for the Court:
¶ 1. The question we must decide is under what circumstances a creditor may circumvent the legal fiction of limited liability and hold LLC members and/or a separate commonly owned LLC responsible for the LLC’s debt. We find the three-prong test for piercing the veil of corporations, established in
Gray v. Edgewater Landing, Inc.,
¶ 2. Because we find nothing procedurally impermissible with HRS’s action, we affirm the denial of Restaurant of Hatties-burg, Schafer, and Brick’s motion for summary judgment, which raised procedural issues only. We reverse the grant of sum
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶ 3. In 2005, Schafer and Brick opened multiple restaurants operating as Copeland’s franchises, based on A1 Copeland’s original restaurant in New Orleans. Schafer and Brick formed three separate LLCs: (1) Restaurant of Hattiesburg to operate a Copeland’s in Hattiesburg, (2) Restaurant of Jackson to operate a Copeland’s in Jackson, and (3) SouthEastern to manage the accounting and payroll of both restaurants. Restaurant of Jackson was unsuccessful. It closed the Jackson Copeland’s in the spring of 2006, owing HRS $29,000 plus thousands in service charges. Some time later, Restaurant of Hatties-burg ceased operating a Copeland’s franchise and re-opened under a different name.
I. HRS’s First Suit
¶ 4. In fall 2005, an HRS sales representative contacted the managers of the Jackson Copeland’s. During the initial sales call, a manager allegedly told the sales rep the Jackson Copeland’s was associated with the Hattiesburg Copeland’s. But the sales rep. did not meet with Schafer or Brick, and he later testified he did not even know who Schafer and Brick were until HRS tried to collect past-due payments. The sales rep. also testified, while HRS may have already had an account with the Hattiesburg Copeland’s, he opened a new, separate account, first titled “Copeland’s Franchise” and then later “Restaurant of Jackson, LLC.”
¶ 5. From September 2005 to March 2006, HRS delivered, restaurant supplies to the Jackson Copeland’s. SouthEastern paid HRS on behalf of Restaurant of Jackson. But the payments stopped when the Jackson Copeland’s closed.
¶ 6. In September 2006, HRS sued Restaurant of Jackson, SouthEastern, and “John Does 1 though 10.” In October 2007, the Lamar County Circuit Court granted HRS summary judgment based on the undisputed purchase orders. The circuit court found Restaurant of Jackson and SouthEastern jointly liable to HRS for the $36,816.64 debt.
II. HRS’s Post-judgment Debt-collection Efforts
¶ 7. To collect the debt, HRS obtained a writ of garnishment on SouthEastern’s bank account — only to discover the account contained $36 and change, with no additional income flowing into the account. HRS initiated post-judgment discovery, available to judgment creditors through Mississippi Code Annotated section 13 — 1— 261 (Rev.2002).
¶ 8. HRS propounded interrogatories, which went unanswered. It then filed a motion to compel, which the circuit court granted and ordered the judgment debtors pay $750 to HRS for the costs of filing the motion. Finally, HRS scheduled a judgment-debtor exam, requesting specific financial records be brought to the. exam. See Miss.Code Ann. § 13-1-265 (Rev.2002) (authorizing judgment-debtor exam and production of documents). On September 11, 2008, Brick appeared on behalf of Restaurant of Jackson and SouthEastern but did not bring any financial documents.
¶ 9. Brick testified SouthEastern managed the accounting and payroll for both Restaurant of Jackson and Restaurant of Hattiesburg. Both companies deposited their incomes in SouthEastern’s single bank account. SouthEastern kept track of the separate incomes and expenses of both
¶ 10. After the Jackson Copeland’s closed, Restaurant of Hattiesburg continued to deposit its proceeds from the Hat-tiesburg Copeland’s, which varied from $160,000 to $260,000 per month, into SouthEastern’s bank account. But in December 2007 — around the same time the circuit court denied SouthEastern’s motion to reconsider the judgment against it— Restaurant of Hattiesburg opened its own bank account. HRS believed the timing of the opening of this new account was highly suspect. But Brick claimed, because there were no longer multiple restaurants to operate, SouthEastern’s consolidated services were not needed.
¶ 11. Bank records show SouthEastern had issued Brick a $9,000 check in November 2007. Brick testified this was a repayment of a loan to Restaurant of Hatties-burg. SouthEastern had also written Schafer’s realty company an $800 cheek, which Brick claimed was for reimbursement for printing restaurant menus.
¶ 12. After Brick’s deposition, HRS moved to reopen its lawsuit against Restaurant of Jackson and SouthEastern to add Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick as parties. The circuit court denied the motion because the judgment in that case was final.
