This case arose out of the alleged failure of an insecticide produced by the defendant Shell Oil Company (Shell) to kill enough European corn borer larvae in the seed corn fields of plaintiff Renze Hybrids, Inc. (Renze), to avert economic loss. After the ensuing trial for breach of implied warranties, the jury found Shell 75% at fault for Renze’s crop losses. Shell now raises several issues upon appeal. Shell challenges four evidentiary rulings, submission to the jury of two theories of recovery, a jury instruction on an act of God defense, and the trial court’s submission to the jury of interest as an element of damages. We reverse on the interest issue and affirm all other rulings. Finding the issue of interest improperly submitted, we order that portion of the jury’s award deleted from the judgment entered by the trial court.
I. Background facts and proceedings. Plaintiff Renze Hybrids, Inc., is a family owned seed corn business and has been in operation since 1939. The corporation farmed 16 fields of seed cоrn in Carroll County, Iowa in 1983, covering approximately 1100 acres.
In early August 1983, Cyril Renze, president of the Renze corporation, became concerned with the substantial quantity of European corn borer eggs he noticed on corn plants in his daily monitoring of the Renze fields. He learned from Dr. David Foster, an extension entomologist with Iowa State University, that there were only three insecticides on the market used to kill European corn borers. Cyril Renze then approached Jerry Broiche, representative of Cal-Car Service Company, seeking help with his infestation problem. Broiche, in turn, spoke with representatives from Shell and was told that Shell’s product, Pydrin, could be used to control corn borer infestation. Broiche passed on this information to Cyril Renze who then decided to spray the Renze acres with Pydrin. Broiche applied the insecticide to Renze’s fields and also sprayed surrounding grasses and waterways to cover areas near the corn where European corn borer moths might breed.
Pydrin appears to have been ineffective in controlling corn borers enough to prevent economic loss in Renze’s seed corn fields. Despite proper application of Pyd-rin while the corn borer eggs were beginning to hatch, Renze’s fields sustained measurable damage from the corn borer larvae. Renze brought suit for its crop losses and othеr items asserting that Shell breached implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose and merchantability. See Iowa Code §§ 554.2315, 554.2317 (1985). Expert witnesses for both sides testified at trial, as did Cyril Renze and Jerry Broiche.
Based upon the evidence submitted, the jury determined Renze’s crop losses at $549,816.00 and his lost interest due to the crop loss to be $139,653.00, for a total of *637 $689,469.00. On the issue of comparative fault, the jury found defendant Shell 75% at fault. Accordingly, the trial court entered a judgment in favor of plaintiff against Shell for 75% of $689,469.00 or $517,101.75 plus interest pursuant to Iowa Code section 535.3 from the date the petition was filed.
On appeal, Shell makes nine assertions of error. We address them in turn, adding relevant facts from the record where necessary.
II.
Implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose.
At the close of plaintiffs evidence, Shell moved for a directed verdict asserting that there was not substantial evidence to support submission to the jury of plaintiffs claims of breach of warranty of fitness for a рarticular purpose and breach of warranty of merchantability.
See
Iowa R.Civ.P. 243;
Valadez v. City of Des Moines,
The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is codified in Iowa Code chapter 554. Renze’s claim of breach of warranty of fitness for a particular purpose is grounded in Iowa Code section 554.2315 which states:
Where the seller at the time of contracting has reason to know any particular purpose for which the goods are required and that the buyer is relying on the seller’s skill or judgment to select or furnish suitable goods, there is unless excluded or modified under the next section an implied warranty that the goods shall be fit for such purpose.
Recovery under this section depends upon a showing that (1) the seller had reason to know of the buyer’s particular purpose; (2) the seller had reason to know the buyer was relying on the seller’s skill or judgment to furnish suitablе goods; and (3) the buyer in fact relied on the seller’s skill or judgment to furnish suitable goods.
Van Wyk v. Norden Laboratories, Inc.,
This is a warranty distinct from the implied warranty of merchantability. Comment 2 to UCC section 2-315 contained in Iowa Code Annotated section 554.2315 notes:
A “particular purpose” differs from the ordinary purpose for which the goods are used in that it envisages a specific use by the buyer which is peculiar to the nature of his business whereas the ordinary purposes for which goods are used are those envisaged in the concept of merchantability and go to uses which are customarily made of the goods in question.
