PROCEEDINGS: (IN CHAMBERS): ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS
Before the Court is a Motion to Dismiss (“Motion”) filed by Defendants JPMorgan Chase Bank NA, Chase Home Finance LLC, and Chase Home Finance Inc. (Dkt. 15). After considering the moving, opposing, and replying papers, as well as supplemental briefs, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART the Motion.
This case involves an issue of first impression,
I. Background
The gravamen of this putative class action is that Plaintiffs, who are borrowers, sold their home for an amount insufficient to pay off their mortgage — a “short sale” — and eschewed other options like foreclosure because they relied on representations by Defendants promising to release Plaintiffs from the obligation to pay this short sale deficiency. After the short sale, Defendants did not release Plaintiffs but rather sought to collect the short sale deficiency and reported Plaintiffs’ failure to pay it to credit reporting agencies,
a. In 2006, Plaintiffs obtain a purchase money mortgage from Defendants
Defendants are JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (“Defendant Chase NA”), Chase Home Finance LLC (“Defendant Chase LLC”), and Chase Home Finance Inc. (collectively, “Defendants”).
Plaintiffs Michael and Naomi Rex (“Plaintiffs”) are “borrowers who obtained financing for the purchase of residential housing in California through Defendants’ loan services.” FAC ¶2. In 2006, Plaintiffs “financed the purchase of their home,” which was a “single family residence,” with a loan from Defendant Chase NA. Id. at ¶ 5. Defendant Chase NA “was the mortgage holder and the mortgage was thereafter held and administered by” Defendant Chase LLC. Id.
b. In 2009, Plaintiffs are unable to pay their mortgage
In 2009, Plaintiffs experienced “decreased income” and realized they “would not be able to satisfy the monthly payment demands of the mortgage lender.” Id. at ¶ 6. At that time, Plaintiffs owed approximately $310,000 on their mortgage. Id. at ¶ 6.
Plaintiffs “initially tried to negotiate a loan modification” with Defendant Chase LLC, but it “was unwilling.” Id. at ¶ 8. Plaintiffs “continued to make timely monthly payments on their mortgage.” Id.
c. Defendant Chase LLC conditions a short sale on Plaintiffs defaulting on their mortgage
“Since they were denied a loan modification and they had no other viable financial option, Plaintiffs elected to pursue [a] short sale ... as opposed to allowing the property to go into foreclosure.” Id. The FAC defines a “short sale” as “a transaction wherein the selling price of the residence is for an amount insufficient to pay off the amount of the loan on the property leaving the sale ‘short’ of a full payoff of the loan.” FAC at ¶ 2.
Defendant Chase LLC informed Plaintiffs that, before it “would approve any short sale, it would be necessary that Plaintiffs be at least thirty days late on their mortgage payments.” Id.
d. In a December 10, 2009, letter (Exhibit 2), Defendants agree to release Plaintiffs of the short sale deficiency
“Chase [LLC] agreed to accept [Plaintiffs’] short sale” and “documented the acceptance of the short sale in a letter to
In a letter dated December 10, 2009, attached to the original complaint as Exhibit 2, Defendants state that:
You have informed Chase that you would like to sell the referenced] property for an amount that is not sufficient to pay the Loan in full. In connection with the sale, you have requested that Chase release the lien (the “Lien”) on the Property which secures the Loan and the Note. Chase agrees to do so, subject to all of the following conditions:
1. Payment to Chase of certified funds of not less than $3,000.00....
2. Receipt by Chase of a signed copy of this letter whereby you promise to pay Chase, its successors or assigns, the sum of $2,000.00 by 12/30/09.
Chase’s agreement to release the Lien and Note is valid only in connection with the Purchase Contract....
Compl. (Dkt. 1) Ex. 2.
e. Another December 10, 2009, letter (Exhibit 1) states that the “customer is still responsible for all deficiency balances per the terms of the of the original loan”
In another December 10, 2009, letter attached to the original Complaint at Exhibit 1, Defendants states that:
This letter is to confirm that JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., ... agrees to accept the following:
SHORT SALE on the above account. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., ... agrees to release it[s] security interests in the above collateral upon receipt of $3,000.00 in certified U.S. funds.... This amount is for the release of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., ... security interest only. The customer is still responsible for all deficiency balances per the terms of the original loan documents.
Compl. (Dkt. 1) at Ex. 1.
f. After the short sale, Defendants seek to collect the deficiency
“Within several months” of the short sale, Defendant Chase LLC sought “a deficiency balance of more than $56,000.00 from Plaintiffs.” FAC ¶ 41. Defendant Chase LLC “assigned the collection of this unlawfully claimed deficiency balance ‘debt’ to debt collectors,” who “have continued to ... pursue collection.” Id. at ¶¶ 11, see also id. at ¶ 73(b).
Due to these collection efforts, Plaintiffs “are being forced to, or will be forced to, make payments unauthorized by law and contrary to the express agreement of and representations of Defendant Chase [LLC].” Id. at ¶ 42.
g. Defendants report Plaintiffs’ failure to pay the short sale deficiency to creditors, resulting in inaccurate credit histories
Defendants “[flalsely and deceptively reported] ... the deficiencies of Plaintiffs ... to credit reporting agencies as ‘late,’ ‘charged off,’ ‘collection,’ or other derogatory status ... when in fact under California Code of Civil Procedure 580b no such personal liability exists.” FAC ¶¶ 63, 63(d); see also id. at ¶¶ 73, 73(e).
“As a proximate result of the foregoing, Plaintiffs ... have been damaged and have suffered detriment in that they have been subjected to ... listing of ... unlawful and improperly claimed ‘debt’ with credit reporting agencies.” FAC ¶ 46, see also id. at ¶¶ 49, 56. For example, Defendant Chase LLC “caused Plaintiffs ... to suffer and sustain damages in degraded credit
h. On April 13, 2011, Defendant Chase NA and the OCC enter into a Consent Cease and Desist Order (“2011 Consent Order”)
On April 13, 2011, Defendant Chase NA consented to the issuance of and entered into a “Consent Cease and Desist Order” (“2011 Consent Order”) issued by the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”). Defs.’ Request for Judicial Notice (“RJN”) (Dkt. 16) Ex. A (2011 Consent Order) at 1. The 2011 Consent Order states that it is “a final order issued pursuant to 12 U.S.C. § 1818(b).” Id. Ex. A at Art. XIII § 2(8).
By entering into this 2011 Consent Order, Defendant Chase NA “committed to taking all necessary and appropriate steps to remedy the ... unsafe or unsound practices identified by the OCC, and to enhance [Defendant Chase NA] residential mortgage servicing and foreclosure processes.” Id. Ex. A at 1-2. The Consent Order also states that the Comptroller finds and Defendant Chase NA “neither admits nor denies” that Defendant Chase NA “engaged in unsafe or unsound banking practices.” Id. Ex. A at 2-3.
The 2011 Consent Order provides that Defendant Chase NA “shall submit to” the OCC, and, “upon adoption” by the OCC, “implement”
• “Compliance Program,” which “shall” include “processes to ensure that ... compliance programs have the requisite authority ... so that ... deficiencies” in Defendant Chase NA’s “Loss Mitigation” activities are “identified and promptly remedied.” Defs.’ RJN (Dkt. 16) Ex. A at Art. IV, §§ (1), (l)(o).
• “plan for operation of its management information system ... to ensure the timely delivery of complete and accurate information” regarding “Loss Mitigation activities.” Id. Ex. A at Art. VIII. .
• “plan ... for ensuring effective coordination of communications with borrowers ... related to Loss Mitigation ... and foreclosure activities.” Id. Ex. A at Art. IX, § (1).
• “plan” to “reimburs[e] or otherwise appropriately remediate] borrowers for impermissible or excessive penalties, fees, or expenses, or for other financial injury.” Id. Ex. A at Art. VII, § (5)(a).
The 2011 Consent Order defines “loss mitigation activities” to “include ... activities related to special forbearances, modifications, short refinances, short sales, eashfor-keys, and deeds-in-lieu of foreclosure.” Id. Ex. A at Art. Ill § (2) (emphasis added).
i. In a June 21, 2011, Financial Remediation Framework (“2012 Framework”), the OCC issues recommendations to Defendant Chase NA’s independent consultants
Defendants have submitted a document titled “June 21, 2012 Financial Remediation Framework” (“2012 Framework”). See Defs.’ RJN (Dkt. 16) Ex. G.
The 2012 Framework provides that “independent consultants” for the “mortgage servicers” that entered into the 2011 Consent Order “will use the Framework to recommend remediation” and the mortgage “servicers will -prepare remediation plans based on [those] recommendations.” Defs.’ RJN (Dkt. 16) Ex. G at 1.
The 2012 Framework states that it:
• “provides examples of where compensation or other remediation is required for financial injury” that these independent consultants “will use.” Id.
• One such example is that a servicer “[sjuspend foreclosure where appropriate, correct servicer record for amounts in error and/or reimburse borrower for amounts paid in error, plus interest; and where required, correct credit reports and pay $500 for credit reporting error.” Id. at 5 (text at column “No. 13”). This example appears under the heading “FORECLOSURE IN PROCESS” and describes the “[sjervicer error” as one “that did not directly cause foreclosure, but did directly result in financial injury to borrower.” Id.
j. Plaintiffs file their First Amended Complaint
On July 30, 2012, Plaintiffs filed their First Amended Complaint (“FAC”), which brings the following eight claims against all Defendants: ■
(1) First claim for “Breach of Contract”;
(2) Second claim for “Promissory Estoppel”;
(3) Third claim for “Promissory Fraud”;
(4) Fourth claim for “Negligent Misrepresentation”;
(5) Fifth claim for “Violation of Consumer Legal Remedies Act, Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1750 et seq.” (“CLRA claim”);
(6) Sixth claim for ‘Violation of Rosenthal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, Cal. Civ.Code § 1788 et seq.” (“Rosenthal claim”);
(7) Seventh claim for ‘Violation of Consumer Credit Reporting Agencies Act, Cal. Civ.Code § 1785.1 et seq.” (“CCRAA claim”); and
(8) Eighth claim for ‘Violation of Unfair Competition Law, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 et seq” (“UCL claim”).
FAC (Dkt. 12).
' Plaintiffs’ “Prayer for Relief’' requests, among other things, remedies such as:
• An injunction prohibiting Defendants from sending “false,” “confusing, contradictory and erroneous,” “unconscionable,” or “deceptivef ]” communications to borrowers in connection with short sales. FAC ¶¶ 58, 73(a)-(d), 74(c), 75(c), 78; id. at 38 (Prayer for Relief ¶¶ 7, 10). This is one of several forms of relief Plaintiffs seek for their CCRAA and UCL Claims.
• “[Mjoney or property” received from Plaintiffs by Defendants due to “false[ ] and deceptive[ ] representations]” about their post-short sale deficiency. Id. at ¶ 76.
• An order requiring Defendants to “contact all major credit reporting agencies and notify them that the claimed ‘deficiency balances’ ... are fully discharged debts as of the date allegedly incurred.” Id. at Prayer for Relief ¶¶ 7,10.
• “recovery of economic damages sustained ... as a result of damage to [Plaintiffs’] credit rating.” Id. at Prayer for Relief ¶¶ 3-6.
II. Legal Standard
a. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1)
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1), a complaint must be dismissed if the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate the claims. Once subject matter jurisdiction is challenged, the burden of proof is placed on the party asserting that jurisdiction exists. Scott v.
In evaluating a Rule 12(b)(1) motion, the question of whether the court must accept the complaint’s allegations as true turns on whether the challenge is facial or factual. A facial attack is one in which subject matter jurisdiction is challenged solely on the allegations in the complaint, attached documents, and judicially noticed facts. Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer,
In contrast, a factual attack (or a “speaking motion”) is one in which subject matter jurisdiction is challenged as a matter of fact, and the challenger “disputes the truth of the allegations that, by themselves, would otherwise invoke federal jurisdiction.” Safe Air,
b. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)
Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a complaint must be dismissed when a plaintiffs allegations fail to set forth a set of facts which, if true, would entitle the complainant to relief. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
In evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, review is ordinarily limited to the contents of the complaint and material properly submitted with the complaint. Clegg v. Cult Awareness Network,
A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) can not be granted based
Additionally, Federal Rulé of Evidence 201 allows the court to take judicial notice of certain items without converting the motion to dismiss into one for summary judgment. Barron v. Reich,
Dismissal without leave to amend is appropriate only when the court is satisfied that the deficiencies in the complaint could not possibly be cured by amendment. Jackson v. Carey,
III. Discussion
Defendants advance the following alternative legal theories: (1) 12 U.S.C. § 1818(i)(l) divests this Court of jurisdiction over the entire case; (2) the Court should decline to exercise jurisdiction under either the primary jurisdiction doctrine or deny relief under the equitable abstention doctrine; (3) Plaintiffs lack Article III standing to bring their breach of contract claim and lack statutory standing to bring their UCL claim; (4) Cal.Civ. Proc.Code § 580b does not bar collection of a deficiency after a “short sale”; (5) the Federal Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(F), preempts Plaintiffs’ claims; (6) Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for breach of contract due to contradictory terms in two letters sent by Defendant and any alleged oral representations are barred by the statute of frauds; (7) Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for promissory estoppel, promissory fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and a UCL violation due to the contradictory terms in these two letters because Plaintiffs’ reliance on one of them was unreasonable; and (8) Plaintiffs’ CCRAA claim is too conclusorily pled.
a. 12 U.S.C. § 1818(i)(l) does not divest this Court of jurisdiction
Section 1818(i)(l) of Title 12 of the United States Code provides that federal
This Court holds that Section 1818(i)(l) does not divest a federal court of jurisdiction over a case brought by a non-party to a federal banking agency’s consent order where, as here, the consent order requires a defendant to create a plan to redress certain practices and this plan may or may not provide the same relief sought in the case brought by the non-party to the consent order. This Court first discusses the text of Section 1818(i)(l) and its role in the larger tripartite regime of judicial review of federal banking agencies’ cease and desist orders. This Court then turns to Defendants’ arguments.
i. The text of Section 1818(i)(l) and its related Sections 1818(h)(2) and (c)(2)
Section 1818(f) is one sentence divided by a semicolon. Prior to the semicolon, Section 1818(i) provides the federal courts with jurisdiction in what this Court will refer to as the “Jurisdiction-Granting Clause”:
Federal banking agency may ... apply to the United States district court ... for the enforcement of any ... order issued under this section or [other specified sections], and such courts shall have jurisdiction and power to order and require compliance herewith.
12 U.S.C. 1818(f)(1). After the semicolon, in what this Court will refer to as the “Jurisdiction-Divesting Clause,” Section 1818(i)(l) states that, with some exceptions not invoked by any party here:
... no court shall have jurisdiction to affect by injunction or otherwise the issuance or enforcement of any ... order under any such section, or to review, modify, suspend, terminate, or set aside any such ... order.
Id.
As an initial matter, the Court notes that the plain language of Section 1818(i)(l) indicates that the phrase “affect by injunction or otherwise” in the Jurisdiction-Divesting Clause can not have a literal meaning. A literal reading of the Jurisdiction-Divesting Clause would prevent a district court from issuing an injunction to enforce a cease-and-desist order, which would have the absurd result of negating the phrase “require compliance” in the Jurisdiction-Granting Clause. Rather, the “jurisdictional bar of § 1818(i)(l) must ... be read in the context of the entire statute.” See In re JPMorgan Chase Mortg. Modification Litig.,
“It is significant that there is no provision in [Section 1818] for a non-party to a consent order to challenge findings made pursuant to the Order.” In re JPMorgan Chase,
Understood in this context, it is clear that the Jurisdiction-Divesting Clause was “not intend[ed] to ... prohibit non-parties from exercising their separate remedies at law.” Id. at 231. Rather, “the primary purpose of [Section 1818] is to prevent federal courts from usurping the OCC’s power to enforce its own consent orders against parties to the orders.” Id. at 231; see also Ridder v. Office of Thrift Supervision,
ii. Section 1818(i)(l) does not divest this Court of jurisdiction because the 2011 Consent Order is silent regarding the relief Plaintiffs seek in this case
Defendants appears to argue that Section 1818(i)(l) divests a federal court of jurisdiction over a case brought by a non-party to a federal banking agency’s consent order where, as here, the consent order requires a defendant to create a plan to redress unsound and unsafe practices and this plan may or may not in the future provide the same relief sought by the non-party in its case.
Defendant contends that the “OCC already raised and redressed the same alleged conduct” as in the FAC. Mot. at 15-16. Defendants provides a helpful chart, which attempts to show that the injunctive and monetary relief sought in the FAC overlaps with either: (1) the 2011 Consent Order’s requirement that Chase “implement” a “plan” to address its certain practices regarding certain borrowers; or (2) the 2012 Framework
This Court provides a similar chart here, although the Court includes crucial equivocal language regarding the 2011 Consent Order and the 2012 Framework. The Court notes that the 2011 Consent Order defines “loss mitigation activities” to “include ... short sales.” Defs.’ RJN (Dkt. 16) Ex. A at Art. III § (2).
Relief FAC seeks the following relief. . ._ 2011 Consent Order requires. . .
Injunction prohibiting language An injunction prohibiting Defendants from sending “false,” “confusing, contradictory and erroneous,” “unconscionable,” or “deceptive! ]” communications to borrowers in connection with short sales. FAC ¶¶ 58, 73(a)-(d), 74(c), 75(c), 78; id. at 38 (Prayer for Relief ¶¶ 7, 10). This is one of several forms of relief Plaintiffs seek for their Seventh and Eighth Claims. Defendant Chase NA “shall submit to” the OCC, and, “upon adoption” by the OCC, “implement”
• “Compliance Program,” which “shall” include “processes to ensure that. . . compliance programs have the requisite authority. . . so that. . . deficiencies” in Defendant Chase NA’s Loss Mitigation activities are “identified and promptly remedied.” Defs.’ RJN (Dkt. 16) Ex. A at Art. IV, §§ (D,(l)(o).
• “plan for operation of its management information system. . . to ensure the timely delivery of complete and accurate information” regarding “Loss Mitigation activities.” Id. at Art. VIII.
• “plan. . . for ensuring effective coordination of communications with borrowers. . . related to Loss Mitigation. . . and foreclosure activities.” Id. at Art. IX, § (1).
Relief FAC seeks the following _relief. . ._ 2012 Framework states that. . .
Injunction requiring An order requiring: action • “independent consultants” for the “mortgage servicers” that entered into the 2011 Consent Order “will use the Framework to recommend remediation” and the mortgage “servicers will prepare remediation plans based on [those] recommendations.”
Defs.’ RJN (Dkt. 16) Ex. G at 1.
• Defendants to “contact all major credit reporting agencies and notify them that the claimed ‘deficiency balances’. . . are fully discharged debts as of the date allegedly incurred.” FAC (Prayer for Relief ¶¶ 7,10) • the 2012 Framework “provides examples of where compensation or other remediation is required for financial injury” that these independent consultants “will use.” Id.
• “recovery of economic damages sustained. . . as a result of damage to [Plaintiffs’] credit rating.” FAC (Prayer for Relief ¶¶ 3-6). • One such example is that a servicer “[s]uspend foreclosure where appropriate, correct servicer record for amounts in error and/or reimburse borrower for amounts paid in error, plus interest; and where required, correct credit reports and pay $500 for credit reporting error.” Id. at 5 (text at column “No. 13”). This example appears under the heading “FORECLOSURE IN PROCESS” and describes the “[s]ervicer error” as one “that did not directly cause foreclosure, but did directly result in financial injury to borrower.” Id._
Regarding the 2011 Consent Order, the Court concludes that:
• The FAC’s request for an injunction prohibiting Defendants from making certain communications regarding short sales neither “affect[s] by injunction or otherwise” nor “mod-if[ies]” the 2011 Consent Order’s requirement that Defendant develop a plan to ensure accurate communication about short sales. See 12 U.S.C. § 1818(i)(1).