III. HRS’s Second Suit
¶ 18. In November 2008, HRS sued Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick. HRS requested the court “pierce the veil” of SouthEastern and Restaurant of Jackson and hold the three new defendants jointly and severally liable for the judgment debt.
¶ 14. In January 2010, HRS moved for summary judgment, arguing Restaurant of Jackson and SouthEastern did not observe corporate formalities and commingled assets. HRS relied on Brick’s failure to produce sufficient financial documents at the judgment-debtor exam and failure to comply with post-judgment discovery. HRS also highlighted Brick’s inability to specifically account for the $9,000 payment by SouthEastern to himself and the $800 payment to Schafer’s company.
¶ 15. Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick responded that HRS’s allegations and evidence failed to meet the three-prong test for corporate-veil piercing under
Gray v. Edgewater Landing, Inc.,
¶ 16. After a hearing in October 2010, the circuit court denied Restaurant of Hat-tiesburg, Schafer, and Brick’s motion for summary judgment but granted summary judgment in favor of HRS. The circuit court found the three prongs of Gray had been met. And it held that Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick were jointly and severally liable for:
(1) the $750 granted for reasonable expenses for compelling post-judgment discovery in the first suit,
(2) the $86,816.64 judgment against Restaurant Jackson and SouthEastern,
(3) $8,500 in attorney’s fees, plus
(4) eight percent interest from the date of the judgment in the first suit.
Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick timely appealed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶ 17. Mississippi Civil Procedure Rule 56 directs a trial court to render judgment “forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” M.R.C.P. 56(c). We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standard as the circuit court.
Harrison v. Chandler-Sampson Ins., Inc.,
DISCUSSION
I. Was Summary Judgment Properly Granted to HRS?
¶ 18. We first address why factual disputes concerning HRS’s claim require we reverse the grant of summary judgment in its favor. According to Rule 56, the circuit court could only grant HRS summary judgment if (1) there were no material disputed factual issues and (2) those undisputed facts showed HRS was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. M.R.C.P. 56(c). Our de novo review reveals not only disputed facts but also insufficient proof HRS was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. In particular, we find HRS did not indisputably demonstrate its contractual expectations were frustrated because it had looked to Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick for performance of the UCC sales contract.
A. Piercing the Veil of an LLC
¶ 19. Before we discuss why HRS is not entitled to summary judgment under the three-prong test from Gray, we address why this test, which was originally applied to a corporation, applies to claims seeking to pierce the limited liability of an LLC.
¶ 20. Both parties assert traditional corporate-veil-piercing law controls. And the circuit court applied the three-prong test from Gray to pierce the veils of the two LLCs, Restaurant of Jackson and SouthEastern. Under Gray, for a court to disregard the corporate entity and expose shareholders to liability, the complaining party must show:
(a) some frustration of contractual expectations regarding the party to whom he looked for performance;
(b) the flagrant disregard of corporate formalities by the defendant corporation and its principals; [and]
(c) a demonstration of fraud or other ■ equivalent misfeasance on the part of the corporate shareholder.
Gray,
¶ 21. While an LLC is a different type of legal entity than a corporation, commentators “agree that for purposes of piercing the corporate veil, an LLC would be treated like a corporation.”
Hollowell v. Orleans Reg’l Hosp. LLC,
¶ 22. We find the circuit court correctly cited
Gray
as the proper standard for what a plaintiff must show
in addition to LLC membership
to hold an LLC member liable for the LLC’s debt. When faced with other approaches for determining when limited liability should be disregarded, the Mississippi Supreme Court reiterated
Gray
is the test Mississippi courts must apply.
Buchanan v. Ameristar Casino Vicksburg, Inc.,
¶ 23. Our supreme court has held it “will not rigidly maintain the distinct corporate identity [of the LLC’s more formal ancestor, the corporation,] where ... to do so would subvert the ends of justice.”
Highway Dev. Co. v. Miss. State Highway Comm’n,
B. Material Factual Disputes
¶ 24. A successful veil-piercing claim must show each of the three
Gray
prongs.
1. Some Frustration of Contractual Expectations Regarding the Party to Whom HRS Looked for Performance
¶ 25. The first
Gray
prong addresses which person or business entity HRS expected to pay for the restaurant supplies. In
Gray,
the Mississippi Supreme Court found Morris Gray failed to establish this prong because he “had no doubt that he was contracting with a corporate party, not Billy Stegall or Tom Bradley personally. As a businessman himself, Gray appreciated this distinction.”
