Following a jury trial, appellant was convicted of voluntary manslaughter, a class B felony, I.C. 85-42-1-8, and was given a twenty-year sentence. - Appellant now brings this direct appeal and claims that the trial court erred in giving and refusing certain instructions, in denying his motion for change of venue from the county, and in sentencing.
The facts giving rise to this appeal are essentially without dispute. In 1986, Ronnie Lothamer was a thirty-five-year-old divoreed man living with his parents, who had a summer cottage on a lake. Appellant, a retired policeman with twenty years of experience on the Fort Wayne police department, and his wife, Ruth Reinbold, lived next door. The two families had a history of friction regarding property lines and easements which had included numerous loud, profanity-ridden arguments, most often between Ruth Reinbold and Ronnie Lothamer. Ruth Reinbold had also committed several acts of vandalism on the Lothamer property, of which appellant was not aware, and had written Ronnie Lothamer an antagonistic note. At his wife's urging, appellant had lodged several complaints with local officials concerning encroachments by the Lothamers on private and county easements and septic system violations and accusing Ronnie Lothamer of stealing firewood from them. As a result of one of the complaints, the Lotham-ers had to move a shed which they had constructed because it extended a few feet over their property line.
Ronnie Lothamer decided to remain at the lake through the winter, and on September 7, 1986, he and two others erected an oil tank to provide heat to the cottage. Appellant and Lothamer exchanged words as to whether it was being put up over the property line while Ruth shouted obscenities from her porch. After the Reinbolds went back into their house, Lothamer consulted with another neighbor over a survey map, and they agreed that the tank was within the Lothamers' boundary. When the construction was completed and Loth-amer was gone, Ruth knocked the tank over. Appellant unsuccessfully sought the help of a neighbor to put it back up. He decided not to do it himself because, knowing that Lothamer had a reputation for a violent temper, he did not want to be caught alone on the Lothamers' property. When Lothamer returned later that evening and saw that his tank was down, he rushed next door. The Reinbolds were eating supper in their living room as Lothamer burst through the sereen door, shouting, "God damn you Reinbolds, I'm going to kill you both." Appellant ran into their bedroom to obtain his .9 mm handgun. While appellant was in the bedroom, Ruth picked up a heavy ceramic figurine from a coffee table and ran at Lothamer, shouting for him to get out. Lothamer turned and ran back out the front door, and Ruth hurled the figurine at him. Appellant saw nothing *466 of this, but heard a crash of glass and his wife shouting, "Shoot him, shoot him," as he came back into the living room, and he fired two shots in rapid succession. The location of empty casings indicated that appellant had fired from near the front door. Lothamer died on the sidewalk at the front of the house of two gunshot wounds. Both entry wounds were to his back; one bullet exited through his chest and the other through his side. He was unarmed.
I Instructions
Appellant claims that the trial court erred by instructing the jury on voluntary manslaughter as a lesser included offense of murder and by refusing his proffered instructions on the issue of self-defense and on the evaluation of expert testimony. The test applied to review a trial court's decision to give or refuse a tendered instruction is 1) whether the instruction correctly states the law; 2) whether there was evidence in the record to support the giving of the instruction; and 3) whether the substance of the tendered instruction is covered by other instructions which are given. Coates v. State (1989), Ind.,
1. Lesser Included Offense
Appellant was charged with murder for the knowing killing of Ronnie Lothamer pursuant to I.C. 35-42-1-1(1). The information, omitting the formal parts, read as follows:
[O]n or about the 7th day of September, 1986, at and in the County of LaGrange and State of Indiana, William Paul Rein-bold did then and there knowingly kill a human being, namely: Ronald L. Loth-amer by shooting at and against the body of the said Ronald L. Lothamer, with a certain 9 millimeter handgun loaded with gunpowder and metal bullets, then and there held in the hand of the said William Paul Reinbold, and did then and there inflict mortal wounds in and upon the body of Ronald L. Lothamer causing him to die....