• Similarly, the FAC’s request for money or property due to deceptive representations about Defendants’ short sales neither affects nor modifies the 2011 Consent Order’s requirement that Defendant develop a plan to reimburse borrowers for financial injury.
Defendants’ reliance on the 2011 Consent Order’s requirement that Defendants develop a plan is misplaced for two reasons. First, because the 2011 Consent Decree only requires Defendant to craft a plan and implement it, the 2011 Consent Decree does not provide the specific relief the FAC seeks — injunctive and monetary relief — nor does it command that these specific Plaintiffs will obtain such relief. Second, Defendants have cited no authority that any plan approved by the OCC constitutes an “order” for purposes of Section 1818(i)(l). Even assuming that such a plan constitutes part of the 2011 Consent Order, Defendant has not provided this Court with the any such plan. Thus, the Court is left only with the ethereal possibility that Defendants’ plan might provide all the relief Plaintiffs seek here. Then again, the plan might not. Indeed, given that Defendants contend in the rest of their Motion that Plaintiffs’ claims fail on the merits, the Court would be surprised to learn that Defendants’ plan provides exactly the relief that Plaintiffs seek here.
Similarly, regarding the 2012 Framework, the Court concludes that:
• The FAC’s request for an injunction mandating that Defendants make certain communications to credit agencies neither affects nor modifies the 2012 Framework’s recommendation that Defendants “correct credit reports.” See Defs.’ RJN (Dkt. 16) Ex. G at 5.
• The FAC’s request that Defendants pay Plaintiffs damages due to borrowers’ lowered credit rating neither affects nor modifies the 2012 Framework’s recommendation that Defendants “pay $500 for credit reporting error.” See id.
First, Plaintiffs do not seek a recommendation from a federal banking agency; Plaintiffs seek the concrete remedy of an injunction and monetary payments. Furthermore, Defendants have cited no authority that any OCC recommendation contained in the 2012 Framework constitutes part of an “order” for purposes of Section 1818(i)(l). Finally, even assuming that such an OCC recommendation constitutes part of the 2011 Consent Order, Defendant has not shown that this recommendation provides the specific relief the FAC seeks — injunctive and monetary relief — nor applies to these specific Plaintiffs, nor that the $500 recommended by the OCC is the maximum that these Plaintiffs could attain.
In sum, Section 1818(i)(l) does not divest this court of jurisdiction because Defendants have not provided the legal authority or evidence to show that the relief in the FAC “affect[s] by injunction or otherwise” or “modifies]” the 2011 Consent Order. See 12 U.S.C. § 1818(i)(l).
2. The only published opinion to squarely address this issue rejected the same jurisdictional argument advanced by the same Defendant regarding the same 2011 Consent Order
This Court’s conclusion is supported by the only published opinion to address the same jurisdictional argument advanced by the same Defendant
In In re JPMorgan Chase, the court held that Section 1818(i)(l) did not divest that court of jurisdiction. Id. at 231-33. The plaintiff-homeowners brought suits against Defendant Chase NA under four of the same causes of action brought in this case and based on similar factual allegations as in the present case, namely:
(1) breach of contract, alleging Defendant Chase “breached” their mortgage modification agreements by “continuing to treat the homeowner’s account as if no modification had occurred”13 ;
(2) promissory estoppel, alleging Defendant Chase “deceived, strung along, and misled” the plaintiffs by “false and misleading promises to homeowners about the prospects of a mortgage modification”14 ;
(3) California’s Rosenthal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“Rosenthal claim”), Cal. Civ.Code § 1788 et seq., alleging Defendant Chase was “using false, deceptive, and misleading statements and omissions in connection with the collection of their mortgage loan debts”15 ;
(4) a derivative claim under the California’s Unfair Competition Law.
In In re JPMorgan Chase, Defendant Chase NA argued that Section 1818(i)(l) divested the court of jurisdiction because ruling on the plaintiffs’ claims for breach of contract and other state consumer protection law violations would “affect” the “enforcement of an OCC consent order” within the meaning of Section 1818(i)(l). Id. at 231.
The court rejected Defendant’s argument, reasoning that Section 1818(i)(l) “is not meant to displace a non-party’s right to present its claims to a federal court” because the 2011 Consent Order is “abundantly clear” that the Order itself and the plan it requires banks to create and implement do “not establish an exclusive remedy for plaintiffs’ financial injuries.” Id. at 233. In addition, the court noted that its holding was consistent with “the OCC’s
Thus, regarding the breach of contract claim, the court held that Section “1818 does not preclude the court from acting to remedy the breach as the result would not be inconsistent with the Consent Order.” Id. at 232. Similarly, regarding the “state consumer protection act claims, the [Consent] Order is clear that its enforcement is not affected by compliance with state laws — indeed, the Order requires Chase to comply with all applicable federal and state laws.” Id. Finally, the Court concluded that, at most, any recovery plaintiffs obtained through the plan mandated by the 2011 Consent Order would prohibit plaintiffs from “obtaining a duplicative recovery, an issue that will not arise until the claims here are finally adjudicated and any off-set can be calculated.” Id.
In short, In re JPMorgan Chase held that Section 1818(i)(l) does not divest the court of jurisdiction because adjudication of the plaintiffs’ claims would not affect the 2011 Consent Order’s requirement that Defendant Chase NA develop a plan. Id. Given that In re JPMorgan Chase involved the substantially similar acts as those allegedly done by Defendants here, four of the same causes of action as those at issue here, and the same 2011 Consent Order at issue here, this Court finds In re JPMorgan Chase to be indistinguishable. Furthermore, this Court is highly persuaded by In re JPMorgan Chase given that it is a published opinion replete with cogent reasoning and numerous citations to authority.
3. Defendants’ jurisdictional argument is contrary to the legislative history of Section 1818(i)
Furthermore, Defendants’ argument is contrary to the legislative history of Section 1818(i). In 1989, Congress gave Section 1818® greater teeth as part of several reforms to “aggressively respond[ ] to the public perception ... that financial institutions ... were playing fast and loose with the law and the public purse, courtesy of deposit insurance.” John J. Byrne et. al., Examining the Increase in Federal Regulatory Requirements and Penalties: Is Banking Facing Another Troubled Decade?, 24 Cap. U.L.Rev. 1, 2 (1995) (citing Section 1818® as part of a “new regime” where “more individuals are subject to civil money penalties,” “the penalties are significantly larger,” and “the kinds of activities which may give rise to a [penalty] have been expanded.”). These reforms reflected the philosophy that “a terrified banker was going to be a better banker.” Id.
Defendants’ interpretation of Section 1818® would require this Court to read a regulatory statute designed to strike fear in the hearts of the banking industry as actually creating a jurisdictional mechanism by which banks can escape millions of dollars of liability in consumer class actions. Essentially, Defendants’ rule allows any defendant-bank to insulate itself from liability for practices that violate state contract and consumer laws simply by entering into an OCC consent order which requires the defendant-bank to develop a plan. Under Defendants’ rule, the defendant-bank could then use its promise to make a plan to divest courts of jurisdiction over numerous consumer lawsuits, even if the defendant-bank implements a plan that denies the very relief that plaintiffs seek in those lawsuits. Defendants’ interpretation is, frankly, absurd because the pur
In sum, the Court refuses to read a regulatory statute designed to curb bad banking practices as providing those very banks with a jurisdictional mechanism to avoid liability.
4. Defendants’ cases are distinguishable
All of Defendants’ published cases holding that Section 1818(i)(l) divested a court of jurisdiction are distinguishable because in these cases the relief sought was either: (1) expressly banned by a federal banking agency’s order
Indeed, the court in In re JPMorgan Chase distinguished several of these cases on similar grounds in rejected the same jurisdictional argument advanced by the same Defendant here. See
Defendants also rely on Bakenie v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., in which a court in this district accepted a similar jurisdictional argument advanced by the same Defendant Chase NA about the same 2011 Consent Order. See SACV 12-60 JVS MLGX,
This Court declines to follow Bakenie and instead follows In re JPMorgan Chase.
Thus, this Court finds the cases cited by Defendants to be either distinguishable or unpersuasive.
5. Conclusion
In sum, the Court holds that Section 1818(i)(l) does not divest a federal court of jurisdiction over a case brought by a non-party to a federal banking agency’s consent order where, as here, the consent order requires a defendant to create a plan to redress certain practices and this plan may or may not provide the same relief sought in the case brought by the non-party to the consent order. Thus, the Court DENIES Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks dismissal based on 12 U.S.C. § 1818(i)(l) divesting this Court of jurisdiction.
b. The primary jurisdiction and equitable abstention doctrines are inapplicable
Defendants alternatively argue that this Court should decline to exercise jurisdiction under either the primary jurisdiction doctrine or deny relief under the equitable abstention doctrine. The Court declines to do so.
i. Primary jurisdiction doctrine
The primary jurisdiction doctrine is a “prudential doctrine” under which courts “may” decide that “the initial decisionmaking responsibility should be performed by the relevant agency rather than the courts.” Davel Communications, Inc. v. Qwest Corp.,
Defendants appear to address only the third factor by invoking a statute which provides that “[a]ny national banking association may make ... loans ... on interests in real estate, subject to section 1828(o) of this title and such restrictions and requirements as the [OCC] may prescribe by regulation or order.” See 12 U.S.C. § 371(a); Mot. at 18. Section 1828(o) provides for the creation of “uniform regulations prescribing standards for extensions of credit that are ... secured by liens on interests in real estate.” See 12 U.S.C. § 1828(o )(l)(a).