Gray,
¶ 26. The circuit court found HRS “did not know who the real parties at interest were until after they had formed a contract within the parameters of the Uniform Commercial Code.” It is true, under the UCC, a binding contract is not formed until tender of deliver to the buyer. Miss. Code Ann. § 75-2-507(1) (Rev.2002). But merely because the UCC governs
when
the contract was formed does not mean a UCC seller can circumvent the limited liability of the entity to which it tendered the goods. As an incorporated business, HRS could appreciate the distinction between an individual and an LLC.
See Gray,
¶ 27. The circuit court relied on
Thames & Co. v. Eicher,
¶ 29. HRS did present evidence that a manager of the Jackson Copeland’s told HRS the restaurant was connected to the Hattiesburg Copeland’s, potentially creating the expectation that both restaurants were jointly responsible for the other’s debts. Further, SouthEastern, which managed the proceeds from both accounts, wrote checks to HRS for Restaurant of Jackson’s invoices. But the evidence is certainly not undisputed. The HRS representative testified he thought the Hatties-burg Copeland’s already had an account with HRS. Yet he chose to create a separate account for Restaurant of Jackson.
¶ 30. We further point out, HRS did not name Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick in the first suit, which the three defendants claim is a procedural error barring the second suit. 3 While not a bar, the failure to name Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick in the initial suit to collect the debt tends to undercut HRS’s argument that it expected these parties would be responsible for paying the debt. Schafer and Brick, as the two LLC members, were known or knowable when the first suit was filed. However, Restaurant of Hattiesburg is in a slightly different posture because of its relationship to SouthEastern, who was named in the first suit and, until the time of the first judgment, claimed all of Restaurant of Hatties-burg’s proceeds.
¶ 31. In remanding this matter,
4
we emphasize “the fact that the [members] of the two [LLCs] are the same is not of itself sufficient to treat the two [LLCs] as one.”
Johnson & Higgins,
¶ 32. Further, Mississippi has never adopted the “single business enterprise” theory to hold affiliated LLCs jointly liable for each other’s debts. In holding HRS was unable to identify the party to whom it looked for performance, the circuit court relied on the unpublished opinion,
W. Oil & Gas JV, Inc. v. Castlerock Oil Co.,
¶ 33. Because the circuit court erred in finding HRS undisputably showed its contractual expectations were frustrated, we reverse summary judgment in its favor and remand its claim for further proceedings.
2. The Flagrant Disregard of Corporate Formalities by the Defendant Corporation and its Principals
¶ 34. Failure to show that undisputed facts establish the first Gray prong is reason alone to reverse summary judgment. Still, we briefly address the factual issues surrounding the remaining two requirements.
¶ 35. Analyzing the second prong of
Gray
is more difficult with an LLC than a corporation because an LLC imposes much less formalities on its members than a corporation. The traditional lack of formalities — failure to conduct regular meetings, failure to appoint officers and directors, etc.—does not necessarily signal LLC abuse.
See Gen. Motors,
¶ 36. The circuit court held the LLC form had been flagrantly disregarded by Schafer and Brick based on two findings: (1) the three LLCs did not maintain separate checking accounts, and (2) Brick failed to produce documents at the judgment-debtor exam showing the observance of corporate formalities.
¶ 37. Regarding the shared bank account, it is undisputed both Restaurant of Jackson and Restaurant of Hattiesburg sent their proceeds to SouthEastern’s bank account. And SouthEastern claimed the income from both companies on its tax return. But at the summary-judgment hearing, Restaurant of Hattiesburg produced documents showing SouthEastern kept the income and expenses of both restaurants separate. We find this evidence of separate accounting sufficient to create a factual dispute over whether the common bank account shows flagrant disregard for the LLCs’ formalities. Like Texas, we decline to adopt a rule that LLCs sharing a bank account is per se an abusive prac
¶ 38. Concerning the failure to produce documents, we note Brick’s defense — the documents were in possession of his accountant — echos the successful defenses in both
Rosson
and
Richardson. Rosson,
3. A Demonstration of Fraud or Other Equivalent Misfeasance on the Part of the Corporate Shareholder
¶ 39. Restaurant of Hatties-burg, Schafer, and Brick argue the failure to pay a debt, even after a judgment is obtained, does not rise to the level of fraud. And they are right. Some bad action other than the underlying claim itself (here, an outstanding debt) must be shown.
Penn Nat’l Gaming v. Ratliff,
¶ 40. In Richardson, this court held:
As to the third consideration, Richardson presented no evidence that Jenkins, from the beginning, was intent on obtaining Richardson’s money for his own personal use with no intention of performing on the contract and that he used a shell corporation to shield himself from personal liability on the day of reckoning that was inevitably to come.