Shell argues that because Pydrin is one of the three commercial insecticides on the market used to kill European corn borer larvae, Renze used the insecticide for its ordinary purpose and not any particular purpose. The Pydrin label, however, lists dozens of different species of insects and the proper concentrations of Pydrin that should be mixed with water to exterminate them. Renze claims that it, through Broiche, asked Shell for the best product to deal with its specific problem of infestation by European corn borers in seed corn fields. We believe this is the type of particular purpose to which section 554.2315 was meant to apply.
Even conceding that Pydrin was being used for a particular purpose, Shell states there was no evidence to show that Shell had reasоn to know of Renze’s needs. The former Iowa Code section on warranties of fitness for a particular purpose, Iowa Code § 554.15 (1962), required the buyer to make the particular purpose known to the seller, expressly or by implication, before the warranty was effective. That requirement was expressly changed, however, by the UCC language in 1965 Iowa Acts chapter 413, section 2315. The statute now clearly requires only that “the seller [Shell] at the time of contracting [have] reason to know any particular purpose for which the goods are required_” Iowa Code § 554.2315.
While Shell had no direct presale dealings with Renze, Shell had reason to know of Renze’s needs through Shell’s dealings with Broiche. We have stated that “the warranty of fitness under section 554.2315
*638
is said to turn on the ‘bargain-related’ facts as to what the seller had reason to know about the buyer’s purpose for the goods and about his reliance on the seller’s skill or judgment in selecting them.”
Van Wyk,
Finally, it is evident that Renze did in fact rely on Shell’s skill or judgment to furnish suitable goods. We conclude there was sufficient evidence of bargain-related facts to submit this claim to the jury.
III. Implied, warranty of merchantability. As stated above, the implied warranty of merchantability involves the fitness of goods for their ordinary purpose. In Van Wyk, we noted that this theory requires the plaintiff to prove (1) a merchant sold the goods, (2) the goods were not “merchantable” at the time of sale, (3) injury or damage occurred to the plaintiff’s property, (4) the defective nаture of the goods caused the damage “proximately and in fact,” and (5) notice was given to the seller of the damage. Id. at 87. We conclude that substantial evidence to prove each of these elements exists in the record, and that submitting this theory to the jury was proper.
Shell’s product, Pydrin, was selected as an insecticide for Renze by Broiche at Shell’s suggestion after significant quantities of corn borer eggs were discovered. Broiche applied Pydrin to Renze’s corn fields and surrounding grasses. Trial testimony from several witnesses indicated that the insecticide failed to kill enough corn borer larvae to prevent economic loss in Renze’s fields. While no direct evidence was presented to demonstrate defects with Pydrin, there was considerable circumstantial evidence of Pydrin’s failure.
Cf. Van Wyk,
Substantial evidence, whether or not contradicted, is the litmus test of submissibility of an issue to the jury. See Iowa R.App. P. 14(f)(7). Based upon the evidence in the record, this issue was properly submitted to the jury.
IV.
Interest as an element of damages.
Jury instruction number 23 instructed the jury to determine the amount of plaintiff’s recovery if it determined that plaintiff was entitled to recovеr and sustained a loss; however, the instruction did not mention interest as an element of damages. Nevertheless, the jury found Renze entitled to recover $139,653.00 in interest. This amount was based upon brief testimony by Cyril Renze estimating interest on lost income due to crop loss. The interest plaintiff was seeking is an element of consequential damages related to his substantive claim and is not interest on a judgment governed by Iowa Code section 535.3.
See Metropolitan Transfer v. Design Structures,
Renze's testimony appears to concern interest payments Renze estimated the corporation would have had to pay had it been forced to borrow money to cover business expenses because its crop losses reduced its operating capital. In fact, no evidence exists in the record that the corporation ever borrowed specific sums of money from specifiс third persons due to its crop loss.
In
Metropolitan Transfer,
the court of appeals digested several cases from other jurisdictions in which interest charges owed to third persons were recoverable as consequential damages.
We find n<denee here that such money was borrcl. Renze’s attempt on appeal to upholds award as a theoretical deprivation oterest due to crop loss is unavailing a lacking in authority. Shell’s motioi) withdraw the issue of interest as an n of damages should have been sustained^ reverse that portion of the trial court'idgment based upon interest. Plaintiff’iward is reduced in its principal amouijy $104,739.75 or by 75% of $139,653.00,e entire amount of the judgment againShell attributable to interest.