The Court fails to see what “issue” in this case “has been placed by Congress within the jurisdiction” of the OCC, much less why the resolution of any such issue requires the OCC’s “expertise or uniformity in administration.” See Davel,
Furthermore, as Plaintiffs note, Plaintiffs’ CCRAA claim is expressly exempted from federal preemption.
Thus, the Court declines to invoke the primary jurisdiction doctrine.
ii. Equitable abstention doctrine
Under the equitable abstention doctrine, a court has the discretion to refrain from awarding relief for a UCL claim in the rare instance where: (1) such relief would “interfere with” a government agency’s “administration of’ its regulations to such an extent that the court “risk[s] throwing the entire complex economic arrangement out of balance”; and (2) the “public’s need for” the relief “is not so great as to warrant judicial interference in the administrative scheme designed to address those needs.” Shamsian v. Department of Conservation,
It is an abuse of discretion to use the equitable abstention doctrine to deny relief where plaintiffs’ claims require the court “to perform the basic judicial functions of contractual and statutory in
In Arce, the court reversed the lower court’s dismissal of a UCL claim under the equitable abstention doctrine where the defendant allegedly breached its contracts and violated certain California statutes requiring parity in medical treatment, even though a government agency offered an “administrative process by which” the putative class could seek relief. Arce v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc.,
As in Arce, Plaintiffs’ putative class action brings a UCL claim and alleges that Defendants breached their contracts and violated certain California statutes, and Defendants respond by invoking the equitable abstention doctrine. As in Arce, resolution of Plaintiffs’ claims merely require this Court to “interpret the relevant terms of the contract” and “interpret the relevant provisions of the” statutes. Id. at 500,
Finally, this Court is nonplussed that a multi-billion-dollar corporation would invoke an equitable doctrine against borrowers who have lost their homes so as to avoid liability for allegedly imposing illegal contracts on these borrowers and engaging in unfair debt collection practices. Defendant is a corporation with enough resources to have survived the recent recession, which is the largest economic downturn since the Great Depression. Plaintiffs are individuals who could not afford to make their mortgage payments and so were forced to sell their home in a short sale. The Court fails to see how the equities of the situation dictate denying Plaintiffs relief.
Thus, this Court holds that equitable abstention is inappropriate and that Plaintiffs “are entitled to a timely determination
iii. Conclusion
In sum, the Court refuses to exercise its discretion to decline jurisdiction under the primary jurisdiction doctrine or deny relief under the equitable abstention doctrine. Thus, the Court DENIES Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks dismissal based on the primary jurisdiction or equitable abstention doctrines,
c. Section 580b applies to short sales
This case raises an issue of first impression,
The parties dispute whether California Civil Procedure Code Section 580b applies to short sales. The Court first provides the text, legislative history, and purpose of Section 580b and then turns to Defendants’ arguments.
1. Text, legislative history, and purpose of Section 580b
Under California law, a “creditor must rely upon his security before enforcing the debt,” and “[i]f the security is insufficient, his right to a judgment against the debtor for the deficiency may be limited or barred by sections ... 580b, [and other sections] ... of the Code of Civil Procedure.” Roseleaf Corp. v. Chierighi
Section 580b and other sections barring collection of deficiencies are commonly referred to as “antideficiency statutes.” Bank of Am. v. Graves,
a. Text
California Civil Procedure Code § 580b is titled “Purchase money mortgages, etc.; no deficiency judgment.” Section 580b provides in relevant part that: “No deficiency judgment shall lie in any event after a sale of real property for failure of the purchaser to complete his contract of sale ... under a deed of trust or mortgage on a dwelling ... given to a lender to secure repayment of a loan which was in fact used to pay all or part of the purchase price of that dwelling.” Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 580b (emphasis added).
b. Legislative history
The California legislature enacted Section 580b to “counteract” a common phenomena “during the great depression” whereby a “mortgagee was able to purchase the subject real property at the foreclosure sale at a depressed price far below its normal fair market value and thereafter to obtain a double recovery by holding the debtor for a large deficiency.” Cornelison v. Kornbluth,
Section 580b was amended in 1963 to add, among other things, a clause extending Section 580b to the kind of real property at issue in this case, namely, a “dwelling for not more than four families ... occupied, entirely or in part, by the purchaser.” See Barash v. Wood,
c. Purpose
In interpreting Section 580b, the California Supreme Court and lower courts have consistently rejected any interpretations that undermine the purpose of the statute. See e.g., DeBerard Properties v. Lim,
The California legislature passed Section 580b for “two reasons”: (1) to “stabilize[] purchase money secured land sales [prices] by [preventing] overvaluing the property”; and (2) ensure “purchasers as a class are harmed less than they might otherwise be during a time of economic decline” because “if property values drop
These two public policy goals are achieved by shifting the risk of falling property prices to the lender. As the California Supreme Court explained:
Section 580b places the risk of inadequate security on the purchase money mortgagee. [Such mortgagee] is thus discouraged from overvaluing the security. Precarious land promotion schemes are discouraged, for the security value of the land gives purchasers a clue as to its true market value.... If inadequacy of the security results, not from overvaluing, but from a decline in property values during a general or local depression, section 580b prevents the aggravation of the downturn that would result if defaulting purchasers were burdened with large personal liability. Section 580b thus serves as a stabilizing factor in land sales.
DeBerard Properties v. Lim,
2. Section 580b applies, to short sales, as shown by its plain language and purpose, as well as its relationship to other anti-deficiency statutes 580d and 580e
Defendants contend that Section 580b applies only to foreclosure sales or, alternatively, at least does not apply to short sales. Reply at 5:3-4.
This Court rejects Defendants arguments and instead concludes that Section 580b applies regardless of the mode of sale. First, the Court defines short sales and foreclosures sales and summarizes some motivations for entering into each one. Next, the Court rejects Defendants’ interpretation because it: (1) is contrary to Section 580b’s plain language; (2) undermines Section 580b’s purpose of land price stabilization; and (3) is not supported by either the plain language or legislative history of another anti-deficiency statute, Section 580e, that Defendants invoke to argue that Plaintiffs’ interpretation of 580b would render 580e superfluous.
a. Difference between a short sale versus a foreclosure sale
The primary difference between the two modes of sale discussed in this Order is that a short sale is a sale of property by the borrower with the lenders’ consent that is voluntarily entered into by the borrower, whereas a foreclosure sale is a sale by the lender that is involuntarily entered into by the borrower.
A “foreclosure sale” is the “sale of mortgaged property, authorized by a court decree or a power-of-sale clause, to satisfy the debt.” Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed. 2009). A “power-of-sale clause” is a “provision in a mortgage or deed of trust permitting the [lender] to sell the property without court authority if the payments are not made.” Id. In short, because a foreclosure sale is accomplished due to a court order or a clause within the mortgage, the sale itself is done by the lender and involuntarily entered into by the borrower.
In contrast, the “short sale” is the “voluntary” sale of mortgaged property by the borrower where the borrower “secures the agreement of the [lender] to release the mortgage upon a bona fide sale to a third party for an agreed upon price below the mortgage loan balance.” 2 The Law of Real Estate Financing § 12:10, Short sales. “If the voluntary sales efforts fail, presumably the [lender] could proceed to foreclosure or attempt a restructuring of the loan.” Id. The short sale alleged here occurred when Plaintiffs sold their home
The “part of a debt secured by mortgage not realized from sale of mortgaged property” is frequently described as a “deficiency.” In re Prestige Ltd. P’ship-Concord,
A “short sale” has advantages to both borrowers and lenders and is but one “alternative” that borrowers have “when a home is facing foreclosure.”
b. The plain language of 580b shows that its application is not limited to foreclosure sales or any other mode of sale
The plain language of 580b shows that its application is not limited only to foreclosure sales or any other specific mode of sale.
First, reading Section 580b as applying only to foreclosure sales or any other specific mode of sale is contrary to the express language of the statute. Section 580b provides that “[n]o deficiency judgment shall lie in any event after a sale of real property.” Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 580b (emphasis added). The phrase “in any event” and the lack of adjectives modifying the phrase “a sale” evinces the intent to have the statute apply broadly to all types of sales.
Second, had the California legislature wished to limit the application of Section 580b to only certain modes of sale, it could have used the limiting language it adopted in other anti-deficiency statutes. For example, the phrase “in any event after a sale” in Section 580b stands in stark contrast to Section 580d, which applies only where the real property “has been sold by the mortgagee or trustee under power of sale contained in the mortgage or deed of trust.” See Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 580d
Third, given the lack of limitations on the mode of a sale in- Section 580b, it is unsurprising that several California courts and the- Ninth Circuit have expressly rejected Defendants’ first argument that 580b applies only after a foreclosure sale. See e.g., Frangipani v. Boecker,
Finally, while there does not appear to be any binding authority addressing whether Section 580b applies to short sales, at least one unpublished California Court of Appeal case has recently followed Frangipani to suggest that it does. See Wright v. Gerson,
Thus, this Court rejects Defendants’ interpretation as contrary to the plain language of Section 580b.
c. Defendants’ interpretation essentially allows Defendants to contract with Plaintiffs to waive Section 580b protections, which undermines the purpose of Section 580b
As previously noted, “Section 580b places the risk of inadequate security on the purchase money mortgagee” in order to accomplish the twin purposes of “stabilizfing] purchase money secured land sales” prices by discouraging the mortgagee “from overvaluing” the land and ensuring that a borrowers’ “loss is limited” if property values drop. DeBerard Properties v. Lim,
In DeBerard, the California Supreme Court held that these purposes'of Section 580b are so vital to “stabilizing] the state’s economy” that Section 580b can not be waived by contract “in exchange for new consideration following the original purchase money sale.” Id. at 659, 668-69,
Defendants’ interpretation of Section 580b as not applying to the short sales in this case would result in exactly the kind of end-run around Section 580b that De-Berard, rejected. As in DeBerard, after the original purchase money sale, Plaintiffs attempted to renegotiate their obligations with Defendants. Just as the vendor in DeBerard argued that the parties’ assent to a waiver in the foreclosure agreement exempted the sale from Section 580b, Defendants here contend that the parties’ assent to a short sale exempts the sale from Section 580b. Yet, like the vendors in DeBerard, Defendants here could have pursued a foreclosure sale due to Plaintiffs’ defaulting on their mortgage; Defendants simply opted for the convenience of a short sale.
In sum, this Court rejects Defendants’ interpretation because it would undermine the purpose of Section 580b by essentially allowing every lender to avoid the statute’s protections by contracting for a short sale in lieu of a foreclosure sale.
d. Defendants’ interpretation of Section 580b is not supported by Section 580e
Defendants contend that interpreting Section 580b as applying to short sales would render another anti-deficiency statute, Section 580e, superfluous. While it is unclear whether Defendants rely solely on Section 580e’s legislative history or also on its plain language, the Court concludes that neither support Defendants’ argument.
i. The plain language of Sections 580b and 580e show that the former applies to fewer types of mortgages, but more modes of sale
Section 580e bars deficiencies where there is “a deed of trust or mortgage for a dwelling of not more than four units” if:
... the trustor or mortgagor sells the dwelling for a sale price less than the remaining amount of the indebtedness outstanding at the time of sale, in accordance with the written consent of the holder of the deed of trust or mortgage
Cal.Civ.Proc.Code 580e(a)(l), (a)(2) (emphasis added).
The plain language of Section 580b and 580e show that Plaintiffs’ interpretation of
Regarding the types of loans to which each statute applies, Section 580b applies only to “purchase money”
Regarding the modes of sale to which each statute applies, Section 580b states that it applies to “a sale,” whereas Section 580e places specific limits on the mode of sale. As previously noted, Section 580b expressly states that it applies to “a sale.” Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 580b. In contrast, Section 580e states that it applies where “the trustor or mortgagor sells the dwelling for a sale price less than the remaining amount of the indebtedness putstanding at the time of sale, in accordance with the written consent of the holder of the deed of trust or mortgage.” Cal.Civ.Proc.Code 580e(a)(l), (a)(2).
In addition, interpreting Section 580e as applying to more types of loans than 580b but to fewer modes of sale than Section 580b is consistent with the format of another anti-deficiency statute, Section 580d. Both Section 580d and 580e contain a broad definition of the type of loan to which they apply.
The Court summarizes the relevant differences in the types of loans and modes of sale of the three anti-deficiency statutes discussed here as follows:
Section 580b _applies to. . ._ Section 580e applies to . . ._ Section 580d applies to. . ._
Type ’’Purchase money mortof loan gages, etc.,” which includes a “deed of trust or mortgage on a dwelling. . . given to a lender to secure repayment of a loan which was in fact used to pay all or part of the purchase price of that dwelling.” Cal.Civ.Proc. Code § 580b. ”a note secured by a deed of trust or mortgage. . . [except that this] section does not apply to any deed of trust, mortgage. . . issued by the Commissioner of Corporations, or which is made by a public utility. . .” Cal.Civ. Proc.Code § 580d. ”a note secured solely by a deed of trust or mortgage. . .[except that this] shall not apply to any deed of trust, mortgage,. . .to be issued! ] by the Commissioner of Corporations, or that is made by a public utility. ...” Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 680e(a)(l), (d)(2).
The California Supreme Court interprets this phrase to mean a “standard purchase money mortgage or deed of trust transaction” or a “variation” on that type of transaction for which applying Section 580b “serves the purposes of section 580b.” DeBerard Properties, Ltd. v. Lim,
Mode ”a sale.” Cal.Civ.Proc. of sale Code § 580b. ’’[property] sold by the mortgagee or trustee under power of sale contained in the mortgage or deed of trust.” Cal.Civ. Proc.Code § 580d. ’’the trustor or mortgagor sells the dwelling for a sale price less than the remaining amount of the indebtedness outstanding at the time of sale.” Cal.Civ. Proc.Code § 580e(a)(l).
The shorthand term for this type of transaction in Section 580d is a “nonjudicial foreclosure! ].” Nat’l Enterprises, Inc. v. Woods,
In sum, this Court concludes that the plain language of Section 580b and 580e show that Plaintiffs’ interpretation of Section 580b would not render the Section 580e superfluous because Section 580e applies to more types of bans than 580b but to fewer modes of sab than Section 580b.
ii. The legislative history of Section 580e shows that the California legislature passed that statute to expand the type of mortgages to which anti-deficiency protections applied, not the modes of sale
Defendants appear to argue that Section 580e was enacted to remedy Section 580b’s failure to apply to short sales. Defendants’ argument is squarely contradicted by the legislative history of Section 580e, which shows that the California legislature passed that statute to expand the type of mortgages to which anti-deficiency protections applied, not the modes of sab. Section 580e was first passed in 2010 and amended in 2011. See Stats.2010, c. 701 (S.B.931), § 1; Stats.2011, c. 82 (S.B.458), § 1.
First, the legislative history of Section 590e shows the California legislature knew Section 580b applied to short sales. For example, the section of the Senate Floor Analyses devoted to “[e]xisting law” states that “Code of Civil Procedure. 580b ... provide[s] protection to a purchase money note that becomes the subject of a ... short sab.”
Second, the legislative history of Section 580e reveals that Section 580e was enacted to extend anti-deficiency protections beyond the purchase money loans covered by Section 580b to include ram-purchase money loans. As the Assembly Floor Analysis expressly states: “[a]ccording to the author ... [t]he purpose of this proposed legislation is primarily to protect distressed homeowners who have ram-purchase money recourse loans on residential property... .”
The- Section 580e legislative purpose of extending protections to non-purchase money mortgages is confirmed by a letter from the bill’s sponsor “to clarify [her] intent in authoring Senate Bill 931,” which states that, “the purpose of this proposed legislation is to protect distressed home
Thus, this Court concludes that the plain language and legislative history of Section 580e shows that this statute was enacted to expand the type of mortgages to which anti-deficiency protections applied, not the modes of sale.
e. Conclusion
In sum, this Court holds, on an issue of first impression, that California Civil Procedure Code Section 580b applies to bar a deficiency after a short sale, that is, a borrower’s sale of her home for an amount insufficient to pay off her mortgage done after defaulting on her mortgage and with the consent of her lender,
d. Plaintiffs have Article III standing and UCL statutory standing
Defendants contend that Plaintiffs lack Article III standing and UCL statutory standing. The Court rejects the both contentions.
i. Plaintiffs have Article III standing
Article III of the United States Constitution requires a plaintiff to have “standing” to bring her claim. Gest v. Bradbury,
Defendants trot out the ubiquitous canard that Plaintiffs lack Article III standing. This time, the argument is stylized as follows: Plaintiffs alleges that Defendants’ breach of the contract — namely, the failure to honor the letter (Exhibit 2) releasing Plaintiffs from paying the short sale deficiency — will result in Defendants demanding payments from Plaintiffs, yet “Plaintiffs fail to allege that they actually made any such payments.” See Mot. at 20; see also FAC ¶ 42 (“[Plaintiffs] are being forced to, or will be forced to, make payments unauthorized by law and contrary to the express agreement of and representations of Defendant Chase.”).
Defendants’ argument fails because an Article III injury exists where there is a dispute between parties as to the amount one owes under a contract, regardless of whether that amount has been “paid or not.” DiCarlo v. St. Mary Hosp.,
Here, the FAC pleads a sufficient Article III injury because Defendants allegedly “breached the agreement ... by seeking a deficiency balance of more, than $56,000.00 from Plaintiffs and further instituting collection efforts against Plaintiffs.” FAC ¶ 41. Such allegations demonstrate a dispute between parties as to the amount
In addition, while Defendants do not appear to direct their Article III standing argument to any claims other than that for breach of contract, the Court notes that doing so would be futile. To the extent Defendants challenge Plaintiffs’ statutory claims, Defendants are wrong on the law because the injury required by Article III can exist solely by virtue of “statutes creating legal rights, the invasion of which creates standing.” Edwards v. First American Corp.,
Thus, this Court DENIES Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks dismissal due to Plaintiffs’ lack of Article III standing.
ii. Plaintiffs have UCL statutory standing
UCL statutory standing can be satisfied where “a person ... has suffered injury in fact and has lost money or property as a result of the unfair competition.” Cal. Bus. & Prof.Code § 17204. There are “innumerable ways” in which “lost money or property” can be shown, including where plaintiffs: “(1) surrender in a transaction more, or acquire in a transaction less, than he or she otherwise would have; (2) have a present or future property interest diminished; (3) be deprived of money or property to which he or she has a cognizable claim; or (4) be required to enter into a transaction, costing money or property, that would otherwise have been unnecessary.” Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Court,
Here, Plaintiffs here have established UCL statutory standing by alleging Defendants’ “perpetration of [c]redit [r]eports containing inaccurate erroneous information regarding ‘due and owing’ debts.” See White,
Defendants contend, however, that Plaintiffs have failed to establish UCL statutory standing because Plaintiffs failed to allege that they have incurred any fees or interest as a result of Defendants allegedly reporting false information to credit reporting agencies and because Plaintiffs fail to allege that they have made any payments towards the short sale deficiency. Mot. at 20; Reply at 9.
Given that the Ninth Circuit and published district court cases have recognized that damage to credit alone satisfies UCL statutory standing, the.Court declines to follow Defendants’ unpublished cases suggesting otherwise. None of Defendants’ cases distinguished the cases cited above. Furthermore, there are several reasons to doubt the validity of the cases on which Defendants rely. For example, Defendant cites Gerber v. Citigroup, Inc., which held that the pro se plaintiff lacked UCL statutory standing because the relief he sought did not satisfy the “limited” definition of “[r]estitution under the UCL.” See CIV S07-0785WBSJFMPS,
Finally, Defendants fourth case reached its conclusion due to the plaintiffs lack of evidence at summary judgment, whereas Plaintiffs here need only present plausible allegations, not evidence, to survive Defendants’ Motion. See Wright v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp., 09CV2666 JM AJB,
Alternatively, Plaintiffs have shown UCL statutory standing because they allege they were induced to “enter into a transaction, costing money or property, that would otherwise have been unnecessary.” See Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Court,
Thus, the Court DENIES Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks dismissal of the UCL claim for failure to establish statutory standing.
e. The FCRA does not preempt any claim
Defendants contend that the Federal Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”), Section 1681t(b)(l)(F), preempts “all of Plaintiffs’ claims, other than [their] CCRAA claim.” Mot. at 21. The Court first reviews the relevant statutory provisions and then discusses Defendants’ argument as it applies to different portions of the FAC.
i. FCRA statutory language
The FCRA has three relevant provisions, detailed below, dubbed by this Court as: (1) Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision; (2) Section 1681t(b)(l)(F)(ii) Preemption Exception; and (3) Section 1681s — 2(b)(1) Responsibility.
1. Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision
Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) provides that, with some exceptions, “[n]o requirement or prohibition may be imposed under the laws of any State ... with respect to any subject matter regulated under ... section 1681s-2 ... relating to the responsibilities of persons who furnish information to consumer reporting agencies.” 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(F) (emphasis added).
2. Section 1681t(b)(l)(F)(ii) Preemption Exception expressly exempting CCRAA claims from preemption
One relevant “exception]” to the Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision is that it “shall not apply ... with respect to section 1785.25(a) of the California Civil Code (as in effect on September 30,1996).” 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(F)(ii).
3. Section 1681s — 2(b)(1) Responsibility
The FCRA requires credit reporting agencies to adopt “reasonable procedures related to the collection, communication, and use of consumer credit information to ensure fair and accurate credit reporting.” Miller v. Bank of Am., Nat. Ass’n,
The responsibility at issue in the present case is a furnisher’s responsibility to “report” to credit reporting agencies that “information is incomplete or inaccurate,” where the furnisher has “receiv[ed] a notice of dispute” as to that information. See 15 U.S.C. § 1681s—2(b)(1); Gorman,
ii. Argument
Defendants argue that “all of Plaintiffs’ claims, other than [their] CCRAA claim,” are preempted by the Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision because the non-CCRAA claims are “based on allegations that Chase allegedly supplied inaccurate credit information to credit reporting agencies.” Mot. at 21. As discussed below, Defendants’ argument relies on an unfair characterization of the FAC and the bases of Plaintiffs’ claims.
First, the Court concludes that Plaintiffs’ UCL and Rosenthal FDCPA claims are preempted only to the extent that Plaintiffs’ Rosenthal Act and UCL claims arise from Defendants’ inaccurate reporting as described in FAC Paragraphs 63(d) and 73(e). Second, the Court holds that a breach of contract claim is not, as a matter of law, preempted by the Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision. Finally, regarding the remaining claims, the Court concludes that the allegations of Plaintiffs’ injury due to Defendants’ false reporting to credit reporting agencies and request for a remedy for that injury do not show that these remaining claims themselves are preempted by the Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision.
1. Rosenthal FRCPA and UCL claims
Defendants contend that the following allegations indicate that Plaintiffs’ claims are preempted:
• “Violation of Rosenthal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1788 et seq.”: “Defendants ... violated the Rosenthal FDCPA by ... [flalsely and deceptively reporting, in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1692e, subdivisions (2), (8), and (10), and California Civil Code §§ 1788.17 ... the deficiencies of Plaintiffs ... to credit reporting agencies as ‘late,’ ‘charged off,’ ‘collection,’ or other derogatory status ... when in fact under California Code of Civil Procedure 580b no such personal liability exists” (FAC ¶¶ 63, 63(d));
• Violation of Unfair Competition Law, Cal. Bus. & Prof.Code § 17200 et seq.”: “Notwithstanding the plain language of [California Civil Code Section] 580b, Defendants ... [f]alse[ ] and deceptive[ ] reported] ... the deficiencies of Plaintiffs ... to credit reporting agencies” (id. ¶¶ 73, 73(e));
Defendants cite Miller v. Bank of America, which held that Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) preempted Plaintiffs UCL claim where the plaintiff alleged that “defendant reported inaccurate information to the credit reporting agencies and failed to conduct a reasonable investigation after being notified that Plaintiff disputed the report.” Miller v. Bank of Am., Nat. Ass’n,
This Court concludes that this case is far more like Guillen than Miller. First, while all cases are facially similar in that they involve allegations that defendant-banks reported inaccurate information to credit reporting agencies, only in Miller did these allegations comprise the entirety of the preempted claim. See Miller,
Furthermore, unlike in Miller, Plaintiffs’ UCL claim here is predicated in part on Plaintiffs’ CCRAA claim, which survives Defendant’s motion because this Court in this Order rejects Defendants’ challenges to Plaintiffs’ CCRAA claim. See Montgomery v. PNC Bank, N.A., C-12-2453 SC,
However, the Court agrees with Defendants that Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision preempts Plaintiffs Rosenthal Act and UCL claim only to the extent these claims are based on the specific allegations quoted above in FAC Paragraphs 63(d) and 73(e) regarding Defendants’ inaccurate reporting. The Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision applies because the allegations show that the parts of these claims that are based on these allegations are: (1) “relating to the responsibilities of persons who furnish information to consumer reporting agen
Thus, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion only to the extent that Plaintiffs’ Rosenthal Act and UCL claims arise from Defendants’ inaccurate reporting as described in FAC Paragraphs 63(d) and 73(e) and quoted in this Order. The Court DENIES the Motion to the extent it seeks dismissal of the Rosenthal Act and UCL claims under a theory of preemption based on any other allegations.
2. Breach of contract claim
Defendants contend that the following allegation shows that Plaintiffs’ Breach of Contract claim is preempted by the Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision:
[Defendant Chase LLC] breached the agreement ... by seeking a deficiency balance of more than $56,000.00 from Plaintiffs and further instituting collection efforts against Plaintiffs, including the reporting of this unlawfully claimed ‘debt’ to credit reporting agencies.
FAC ¶ 41.
Neither party provided case law specifically addressing Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) preemption of breach of contract claims. This Court’s own research reveals that the few courts to address the issue hold that a “breach of contract claim ... is not preempted by the FCRA.” Spencer v. Nat’l City Mortg.,
These courts reason that a breach of contract claim is not preempted by the Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision because that provision “prohibits only legal duties ‘imposed under the laws of any State,’ ” whereas “requirements voluntarily assumed by contract are not imposed under state law.” Leet v. Cellco P’ship,
Defendants have cited no authority holding that the Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision preempts a breach of contract claim. Given Defendants’ absence of authority and the excellent reasoning of courts reaching the opposite conclusion urged by Defendants, this Court follows the authorities cited above and holds that a “breach of contract claim ... is not preempted by the FCRA.” Spencer v. Nat’l City Mortg.,
Thus, this Court DENIES Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks to dismiss Plaintiffs’ Breach of Contract Claim as preempted by Section 1681t(b)(l)(F).
Defendants contend that the following allegations indicate that Plaintiffs’ claims are preempted:
• “Promissory Estoppel”: “[a]s a proximate result of the foregoing, Plaintiffs ... have been damaged and have suffered detriment in that they have been subjected to ... listing of ... unlawful and improperly claimed ‘debt’ with credit reporting agencies,” FAC ¶ 46.
• “Promissory Fraud” and “Negligent Misrepresentation”: “Plaintiffs ... have had their credit injured by Defendant Chase [LLC] by having ... uncollectible alleged ‘debt’ listed on their credit reports” (id. ¶¶ 49, 56);
• “Violation of Consumer Legal Remedies Act, Cal. Civ.Code §§ 1750 et seq.”: Defendant Chase LLC “caused Plaintiffs ... to suffer and sustain damages in degraded credit histories” (id. ¶ 60);
• Violation of Unfair Competition Law, Cal. Bus. & Prof.Code § 17200 et seq.” FAC (Dkt. 12). “The conduct of Defendants ... is also fundamentally unfair because it subjects Plaintiffs ... [to] harm based on a fraudulent business practice .... This harm includes injury due to “damage to [Plaintiffs’] credit reports and credit ratings” (id. ¶¶ 74(b), 75(b).).
As previously noted, the Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision preempts only a “requirement or prohibition ... imposed under the laws of any State....” 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(F). A state law “damages remedy itself is not a ‘requirement or prohibition’ ” within the meaning of the Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision. Gorman v. Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP,
A remedy provided by California law is not a “requirement” because a “requirement” is “a rule of law that must be obeyed.” Gorman,
Essentially, Defendants argument would require this Court to hold that allegations of injury due to Defendants’ false reporting to credit reporting agencies of a short sale deficiency debt and a request for a remedy for that injury constitute a “requirement or prohibition” within meaning of the Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision.
In sum, the Court holds that the allegations identified in this subsection are regarding the scope of Plaintiffs’ injury and remedy for this injury, and thus are not a “requirement or prohibition” within meaning of the Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) Preemption Provision. Cf. Gorman,
f. Failure to state a claim
Defendant argues that Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for breach of contract because the letter (“Exhibit 2”) containing the term that was purported breached is contradicted by another letter (“Exhibit 1”) and any oral contract is barred by the statute of frauds. See Mot. at 23. Based on this first argument, Defendants next contend that Plaintiffs’ reliance on Exhibit 2 is unreasonable, resulting in a failure to state a claim for promissory estoppel, promissory fraud, negligent misrepresentation. Id.
i. Breach of contract
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for breach of contract because the term that was allegedly breached — Defendants’ agreement to release Plaintiffs of the short sale deficiency — is not in any contract. Mot. at 22-23. Defendants attack the two bases for Plaintiffs’ breach of claim: (1) a December 10, 2009, letter sent by Defendant Chase LLC to Plaintiffs, attached to the Original complaint as Exhibit 2 (“Exhibit 2”); and (2) oral statements.
