual charges, I concede. There is no provision in the act which requires the city to raise any money whatever at any time except “ such sum or sums as may be necessary to pay all expenses for repairs, insurance and management of the building, together with an annual rental of the building in a sum equal to the annual interest on the bonds issued and outstanding.” There is no requirement that the city shall pay any portion of the debt or raise any money to contribute to the sinking fund. Creditors who take the bonds would have to take them subject to the provisions of the act.
The opinion of the court admits that a town may make time contracts in order to provide for certain municipal wants which involve only the ordinary current expenses of the municipal administration, provided there is to be no payment or liability until the services be furnished, and then to be met by annual appropriations and levy of taxes; and also that such a time contract can be made for the use of a hall for a term of years to be used for strictly municipal purposes.
This may cover all that is sought to be done under the act in question. But if not, I wish to say that such an arrangement as is contemplated by the act is well supported by the authorities. I think that a city may contract for a definite term, or an indefinite period, for such current municipal expenses, as this act provides for, if provision is made by law requiring the raising annually by taxation of the amount necessary to pay such expenses as they accrue. Atlantic City Water Works Co. v. Atlantic City, 48 N. J. L. 378; East St. Louis v. East St. Louis Gas-light & Coke Co., 98 Ill. 415, (38 Am. Rep. 97), where it was held that the aggregate future payments were not a present indebtedness.
In Grant v. Davenport, 36 Iowa, 396, in case of a water contract for a term of years, it was said, “A city already indebted to the maximum limit .... may rent real estate and buildings (suitable for its officers) for a like use, and agree to pay a reasonable rent therefor; such a contract would not be creating an indebtedness, but is a cash transaction, and the length, of time tlie contract is to continue does not alter the effect, .... where the contract made by the municipal corporation pertains to its ordinary expenses, and is, together with other like expenses, within the limit of its current revenues and such special taxes as it may legally and in good faith intend to levy therefor, such contract does not incur an incurring of indebtedness within the constitutional prohibition.”
While the rent required by this act to be paid is arbitrarily fixed, it does not seem to be unreasonable in amount, as rent. And if the amount is fixed by the legislature and assented to by the city, and the amount is required to be raised annually by taxation, I think the statute provision requiring it should be held constitutional. It is not a contribution towards the principal part of the cost of the building. It is not a paying for the building in installments. It is merely a payment of the interest upon the cost of so much of the property as is represented by the building, together with expenses of maintenance, and that may be regarded as a reasonable rental. There would be an obligation to pay only when and as fast as the consideration was received.
It is generally held that the state can direct a town to make municipal improvements, and can lawfully impose a tax upon the property of the citizens of the town to pay the necessary expenses. People v. Flagg, 46 N. Y. 401; Thomas v. Leland, 24 Wend. 65; Easton & Amboy R. R. Co. v. Central R. R. Co., 52 N. J. L. 267; Guilder v. Otsego, 20 Minn. 59; Carter v. Cambridge & Brookline Bridge Proprs., 104 Mass. 236; Kirby v. Shaw, 19 Pa. St. 258 ; Cooley’s Const. Lim. § 230.
A familiar illustration in this state, of the power of the state to compel towns to raise money by taxation for specific purposes, is found in the requirement that “ every town shall raise and expend, annually, for the support of schools therein, .... not less than eighty cents for each inhabitant.” R. S., c. 11, § 6.