Richardson,
¶41. But Schafer and Brick set up multiple LLCs for its restaurant operations. While it is not fraudulent to limit the liabilities of each restaurant to its own debts, SouthEastern did conveniently claim the income of Restaurant of Hatties-
¶ 42. This prong ultimately comes down to Restaurant of Hattiesburg’s opening its own bank account, which occurred the same month the circuit court denied its motion to reconsider the judgment against it. The circuit court held Restaurant of Hattiesburg’s opening of this account was “a volitional act to divert funds” from HRS. We find this holding to be based solely on a factual conclusion. Thus, it is inappropriate for summary judgment. Brick testified Restaurant of Hattiesburg opened its own bank account because, without multiple restaurants, there was no need for consolidated accounting services. While we certainly understand the circuit court’s skepticism, Brick’s explanation does create a factual issue on this prong.
II. Is HRS’s Second Suit Procedurally Permissible?
¶ 43. Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick ask we reverse the denial of their motion and render summary judgment in their favor for three reasons: (1) the bars of res judicata and collateral es-toppel, (2) the bars of the statute of limitations and laches, and (3) HRS’s failure to join Restaurant of Jackson and SouthEastern as defendants in the second suit. These procedural objections boil down to the questions: Does Mississippi permit a second, subsequent veil-piercing action? And if so, when must the second suit be filed and who must be named as defendants?
¶ 44. In almost all the corporate-veil-piecing cases in Mississippi, the plaintiff brought the underlying contract or tort claim in the same action as the veil-piercing claim.
E.g., Penn Nat’l Gaming,
A. Res Judicata and Collateral Estoppel
¶ 45. Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick argue the doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel bar a second suit. They contend, because the veil-piercing claim could have been brought in the first suit, HRS is now barred from asserting the claim in the second suit.
See Hill v. Carroll County,
¶ 46. In a factual scenario similar to this one — where a successful judgment creditor who later learned the judgment debtor corporation transferred all of its assets to its sole shareholder — the Alabama Supreme Court rejected the shareholder’s res judicata argument.
Backus v. Watson,
Backus’s present action against [the shareholder] Watson was based on a cause of action entirely different from the one on which her action against the club was based, and in the present action she sought to litigate an issue that was not litigated, and could not have been litigated, under the pleadings in her action against the club, even though Watson appeared at the trial of that action and apparently participated in the club’s defense. The litigation of the central issue presented in this action— whether the club was operated as Watson’s alter ego and, therefore, whether the “corporate veil” should be pierced— has not been foreclosed by a previous judgment binding as between these parties. Therefore, the trial court could not have properly relied on the doctrine of res judicata as a basis for its judgment.
Backus,
¶ 47. Mississippi law confirms, as in
Backus,
res judicata does not bar HRS’s veil-piercing claim. “[T]he doctrine of res judicata requires four identities to be present before it applies: (1) identity of the subject matter of the action; (2) identity of the cause of action; (3) identity of the parties to the cause of action; and (4) identity of the quality or character of a person against whom the claim is made.”
Hill,
¶ 48. Here, we find no identity of the cause of action, which is “the underlying facts and circumstances upon which a claim has been brought.”
Id.
at 1085 (¶ 13) (citing
Black v. City of Tupelo,
¶ 49. “Collateral estoppel precludes parties from relitigating issues that are actually litigated, determined by, and essential to the judgment in a former action, even though a different cause of action is the subject of the subsequent action.”
Richardson v. Audubon Ins. Co.,
B. Statute of Limitations and Laches
¶ 50. Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick argue the three-year statute of limitations for open accounts applies in this case. Miss.Code Ann. § 15-1-29 (Rev.2003) (requiring an action on an open account must be filed within three years after the cause of action accrued). And because the cause of action on Restaurant of Jackson’s account accrued by February 2006, they argue HRS’s second suit to recover from them for the open account, filed in November 2009, is barred. They also assert laches, arguing HRS had the right to discovery in the first suit and could have asserted a veil-piercing claim in that action.
See Cannada v. Marlar,
¶ 51. HRS emphasizes the need to pierce the corporate veils of Restaurant of Jackson and SouthEastern did not arise until after it obtained that judgment in October 2007. Because its second suit was to collect the judgment from the first suit, HRS argues the seven-year statute of limitations for actions “founded on any judgment” applies. Miss.Code Ann. § 15 — 1—43 (Rev.2003) (requiring an action “founded on any judgment or decree rendered by any court of record in this state” must be brought within seven years next after the judgment or decree is rendered or last renewed).
¶ 52. We find HRS’s view to be correct one:
In order to determine whether the corporation veil should be pierced, the corporation must first be assumed liable. An attempt to pierce the corporate veil is not itself a cause of action but rather is a means of imposing liability on an underlying cause of action, such as a tort or breach of contract.
1 Fletcher, Cyclopedia of the Law of Corporations § 41.28, at 166-67 (Rev.2006). Here, HRS’s veil-piercing claim was not a direct action to recover on the open account but instead a derivative action based on the judgment against Restaurant of Jackson and SouthEastern. Because the purpose of HRS’s subsequent veil-piercing action is to collect the judgment debt, the seven-year statute of limitations applies and does not bar HRS’s 2009 suit. Miss. Code Ann. § 15-1-43;
see Backus,
¶ 53. Regarding HRS’s laches argument, we agree discovery in the first case
could have
led to HRS naming Schafer, Brick, or Restaurant of Hattiesburg as one of the “John Does 1-10” in their complaint. But we decline to hold HRS
should have
used discovery in the first suit to learn how Schafer and Brick handled the finances of the three LLCs and its failure to do so adversely prejudices Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick. If anything, waiting to investigate its debtors post-judgment created a practical problem for HRS, which has to prove its contractual expectations were frustrated because it expected at the time it sold the supplies to Restaurant of Jackson that the family of LLCs and their owners would be liable for the debt. But this is an issue of
C. Necessary Parties
¶ 54. Finally, Restaurant of Hat-tiesburg, Schafer, and Brick argue Restaurant of Jackson and SouthEastern were “necessary and indispensable parties” in the second suit and HRS’s failure to name them as defendants is fatal to its claim.
See
M.R.C.P. 19 (joinder of necessary parties); M.R.C.P. 21 (misjoinder and non-joinder). Specifically, they claim for HRS to succeed, it has to show the three
Gray
prongs “are present as to companies, i.e., that Restaurant of Jackson, LLC and SouthEastern Restaurants, LLC confused contractual expectations, disregarded corporate formalities, and committed fraud.” But a plain reading of
Gray
shows it is the actions of Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick that the circuit court must scrutinize to determine if they should be held liable for Restaurant of Jackson and SouthEastern’s judgment debt.
Gray,
CONCLUSION
¶ 55. While there is no procedural barrier to HRS’s suit to pierce the veil of its judgment creditors, we find HRS was not entitled to summary judgment under Rule 56(c). Thus, we reverse the summary judgment awarded in HRS’s favor and remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We affirm the denial of summary judgment in Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick’s favor.
¶ 56. THE JUDGMENT OF THE LAMAR COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT IS AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE APPELLEE.
Notes
. On January 1, 2011, the Revised Mississippi Limited Liability Company Act went into effect. The Revised LLC Act, which was not in place during this action, was adopted to provide greater clarity of existing LLC statutory requirements, to set up more default rules for LLCs without operating agreements, and to incorporate language from Delaware’s LLC Act to enable Mississippi courts to look to Delaware law when interpreting the Mississippi’s Revised LLC Act. See Miss.Code Ann. §§ 79-29-101 to -1317 (Supp.2011). Mississippi Code Annotated section 79-29-305(1) (Rev.2009) was amended and re-codified as Mississippi Code Annotated section 79-29-311(1) (Supp.2011). The new code section provides a member cannot be personally liable for an LLC debt "solely by reason of being a member[.]" Miss.Code Ann. § 79-29-311(1) (Supp.2011) (emphasis added).
. Further, we note in
Thames
the Mississippi Supreme Court did not pierce the corporate veil under
Gray
but instead found Rogers personally liable as the agent of an undisclosed principal.
Thames,
. See Sections II.A and II.B, infra.
. Though the evidence does not support a veil-piercing claim against Schafer and Brick, we do not render summary judgment in their favor. Rule 56 states summary judgment shall be granted if the evidence "show[s] that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
the moving party
is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” M.R.C.P. 56(c) (emphasis added). Schafer and Brick were not the “moving party” for summary judgment based on the evidence. Instead, they merely opposed HRS’s motion for summary judgment, arguing the facts supporting HRS's veil-piercing claim were disputed. This court cannot sua sponte grant summary judgment on a basis not raised by the moving party.
Peavey Electronics Corp. v. Baan U.S.A., Inc.,
. Restaurant of Hattiesburg, Schafer, and Brick urge us to view the circuit court’s ruling in the second suit as an improper sanction for failure to produce financial records at the judgment-debtor exam for the first suit. But we find the circuit court merely considered this circumstance in his Gray analysis, and this record withholding is insufficient in itself to prove disregard of LLC formalities.