Appellant argues that it was error for the trial court to instruct the jury on voluntary manslaughter because the information was drafted so narrowly as to preclude conviction on any offense other than murder.
In Wedmore v. State (1988), Ind.,
The State bears the same burden of proof in order to obtain a conviction for either murder or voluntary manslaughter. In both cases, the State must prove to a moral certainty beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused knowingly or intentionally killed a human being. The distinction between the two crimes is the presence or absence of the statutory mitigator provided by I.G. 85-42-1-8, which states that one who knowingly or intentionally kills while acting under sudden heat commits voluntary manslaughter, which is a class B felo
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ny rather than the murder felony. Palmer v. State (1981), Ind.,
Application of the test set forth in Wedmore shows that the trial court properly instructed the jury on voluntary manslaughter. First, the language of the charging instrument supports the giving of an instruction on both murder and voluntary manslaughter since both involve a knowing or intentional killing. Second, the evidence adduced at trial supports instruction on the lesser included offense. Both appellant and his wife testified that as they sat having supper in their living room, Lothamer burst in, cursing them and shout ing that he was going to kill them both. Appellant testified that at that moment, the word "massacre" came to his mind and that he sereamed and jumped up, sending the dishes on his lap crashing to the floor, and ran for his gun. He testified further that as he came running back into the living room, he heard a crash of glass and his wife sereaming, "Shoot him, shoot him," and that he then fired two shots. There was sufficient evidence that appellant was acting under sudden heat at the time of the shooting.
The fact that the State charged appellant with murder and sought final instruction on involuntary manslaughter only after the presentation of all the evidence is not determinative. In a murder trial, once evidence of sudden heat is introduced by either party, an instruction on voluntary manslaughter is appropriate. Underwood v. State (1989), Ind.,
2. Self-Defense
Appellant's tendered instruction No. 18 was a verbatim quote of three paragraphs from this Court's decision in Banks v. State (1971),
The question of the existence of ... danger at the time of the killing, the necessity or apparent necessity for the use of force employed by the defendant, as well as the amount of foree necessary to resist an attack, can only be determined from the perspective of the defendant at the time and under all existing circumstances.
The substance of the refused instruction was covered by the trial court's final instruction No. 22 and therefore it was not error to refuse appellant's tendered instruction No. 18. Coates,
The trial court also refused to give, as submitted, appellant's tendered instructions Nos. 21 and 24. The trial court, however, indicated that both instructions were given as modified. Appellant maintains that his instructions were not given in modified form and that their omission constitutes reversible error.
Appellant's instruction No. 21 stated: "One who is confronted on his own property with a crime is entitled to great latitude and protection of his rights and property." The court instructed the jury that when one is confronted on his own property with another's unlawful entry
*468 thereon, he may use the amount of force he believes is "reasonably necessary" to prevent or terminate the trespasser's unlawful entry or attack. While the court's instruction was not framed in the language preferred by appellant, it addressed the substance of appellant's tendered instruction on the issue of protection of property and therefore the refusal was not error. Id.
Appellant's tendered instruction No. 24 read:
If based upon the evidence presented in this case, you determine that Ronald Lothamer was the initial aggressor in the confrontation between him and the Defendant, you are instructed that the Defendant William Reinbold is legally entitled to act in self-defense of such aggression so long as the apparent danger as perceived by the Defendant exists. With regard to the perceived or apparent danger to the Defendant, you may consider whether or not Ronald Lothamer communicated or attempted to communicate to the Defendant a withdrawal or abandonment of his initial aggression.
This proferred instruction is not a correct statement of the law, and the trial court did not err in refusing it. Id. The identity of the initial aggressor and the communication of the intention to withdraw from combat come into play where the defendant, not the victim, was the initial aggressor. See 1.C. 85-41-8-2(d)(8). The purpose of the self-defense statute itself is to provide a complete legal defense for acts taken by an initial victim, who becomes the ultimate defendant, against an initial aggressor, who becomes the ultimate victim. Appellant received full and proper instruction on this issue.
3. Expert testimony
The trial court refused appellant's tendered instruction No. 28, which stated that the jury could consider expert psychiatric testimony concerning appellant's ability to perceive, remember and relate the events at issue here in evaluating appellant's credibility. The trial court gave instead its final instruction No. 24, which fully instructed the jury on how to evaluate expert testimony. The instruction stated in part that expert testimony is exempt from the general prohibition against opinion testimony because of the witness's education, knowledge, and experience, which charged the jury to consider and evaluate such testimony in light of the purpose for which it was elicited. This general instruction encompassed the more specific instruction sought by appellant, and while appellant's tendered instruction could have properly been given, the trial court did not err in refusing it. French v. State (1987), Ind.,
IL - Change of Venue
Appellant moved for a change of venue from the county, asserting that extensive pre-trial publicity precluded his opportunity to receive a fair and impartial trial. In support of this motion, appellant filed a video tape of television news coverage of the incident, newspaper clippings, and the results of an independent survey conducted by an investigative agency hired by his attorney. The trial court denied the motion, and appellant claims that this ruling was erroneous in light of the extensive evidence of bias and prejudice that he produced.
To prevail on appeal, appellant must show, in addition to the existence of prejudicial pre-trial publicity, that the jurors were unable to set aside their preconceived notions of guilt and render a verdict based upon the evidence. Burdine v. State (1987), Ind.,
IIL Sentencing
Appellant was convicted of voluntary manslaughter, which is a class B felony *469 carrying a ten-year presumptive sentence. 1.C. 85-50-2-5. The trial court made specific findings on the presence of both aggravating and mitigating circumstances and, upon its finding that the aggravators outweighed the mitigators, enhanced the presumptive sentence by ten years and imposed a twenty-year sentence. The court also assessed a $10,000 fine and court costs against appellant and ordered that he pay restitution of $12,578.48 to Lothamer's sur-The court then suspended seven years of the sentence and ordered that $5,000 of the fine be suspended so long as the terms and conditions of probation were complied with. The court set a five-year term of probation, to begin following appellant's release from the Department of Corrections, and imposed the following conditions on the probation: ©
1. Defendant must pay all restitution sums ordered before release from probation.
Defendant shall not reside in a house where a firearm is present nor shall he have a firearm in his possession or control.
If the restitution, court costs and $1,000.00 of the fine are paid within 90 days of this date[,] an additional $4,000.00 of fine is suspended until probation is closed.
In the event the probation conditions are not executed within thirty (80) days [of the close of the probation period], said sentence suspension shall be null and void.
Appellant claims on appeal that the trial court erred in enhancing the presumptive sentence, in ordering restitution paid to non-victims, and in imposing conditional terms of suspension and probation.
1. Consideration of Aggravating Circumstances
Appellant argues that the sentence enhancement cannot stand because the trial court considered aggravating factors which are not enumerated in 1.0. 85-88-1-7(b). Although the trial court's statement of its findings does not track the statutory language, several of the aggravators found to exist in this case fall within the general categories identified by 35-38-1-7(b) as being aggravating factors appropriate for consideration in determining sentence. Further, subsection (d) of the sentencing statute expressly states that the considerations listed elsewhere in the statute "do not limit the matters that the court may consider in determining the sentence." This Court has repeatedly held that the factors listed in subsection (b) are not exclusive and that a sentencing court is free to consider other relevant factors relating to the specific facts of the crime and the defendant's character. See Aguirre v. State (1990), Ind.,
2. Restitution
A trial court has the authority to order that one convicted of a felony or misdemeanor make restitution "to the vie-tim" as a part of his sentence, 1.0. 85-50-5-8(a), or as a condition of probation, I.C. 35-88-2-2(a)(5). - Appellant argues that only the deceased can be the victim of the crime of voluntary manslaughter and that therefore, because Lothamer's survivors were not "victims" of the crime, the trial court exceeded its authority in ordering that he make restitution to them.
This argument has never been squarely presented to this Court. In Whitehead v. State (1987), Ind.,
Decisions from the Court of Appeals which have addressed this issue indicate that one who suffers harm as a result of criminal wrongdoing, even if not the party directly against whom the crime was committed, may appropriately be considered a
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"victim" for the purposes of restitution. In Kingston v. State (1985), Ind.App.,
When the crime is leaving the scene of an accident, clearly one victim of that crime is the person who suffered personal injury or property damage as a result of the accident. It is equally apparent that any persons who sustained property damage as a result of the driver's flight are victims of his crime....
Id. at 1859 (citation omitted).
The Court of Appeals has twice considered the appropriateness of restitution orders imposed on defendants convicted of so-called "victimless crimes." In McCloud v. State (1983), Ind.App.,
While in other cireumstances we might agree restitution is an inappropriate condition following a conspiracy conviction, in this case there was substantial evidence McCloud unlawfully removed Borden products from the plant in support of the conspiracy he had begun with [his co-conspirator]. In order to support its case, the State had to establish McCloud agreed to commit theft from Borden and did in fact take Borden's products as an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy.
Therefore, under the facts of this case, we believe the trial court appropriately considered Borden a "victim of the crime" ... and acted within its discretion in ordering McCloud to pay restitution....
Id. at 1056-57 (citation omitted).
The defendant in Rumple v. State (1988), Ind.App.,
It is clear from these cases that the word "victim" in the statutes authorizing restitution has not been construed so narrowly as to limit the payment of restitution only to the person or entity actually subjected to the commission of the crime. Rather, restitution has properly been ordered payable to those shown to have suffered injury, harm or loss as a direct and immediate result of the criminal acts of a defendant. The survivors of murder victims, particularly their dependent children, could certainly come within this class. The trial court's restitution order here covered, among other *471 things, the funeral and burial expenses incurred by Lothamer's family, as well as a figure designated as child support for the two minor children Lothamer left. These monetary losses borne by these parties were the result of appellant's criminal acts, and the trial court acted within its statutory authority when ordering restitution for their recompense. °
8. Conditions of Probation
Appellant was sentenced to twenty years and fined $10,000 and court costs, and the trial court suspended seven years and half of the fine. Under the trial court's sentencing order, appellant has the period of his incarceration plus the period of probation plus thirty days following the close of the probationary period (totalling eighteen years and thirty days) to make restitution and pay the fine and court costs or the sentence suspension will be revoked. The sentencing order also provided that if appellant paid the restitution, court costs, and $1,000 of the fine within ninety days of the date of that order, an additional $4,000 of the fine would also be suspended. Appellant argues that having the amount of the fine ultimately payable and the continued suspension of the sentence conditioned on payment of restitution and partial satisfaction of the fine within a prescribed time frame was an abuse of discretion.
The power to fashion a sentence within statutorily prescribed parameters is a discretionary power vested in the trial court, and a sentence will be set aside or modified on appeal only when it is manifestly unreasonable. Scruggs v. State (1986), Ind.,
Although the sentencing and probation order here is admittedly unusual, none of its provisions can be described as unreasonable given the particular offense or offender. Nor is any provision in excess of the authority given to a sentencing court. The Court of Appeals has described the latitude accorded to trial courts in fashioning terms of probation as follows:
The sentencing judge has a broad power to impose conditions designed to serve the accused and the community. The only limitation is that the conditions have a reasonable relationship to the treatment of the accused and the protection of the public The object, of course, is to produce a law abiding citizen and at the same time to protect the public against continued criminal or antisocial behavior.
McCloud,
The conviction and sentence are affirmed. Appellant's petition for oral argument is denied.