V. Evidze of crop loss. Shell further contend&at Renze generated insufficient evidenof crop loss to submit the question of »p loss damages to the jury. Our commts on the proof necessary to sustain aimage award in Orkin Exterminating C Inc. (Arwell Div.) v. Burnett, 160 N.Wd 427 (Iowa 1968), are particularly relevs here. We stated:
Courts have cognized a distinction between proof othe fact that damages have been sustaed and proof of the amount оf those images. If it is speculative and uncenin whether damages have been sustaiid, recovery is denied. If the uncertaintyies only in the amount of damages, recrery may be had if there is proof of areasonable basis from which the amoun can be inferred or approximated.
Id. at 430 (citations emitted).
It is clear that ienze sustained crop damage due to corn brer infestation. The jury concluded that application of Pydrin failed to avert econonic loss. The exрert witnesses who testifed at trial estimated crop loss between % and 38 percent of normal seed corn production. Shell points out that plaintiff’s expert witness did field tests in only two of Renze’s 16 fields. Shell asserts that there is adequate proof of damages in only those two fields.
Cyril Renze testified, however, that the crop damage was fairly consistent throughout the plaintiff’s fields. He has been in sales since 1940. Shell’s expert witness, Dr. Poster, admitted that Renze is particularly knоwledgeable in this area. Renze’s estimates of acreage production and yield reduction were based on his extensive knowledge and experience. His estimates, therefore, gave a reasonable basis from which damages could have been approximated and his testimony, coupled with that of the expert witnesses, constituted substantial evidence of crop loss. We conclude there was no error in submitting this issue to the jury.
VI. Opinion testimony of an expert witness. Shell’s expert witnеss, Robert Christensen, attempted to give his opinion concerning the effect of weather on Renze’s crop losses, but was prevented from doing so when the trial court sustained an objection made by Renze’s counsel. The objection was that Christensen’s proposed opinion testimony would be based upon documents not in evidence.
As correctly pointed out by Shell, Iowa Rule of Evidence 703 states that if facts or data relied upon by an expert witness at trial are "of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in evidence.” However, Iowa Rule of Evidence 705 adds: “The expert may testify in terms of opinion or inference and give his reasons therefor without prior disclosure of the underlying facts or data unless the court requires otherwise.” (Emphasis added.)
The trial court appears to have determined that the underlying facts and dаta upon which Christensen based his opinion needed to be disclosed to the jury. Counsel for Shell did not subsequently do so.
Determinations of the admissibility of opinion evidence rest largely in the trial court’s discretion, and we do not interfere with such decisions unless they exhibit a manifest abuse of discretion to the prejudice of the complaining party.
State v. Dvorsky,
VII. References to express warranty. This case was pled by plaintiff on implied warranty theories. Three witnesses testified over objections by Shell’s counsel to their recollection of product effectiveness claims made in Shell advertisements of Pydrin. Shell argued that any reference to Shell advertising impermissi-bly interjected the thеory of express warranty, a theory not asserted in Renze’s pleading. As argued by Renze, we believe mention of Shell’s advertising in the context of the record concerning each of those witnesses was relevant to explain the timing of application of Pydrin, the length of residual effect, and the way Pydrin normally performed. We conclude that whatever prejudicial effect this evidence might have had was outweighed by its probative value. No error appears from these rulings.
VIII. Comparable results of Pydrin use. As part of its case in chief, defendant Shell introduced evidence from Stanley Pilcher, an agricultural researcher working for Colorado State University. Pilcher testified that he tested Pydrin on corn fields in Colorado infested with European corn borer larvae and received favorable results.
In the rebuttal portion of its case, Renze called Monte Ramohr, a Nebraska farmer, who testified to unfavorable results from the apрlication of Pydrin to his fields in Nebraska. Shell objected to Ramohr’s testimony on relevance grounds stating that Renze failed to offer any evidence of similar circumstances between Ramohr’s fields and Renze’s fields. The objection was overruled and Shell asserts error.
We recognize the general rule that the trial court has a good deal of discretion in determining what is proper rebuttal testimony.
State v. Hephner,
IX. Exclusioof warranty defense. On the Fridajefore the Tuesday jury trial, Shell prodid to Renze a document (exhibit G) conning the directiоns for use of Pydrin inssponse to a longstanding interrogate: to defendant by plaintiff. See Iowa füv.P. 126. The directions included a bjf written statement expressly excluding sr warranties of merchantability or fitnesfor a particular purpose if Pydrin was ud in abnormal conditions. Shell offered ⅛ document at trial both as evidence of ;oper mixing instructions and as suppoffor its exclusion of warranty defense. !