Regarding a contract based on Exhibit 2, Defendant argues that Exhibit 2 does not create a contract term releasing Plaintiffs’ short sale deficiency because Exhibit 2 is contradicted by another letter dated the same day, which is attached to the original complaint as Exhibit 1 (“Exhibit l”).
However, a contradiction between Exhibits 1 and 2 does not assist Defendants because, absent additional evidence of the parties’ intent that resolves the contradiction, the contract will be construed against the drafter — -in this case, Defendants. See Cal. Civ.Code § 1654; Hartley v. Superior Court,
Regarding a contract based on Defendants’ oral representations, Defendants contends that such an oral contract for land would violate California’s statute of frauds.
Defendants’ argument fails because Exhibit 2 brings this case out of the statute of frauds. California’s statute of
Thus, the Court DENIES Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks dismissal for failure to state a claim for breach of contract.
ii. Promissory estoppel, promissory fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and UCL claims
Defendants next contend that Plaintiffs fail to state a claim for promissory estoppel, promissory fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and a UCL violation because Plaintiffs’ reliance on Exhibit 2 was unreasonable. Yet, Exhibit 2 by itself appears to release Plaintiffs from any short sale deficiency. Given that Exhibit 1 at best creates an ambiguity that must be construed against Defendant as drafter, Plaintiffs’ reliance on Exhibit 2 and any oral representations by Defendants was not unreasonable. Cf. April Enterprises, Inc. v. KTTV,
Furthermore, even if Plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim fails, this does not mean that Plaintiffs’ remaining claims fail per se because “certain types of misrepresentations outside of a contract still may create liability even in the face of unambiguous contractual provisions.” See In re Facebook PPC Adver. Litig., 5:09-CV-03043-JF,
Thus, the Court DENIES Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks dismissal for failure to state a claim for promissory estoppel, promissory fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and a UCL violation.
iii. Plaintiffs have not established a CLRA claim because they fail to identify the services provided by Defendant that went beyond the creation of an obligation to pay money
A plaintiff may bring a claim under the CLRA when “any person” uses a statutorily prohibited trade practice “in a transaction ... which results in the sale or lease of goods or services to any consumer.” Id. at § 1770. The CLRA defines “services” as “work, labor, and services for other than a commercial or business use, including services furnished in connection with the sale or repair of goods.” Id. at 1761(b).
Defendant cites Fairbanks v. Superior Court, in which the California Supreme Court recently held that a life insurance contract was not a “service” under the CLRA because an “insurer’s contractual obligation to pay money under a life insurance policy is not work or labor, nor is it related to the sale or repair of any tangible chattel.” See
However, Defendants’ summary of the law is incomplete, as even after Fairbanks, “courts in this district have concluded that the CLRA does indeed apply to a real estate transaction” where the lenders’ interaction with the borrower goes beyond a contract to extent credit. See Hernandez v. Sutter W. Capital, C 09-3658 CRB,
This Court follows the line of cases holding that a defendant-lenders’ “advising plaintiffs and managing their loan, constitute[ ] ‘services’ as defined by § 1761(b).” Hernandez v. Hilltop Fin. Mortg., Inc.,
This Court is persuaded by the reasoning in these cases, which explain that, in “similar matters involving financial transactions, the California Supreme Court and intermediate appellate divisions have found
However, Plaintiffs have not identified in their Opposition any allegations which would differentiate this case from Fairbanks, namely, allegations that Defendants’ interaction with Plaintiffs went beyond a contract to pay money. Thus, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks to dismiss Plaintiffs’ CLRA claim. However, the Court DISMISSES WITHOUT PREJUDICE so that Plaintiff may amend, if possible, to include allegations indicating that Defendants’ interaction with Plaintiffs in forming the short sale contract went beyond the creation of an “obligation to pay money.” Cf. Fairbanks,
iv. Plaintiffs’ CCRAA claim is not conclusorily pled
Defendants contend that Plaintiffs’ CCRAA fails to identify a specific credit report that contains an inaccuracy, and thus is conclusory. Mot. at 25. This argument fails because Plaintiffs need not plead the specific report to put Defendants on notice of the basis of their claim.
It is quite apparent from the FAC that the basis for Plaintiffs’ CCRAA claim is the Defendants are reporting to credit reporting agencies some or all of a $56,000 debt that Plaintiffs contend they do not owe. The FAC alleges that Defendants are impermissibly seeking “a deficiency balance of more than $56,000.00 from Plaintiffs and further instituting collection efforts against Plaintiffs.” FAC ¶ 41. The FAC also alleges that Defendants are “reporting purchase money loans ... to consumer credit agencies as ‘late,’ charged off,’ ‘collection’ or other derogatory status.” Id. at ¶ 66. Such allegations are all that is required to meet the notice pleading standard.
Thus, the Court DENIES Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs’ CCRAA claim as too conclusorily pled.
IV. Disposition
For the reasons stated above, the Court:
1) DENIES Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks dismissal based on 12 U.S.C. § 1818(i)(l) divest this Court of jurisdiction.
2) DENIES Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks dismissal based on the primary jurisdiction or equitable abstention doctrines.
3) DENIES Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks dismissal of all claims due to lack of Article III standing or the UCL claim for lack of statutory standing.
4) GRANTS Defendants’ Motion only to the extent that Plaintiffs’ Rosenthal Act and UCL claims arise from Defendants’ inaccurate reporting as described in FAC Paragraphs 63(d) and 73(e) and quoted in this Order. The Court DENIES the Motion to the extent it seeks dismissal of the Rosenthal Act and UCL claims under a theory of preemption based on any other allegations.
5) DENIES Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks to dismiss Plaintiffs’ Breach of Contract, Promissory Estoppel, Promissory Fraud, Negligent Misrepresentation, CLRA, and UCL claims as preempted by Section 1681t(b)(l)(F).
6) DENIES Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks dismissal for failure tostate a claim for breach of contract, promissory estoppel, promissory fraud, negligent misrepresentation, and a UCL violation.
7) GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks to dismiss Plaintiffs’ CLRA claim but DISMISSES WITHOUT PREJUDICE so that Plaintiff may amend, if possible, to include allegations indicating that Defendants’ interaction with Plaintiffs in forming the short sale contract went beyond the creation of an obligation to pay money.
8) DENIES Defendants’ Motion to the extent it seeks dismissal of Plaintiffs’ CCRAA claim as too conclusorily pled.
Plaintiffs shall file a First Amended Complaint, if at all, by December 10, 2012.
. The Court finds the matter appropriate for decision without oral argument. Fed R. Civ. P. 78; Local R. 7-15.
. This Court’s own extensive research has found no published California court opinion nor published or unpublished federal district court opinion addressing whether Section 580b applies to short sales. In addition, in their Response to this Court's order providing the patties with another opportunity to present case law on this issue, Defendants state that "no court has expressly ruled that § 580b does not apply to short sales,” nor "that § 580b does apply to short sales.” Defs.’ Response (Dkt. 27) at 1-2.
. A "deficiency” is "that part of a debt secured by mortgage not realized from sale of mortgaged property.” In re Prestige Ltd. P'ship-Concord,
. A "short sale” is the “voluntary” sale of mortgaged property by the borrower where the borrower "secures the agreement of the [lender] to release the mortgage upon a bona fide sale to a third party for an agreed upon price below the mortgage loan balance.” 2 The Law of Real Estate Financing § 12:10, Short sales.
. Defs.’ RJN (Dkt. 16) Ex. A at Art. XI, § (1).
. 12 U.S.C. 1818(i)(l) provides in full: “The appropriate Federal banking agency may in its discretion apply to the United States district court, or the United States court of any territory, within the jurisdiction of which the home office of the depository institution is located, for the enforcement of any effective and outstanding notice or order issued under this section or under section 1831o or 1831p-1 of this title, and such courts shall have jurisdiction and power to order and require compliance herewith; but except as otherwise provided in this section or under section 1831o or 1831p-l of this title no court shall have jurisdiction to affect by injunction or otherwise the issuance or enforcement of any notice or order under any such section, or to review, modify, suspend, terminate, or set aside any such notice or order.” 12 U.S.C. 1818(i)(1).
. Defendants' theory about the scope of Section 1818(i)(l) is somewhat unclear. See Mot. at 15 (stating that Section 1818(i)(l) divests this Court of jurisdiction because "Plaintiffs’ claims and requested relief are subsumed by the Consent Order so as to 'affect' the administration of, compliance with, or enforcement of that Order”); id. at 13:4-5 (no jurisdiction where the complaint "asks a court for relief that seeks to double-down on and compete with an OCC Consent Order”); id. at 14:3-4 (no jurisdiction where complaint is "seeking relief that overlaps with the relief provided in the Consent Order”); id. at 14:20-21 (no jurisdiction where complaint requires parties to "undertake actions that were already subsumed by existing OCC consent orders”).
. The Court is referring to the "June 21, 2012 Financial Remediation Framework.” Defs.’ RJN (Dkt. 16) Ex. G.
. Defs.’ RJN (Dkt. 16) Ex. A at Art. XI, § (1).
. Defs.’ RJN (Dkt. 16) Ex. A at Art. XI, § (1).
. JPMorgan Chase Bank, NA, is a Defendant in both In re JPMorgan Chase and the present case, although the present case includes additional Defendants. See In re JPMorgan Chase,
. The Court concludes that the 2011 Consent
. See In re JPMorgan Chase,
. See In re JPMorgan Chase,
. See In re JPMorgan Chase,
. See In re JPMorgan Chase,
. See United States v. Spiegel,
. See Bd. of Governors of Fed. Reserve Sys. v. MCorp Fin., Inc.,
. See Groos Nat. Bank v. Comptroller of Currency,
. Alternatively, this Court distinguishes Bakenie on the grounds that the facts undergirding Plaintiffs claim here differ from those in Bakenie.
. The Court similarly declines to follow a slip opinion dismissing an adversarial proceeding in bankruptcy that seems to rule on a similar jurisdictional issue because the opinion was issued due to non-opposition to the motion. See Pl. Objections (Dkt. 24) at 3-4; Defs. Notice of Supp. Authority (Dkt. 23) Ex. A (Order Granting Motion to Dismiss, Dkt. 23 in In Re Owner Management Service v. JP Morgan Chase et al., Adv. Case. No. 1:12-ap01222-MT).
. See 15 U.S.C. § 168lt(b)(l)(F)(ii) (providing "exception]” to preemption under 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(l)(F) "with respect to section 1785.25(a) of the California Civil Code fas in effect on September 30, 1996)”); Gorman v. Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP,
. The lack of authority on whether Section 580b applies to short sales may be due to short sales' relative rarity prior to the recent housing crisis, given that “home buyers and real estate agents, ... once avoided short sales because of the stigma associated with longer escrows and high fallout rates.” See Brian Bean & Tim Hardin, California short sales increase to highest level in 3 years, The Press-Enterprise (March 9, 2012 12:36 PM) (“Short sales continued to soar in January, reaching their highest level in California in three years.”) http://www.pe.com/real-estate/ company-news/201203 09-california-short-sales-increase-to-highest-level-in-3-years.ece; see also Dan Levy, U.S. Foreclosure Filings Fall 4% as Lenders Increase Short Sales, Bloomberg.com (June 14, 2012, 4:01 PM) ("Foreclosure filings in the U.S. fell 4 percent in May from a year earlier as lenders disposed of more properties through short sales, where the price is less than the amount owed.”) http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-14/ u-s-foreclosure-filings-fall-4-as-lenders-increase-short-sales.html; 2 The Law of Real Estate Financing § 12:10, Short sales ("The subprime mortgage crisis of 2008 and attendant decline in property values ignited a new entry to the mortgagee options upon default— the so-called short sale.”).
. The Court infers that Plaintiffs were in default because they allege that Defendant Chase LLC conditioned the short sale on Plaintiffs being "30 days late on their mortgage payments” and, given that the short sale was consummated, it can be inferred that Plaintiffs met this condition. See FAC ¶¶ 8 ("[Plaintiffs] were informed by Chase [LLC] that before [it] would approve any short sale, it would be necessary that Plaintiffs be at least thirty days late on their mortgage payments.”), 9 ("Chase [LLC] agreed to accept this short sale” and "documented the acceptance of the short sale in a letter to [Plaintiffs on] December 10, 2009” in which Defendant Chase LLC "confirmed its agreement to 'release its security interest(s) in the ... property upon receipt of $3,000 ....' "), 26(b) ("This delinquency originally appeared because Plaintiff was ... informed by Chase [LLC] that she needed to be thirty days late on payment before the 'short sale’ could commence.”).
. California Civil Procedure Code § 580b provides that:
"No deficiency judgment shall lie in any event after a sale of real property or an estate for years therein for failure of the purchaser to complete his or her contract of sale, or under a deed of trust or mortgage given to the vendor to secure payment of the balance of the purchase price of that real property or estate for years therein, or under a deed of trust or mortgage on a dwelling for not more than four families given to a lender to secure repayment of a loan which was in fact used to pay all or part of the purchase price of that dwelling occupied, entirely or in part, by the purchaser.
Where both a chattel mortgage and a deed of trust or mortgage have been given to secure payment of the balance of the combined purchase price of both real and personal property, no deficiency judgment shall lie at any time under any one thereof if no deficiency judgment would lie under the deed of trust or mortgage on the real property or estate for years therein.”
Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 580b.
. The parties agree that the sale at issue here is a “short sale.” The Court recognizes that there are some other definitions of short sale, but the common components of these definitions are that the sale is voluntarily entered into by the borrower with the agreement of the lender and leaves a deficiency. See e.g., 1 L. Distressed Real Est. § 3B:8, Workout options in general — Short sales to avoid foreclosure (" 'Short sale’ is the term given to a transaction where the mortgagee/lender and other creditors and lienholders having a recorded interest ... in the borrower’s property which is in the process of being foreclosed agree to accept less than the full amount due.”).
. "For example, there may be certain legal alternatives ... such as giving the home back to the existing creditor through a deed in lieu of foreclosure, permitting the creditor to file a foreclosure, loan modification, or bankruptcy (Chapters 7 or 13) may be appropriate choices for the seller.” 1 L. Distressed Real Est. § 3B:8, Workout options in general-Short sales to avoid foreclosure.
. Indeed, lenders may agree to short sales because lenders can always “proceed to foreclosure” if the short sales “fail” to find a suitable buyer. See 2 The Law of Real Estate Financing § 12:10, Short sales.
. Section 580e also has several other provisions not relevant here, such as the requirement that two conditions to be met to invoke its protections, namely, a "voluntaiy” transfer of title to the buyer and the "sales proceeds” have been tendered to the lender. See Cal.Civ.Proc.Code 580e(a)(1), (a)(2).
. A "purchase-money mortgage” is a "mortgage that a buyer gives the seller, when the property is conveyed, to secure the unpaid balance of the purchase price.” Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed. 2009). Similarly, a "purchase-money lien” is a "deed of trust given to a lender to secure repayment of a loan used to pay all or part of the purchase price....” DMC, Inc. v. Downey Sav. & Loan Assn., 99 Cal.App.4th 190, 194,
. Compare Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 580d (applying tc> "a note secured by a deed of trust or mortgage ... [except that this] section does not apply to any deed of trust, mortgage ... issued by the Commissioner of Corporations, or which is.made by a public utility ....”) with id. at 580e(a)(l)-(2) (applying to “a note secured solely by a deed of trust or mortgage ... ”), (d)(2) (excepting that this "section shall not apply to any deed of trust, mortgage, ... to be issued[ ] by the Commissioner of Corporations, or that is made by a public utility....”).
. Compare Cal.Civ.Proc.Code § 580d (applying where property "has been sold by the mortgagee or trustee under power of sale contained in the mortgage or deed of trust”) with id. at 580e ((applying where "the trustor or mortgagor sells the dwelling for a sale price less than the remaining amount of the indebtedness outstanding at the time of sale.”).
. Senate Floor Analysis for SB 931 (August 17, 2010), (emphasis added) http://www. leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_09010950/sb_93 l_cfa_ 20100817_204742_sen_floor.html
. Assembly Floor Analysis for SB 931 (June 30, 2010), (emphasis added) http://www. leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_09010950/sb_93 l_cfa_ 20100630-17245 l_asm_floor.html
. Id. (emphasis added).
. CA S. Jour., 2009-2010 Reg. Sess., No. 263, California Senate Journal, 2009-2010 Reg. Sess., No. 263 (emphasis added).
. Senate Floor Analyses for SB 931 (August 17, 2010), (emphasis added) http://www. leginfo.ca.gov/pub/09-10/bill/sen/sb_09010950/sb_931_ cfa_20100817_204742_senJdoor.html
. In the past few years, some defendants in consumer cases have advanced increasingly strained Article III arguments, perhaps emboldened by the United States Supreme Court's grant of certiorari on Edwards. See First Am. Fin. Corp. v. Edwards, _ U.S. _,
. Despite finding Article III statutory standing, this Court next discusses Plaintiffs’ UCL statutory standing out of an abundance of caution because sometimes a plaintiff can establish Article III standing but not UCL statutory standing. Kwiltset Corp. v. Superior Court,
. Section 168It contains several provisions regarding the extent to which it is intended to preempt state laws, the relevant portions of which provide:
(a) Except as provided in subsections (b) ... of this section, this subchapter does not annul, alter, affect, or exempt any person ... from complying with the laws of any State with respect to ... distribution, or use of any information on consumers, ... except to the extent that those laws are inconsistent with any provision of this sub-chapter, and then only to the extent of the inconsistency.
(b) General exceptions
No requirement or prohibition may be imposed under the laws of any State—
(1) with respect to any subject matter regulated under—
(F) section 1681s-2 of this title, relating to the responsibilities of persons who furnish information to consumer reporting agencies, except that this paragraph shall not apply—
(ii) with respect to section 1785.25(a) of the California Civil Code (as in effect on September 30, 1996);
15 U.S.C. § 168 It; see also Montgomery v. PNC Bank, N.A., C-12-2453 SC,2012 WL 3670650 , *5 (N.D.Cal. Aug. 24, 2012).
. In addition to the preemption exceptions in Section 168 It, there are also preemption exceptions in Section 1681h(e); the extent to which the exceptions in Section 1681h(e) trump the preemption provisions in Section 1681t(b)(l)(F) is currently the source of a split in authority that has “left district courts in disarray.” Gorman v. Wolpoff & Abramson, LLP,
. The court also held that the FCRA expressly preempted plaintiff’s common law negligence claim, which is a claim that is not relevant to the present case. See Miller,
. Indeed, Defendants characterizes the vast majority disputed FAC allegations as relating to Plaintiffs’ "injury.” Reply at 11.
. Defendants also argue that Exhibit 2 is barred by the parole evidence rule. Mot. at 23. This argument fails because Plaintiffs contend that Exhibit 2 is the contract; Plaintiffs do not seek to introduce the letter to address an ambiguity in another contract. See Opp'n at 23.
. Defendants also opines that Plaintiffs' original Complaint was misleading because it identified Exhibit 1 as the "written contract” and Exhibit 2 as a "confirming letter,” and then described their theory of the breach of contract claim as a breach of the "agreement.” Reply at 12. First, this argument is irrelevant because the operative complaint is the FAC, not the original Complaint. Second, a motion to dismiss may only be granted where a plaintiff fails to allege facts, not where the complaint contains an inartfullyarticulated legal theory. By attaching both Exhibits 1 and 2 to the original Complaint, Plaintiffs put Defendant on notice of the basis for the breach of contract claim. Furthermore, any prejudice to Defendants is alleviated by Defendants' Motion, which has forced Plaintiff to better articulate that their legal theory for breach of contract as based on Exhibit 2.