Renze objected thsthe warranty portion of the document wajan untimely response to its second interrgatory. Renze’s second interrogatory, ^questing documents relevant to Shell’s lefense, was sent to Shell over a year aid a half before trial. After a hearing, thetrial court allowed the exhibit into evidence with the exclusion of warranty paragraphblocked out. Shell asserts the trial court ;rred in excluding that portion of exhibit G and in failing to instruct the jury on Slell’s exclusion of warranty defense.
The trial court determined that Shell’s production of this documеnt was untimely. The court then imposed a sanction upon Shell pursuant to Iowa Rules of Civil Procedure 134(d)(2) and 134(b)(2)(B). As with other evidentiary matters, a trial court has wide discretion when imposing a sanction for failure to adequately follow discovery procedures.
R.E. Morris Investments,
*641
Inc. v. Lind,
Shell objected that the exclusion provision was contained in other documents produced to Renze, giving Renze adequate notice of the language used and the defense. As the trial court noted, if other documents were produced to Renze, those other documents should have been offered into evidence by defendant.
Further, we find no other evidence in the record to support the exclusion of warranty defense. The language of the exclusion paragraph excludes warranty coverage only if Pydrin is not used in nоrmal conditions. Shell never contended in this regard that the conditions under which Pydrin was applied to Renze’s crops were abnormal. Other than dry weather during the late summer months, there is no evidence in the record of any abnormalities that might have affected Pydrin’s effectiveness. Given this lack of evidence, the trial court properly withheld the exclusion of warranty instruction from the jury. We find no reversible error in these rulings.
X. Act of God defense. Finally, Shell disputes the propriety of the trial cоurt’s jury instructions on Shell’s act of God defense. Shell asserted at trial that poor weather conditions contributed to Renze’s crop loss and these conditions constituted an act of God.
In jury instruction number 21, the trial court instructed: “If you find from the evidence that the defendant has proved by a preponderance of the evidence that an act of God was the sole proximate cause of plaintiff’s injuries and damages, then the plaintiff cannot recover.” (Emрhasis added.) In interrogatory number 7, however, the trial court gave this instruction:
Using 100% as the total combined fault of the plaintiff, the defendant and any Act of God which was a proximate cause of plaintiff’s damage, what percentage of such combined fault is attributable to the plaintiff, the defendant, and any such Act of God?
(Emphasis added.) These instructions appear contradictory concerning the issue of proximate cause. Responding to this interrogatory, thе jury assigned 25% of the fault to Renze and 75% to Shell, attributing no fault to an act of God.
Shell contends that under comparative fault theory, fault is to be equitably apportioned among those whose fault contributed to the occurrence. It is Shell’s position that an act of God can be assigned a percentage of fault just as any other party is assigned a percentage of fault. Shell asserts, therefore, that jury instruction number 21 was prejudicial error becаuse an act of God should no longer be considered only when it is the sole proximate cause of plaintiff’s injuries.
Shell’s theory simply cannot be reconciled with Iowa’s comparative fault act contained in Iowa Code chapter 668. Section 668.1(1) defines fault in terms of duties owed to and violated by human actors. Acts of God are not contained in that definition section of fault. Neither is God nor “act of God” a “party” as that term is defined in section 668.2. The trier of fact under the chapter is only to determine the percentage of fault of each party. Iowa Code § 668.3(3). The legislature did not put acts of God into this statute, and it is not for us to do so.
While natural forces may contribute some portion to plaintiff’s harm, excluding acts of God from consideration is analogous to excluding the fault of unidentified tortfeasors. In
Baldwin v. City of Waterloo,
An act of God is not an act of a party under chapter 668. It may still be used as a defense if it is the sole proximate cause of the harm in question. In Sponsler v. Clarke Electric Cooperative, Inc., 329 *642 N.W.2d 663, 665 (Iowa 1983), we reasserted the validity of the sole proximate cause defense in Iowa. See also Iowa Unifоrm Jury Instruction 700.4 (1987) (sole proximate cause instruction includes an act of God).
We conclude that the trial court did not err in putting the burden on Shell to show that an act of God was the sole proximate cause of Renze’s losses. Notably, whether the jury read the conflicting instructions to mean that an act of God had to be the sole proximate cause of Renze’s losses or only a proximate cause is irrelevant. In interrogatory number 6 the jury determined that no act of God contributed to Renze’s losses. We find no reversible error on this issue.
XI. Disposition. We find reversible error only in the submission to the jury of interest as an element of damages under this record. The portion of Renze’s damage award attributable to prepetition interest is reversed. This does not affect any interest recoverable under Iowa Code section 535.3. As to all other issues raised, we affirm. The case is remanded for entry of a new judgment in conformance with this opinion.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED.