1984 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 111 | Tax Ct. | 1984
Lead Opinion
OPINION
Respondent determined deficiencies in Federal individual income tax against petitioners as follows:
Year Deficiency Docket No.
1977 1978 $351.00 604.00 Ronald L. Reed and Donna J. Reed . 25736-81
1977 1978 232.00 124.00 Bill F. Phillips and Thelma I. Phillips 25737-81
613.00 518.00 Lester R. Perrin and Elaine W. Perrin 25738-81 C— 00 05 05 rH tH
329.00 305.00 Thomas G. Napier and Grace M. Napier 25739-81 r- oo 05 05 rH i — l
1977 1978 947.00 1,031.66 Billy W. Hinds and Cora Y. Hinds 25740-81
1978 1,210.94 John T. Hill, Jr., and Betty L. Hill 25741-81
365.00 507.34 Gary D. Bowe and Judith R. Bowe 25742-81 t— oo t> t-05 05 rH i — I
1977 74.00 James T. Spratlin and Phyllis J. Spratlin 25743-81
896.00 675.00 Norman C. Johnson and Doris B. Johnson 11794-82 <X> CO ■ -a rH iH
290.00 76.00 John C. King and Elaine M. King 11795-82 CD CD oo -a rH rH
1978 329.00 Gary A. Goff and Malissa S. Goff 11796-82
1978 548.00 Jimmie L. Beyer and Edna L. Beyer 11797-82
1977 1978 424.00 511.00 Carroll F. Burcham and Nancy E. Burcham 11798-82
1977 1978 777.00 133.00 Charles E. Cox and Sarah B. Cox 11799-82
Docket No. Year Deficiency
Ronald E. Dover and Charlotte W. Dover 11800-82 1977 $279.00 1978 554.00
Hugh H. Rhodes and Norma R. Rhodes 11801-82 1977 577.00 1978 442.00
These cases have been consolidated for trial, briefs, and opinion. After concessions by some of the petitioners, the issue for decision
These cases have been submitted fully stipulated; the stipulations and the stipulated exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference.
When the petitions in the instant cases were filed, each of the petitioners resided in Lubbock, Tex.
During each of the years in issue in any case herein, the petitioner-husband in that case was a teacher at Lubbock Christian College (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the college) and also was a minister within the Church of Christ.
None of the petitioners was furnished a home by the college or any affiliated religious organization as part of the compensation of any of the petitioner-husbands for any of the years in issue. Each of the petitioner-husbands owned or rented his own home during each of the years in issue.
Each of the petitioner-husbands reported to the college the fair rental value of his home for each of the years is issue, and for each such year, the college designated a part of that petitioner-husband’s compensation, in the amount of this fair rental value, as a housing allowance.
Table 1 shows, for each petitioner-husband as to each year in issue, the total compensation from the college, the fair rental value of the home, and the actual out-of-pocket expenses for the home.
Table 1
Petitioner Year Total compensation Fair rental value Actual expenses
Reed 1977 1978 $14,250.00 16,391.84 $5,316.00 5,592.00 $3,471.31 2.813.99
Phillips 1977 1978 16,624.92 16,624.92 9,420.00 9,660.00 7,993.39 7,074.44
Perrin 1977 1978 13.204.83 14,700.00 6,000.00 6,600.00 4,246.24 4,534.85
Napier 1977 1978 18,049.80 18,049.80 7,878.00 9,349.47 5.464.99 6,279.06
Hinds 1977 1978 14,915.36 16,494.16 9,342.36 11,093.40 4.569.99 6,031.84
Hill Bowe 1978 1977 1978 15.955.79 11,409.44 12.582.84 10,080.00 6,498.00 6,558.00 6,995.90 4,530.55 5,609.34
Spratlin Johnson 1977 1977 1978 13.482.79 13,878.82 12,964.91 6,000.00 8,280.00 9,492.00 4,659.22 3,915.00 3,978.00
King 1977 1978 14,250.00 14,392.50 6,156.00 7,296.00 4,395.00 6,890.00
Goff Beyer Burcham 1978 1978 1977 1978 14.915.40 14,960.29 12,129.32 (not shown) 7,800.00 8,976.00 5,040.00 5,839.00 6,046.00 6,003.00 2,723.00 3,470.00
Cox 1977 1978 11,586.00 12,698.56 7,800.00 8,796.00 4,014.00 8,143.00
Dover 1977 1978 11,804.96 11,895.04 7,800.00 9,000.00 6,230.00 6,130.00
Rhodes 1977 1978 13,515.28 14.368.41 6,840.00 6,960.00 3,982.00 4,315.00
Respondent contends that each of the petitioner-husbands is to exclude only the lesser of (1) actual out-of-pocket expenses used to rent or provide a home or (2) the fair rental value of that home. Petitioners maintain that they are entitled to exclude the fair rental values.
We agree with respondent’s conclusion that, in the instant cases, petitioners are to exclude only the out-of-pocket expenses.
In general, compensation for services is includable in gross income. Sec. 61(a)(1).
The relevant statutory provision is section 107(2), which states that "the rental allowance paid to” the minister is to be excluded "to the extent used by him to rent or provide a home.” The language of the statute requires a payment to the minister and a use of that payment.
Section 1.107-l(c), Income Tax Regs., provides that, for the allowance to be excludable, the use of the allowance to rent or provide a home must be in the taxable year in which the allowance is received. Petitioners do not ask us to invalidate the regulation on this point, and we see no basis for doing so in the instant cases. See, e.g., Bingler v. Johnson, 394 U.S. 741, 750 (1969); Colbert v. Commissioner, 61 T.C. 449, 454 (1974).
The statute and the regulation appear to require an expenditure (or conceivably some equivalent action which may constitute a use) of an amount received as compensation in the same year. Petitioners’ concept of fair rental value is unrelated to expenditures or other uses of currently received compensation. We conclude that the statute and the regulation are inconsistent with an exclusion of the amount of fair rental value. Since respondent concedes that out-of-pocket expenses are excludable and petitioners’ only claim for a greater amount is based on fair rental value, we conclude that petitioners are to exclude only their out-of-pocket expenses under section 107(2). See table 1 supra.
Petitioners point out that the predecessors of section 107(1) (relating to the furnishing of a parsonage) date back to 1921.
The trouble with petitioners’ analysis is that the Congress, faced with the "rental value” language of section 107(1), did not choose to use such language in section 107(2). Instead, the Congress provided that the exclusion applies to "the rental allowance paid * * *, to the extent used by [the minister] to rent or provide a home.” (Emphasis added.) Thus, the Congress clearly provided a different measure for the exclusion under section 107(2) than the measure provided under section 107(1). Petitioners have failed to show us a policy problem so overwhelming as to force us to conclude that the Congress could not have meant what it said. Cf. United Telecommunications, Inc. v. Commissioner, 65 T.C. 278 (1975), supplemental, opinion 67 T.C. 760 (1977), affd. 589 F.2d 1383 (10th Cir. 1978). The Congress has enacted its judgment regarding the rental allowance; we must guard against the efforts of the parties to persuade us to diminish (Tipps v. Commissioner, 74 T.C. 458, 472 (1980)) or expand (Zuanich v. Commissioner, 77 T.C. 428, 451-452 (1981), on appeal (9th Cir., Nov. 13, 1981)) what the Congress has chosen to enact.
We hold, for respondent, that petitioners are not entitled to exclude from income amounts in excess of their out-of-pocket expenses.
Respondent contends that, if fair rental value of a home is less than out-of-pocket expenses, then the amount excludable under section 107 is not to exceed fair rental value. Petitioners contend that fair rental value is the proper measure of the exclusion, but that if the Court disagrees, then out-of-pocket expenses is the proper measure even when such expenses exceed such value. Both sides discuss Marine v. Commissioner, 47 T.C. 609 (1969), in connection with this issue. As may be seen from table 1 supra, none of the years in issue presents the factual situation in which it makes a difference as to how we resolve this dispute between the parties. Petitioners assert that there are other docketed cases that involve this issue; however, none of the instant consolidated cases involves this issue.
We decline the parties’ invitation to offer an advisory opinion on this matter. Also, our opinion, which deals with those of the parties’ disputes that appear to be relevant to the decisions in these consolidated cases, should not be taken as implying a view on the question, logically related to our decisions in the instant cases, as to the constitutionality of section 107 in general (see Taft, "Tax Benefits for the Clergy: The Unconstitutionality of Section 107”, 62 Geo. L. J. (1974)) or of paragraph (2) thereof in particular (see O’Neill, "A Constitutional Challenge to Section 107 of the Internal Revenue Code”, 57 Notre Dame Law. 853 (1982)). See Boyer v. Commissioner, 69 T.C. 521, 534 (1977). See generally Golden Rule Church Association v. Commissioner, 41 T.C. 719, 731 (1964).
Decisions will he entered for the respondent.
The medical expense adjustments in the notices of deficiency are derivative and depend on our resolution of the issue in dispute.
Unless indicated otherwise, all section references are to sections of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 as in effect for the years in issue.
The parties have stipulated to the term "expenses,” and so we use this term in this opinion. We do not thereby mean to imply that capital expenditures fall outside the exclusion rule of sec. 107. See sec. 1.107 — 1(c): " * * * (2) for purchase of a home * * * ,” Income Tax Regs.; Marine v. Commissioner, 47 T.C. 609 (1967).
SEC. 61. GROSS INCOME DEFINED.
(a) General Definition. — Except as otherwise provided in this subtitle, gross income means all income from whatever source derived, including (but not limited to) the following items:
(1) Compensation for services, including fees, commissions, and similar items;
SEC. 107. RENTAL VALUE OF PARSONAGES.
In the case of a minister of the gospel, gross income does not include—
(1) the rental value of a home furnished to him as part of his compensation; or
(2) the rental allowance paid to him as part of his compensation, to the extent used by him to rent or provide a home.
Sec. 213(bXll) of the Revenue Act of 1921,42 Stat. 227,239 and subsequent acts; sec. 22(bX8) of the Revenue Act of1928,46 Stat. 791,798; sec. 22(bX6) of the Revenue Act of1932,47 Stat. 169,179 and subsequent acts; sec. 22(bX6), I.R.C. 1939, 53 Stat. 1, 10.
In the course of their argument that fair rental value is a more desirable measure of the exclusion under sec. 107(2), petitioners state that "the taxpayer can exclude the interest paid as part of his housing allowance while also deducting the interest on the loan as an itemized deduction under Code Section 163.” This had been respondent’s position, as set forth in Rev. Rul. 62-212,1962-2 C.B. 41. By the time the instant cases had been submitted, respondent had reversed his position. Rev. Rul. 83-3,1983-1 C.B. 72. This matter does not appear to have been decided by the courts. See, e.g., Estate of Smead v. Commissioner, 78 T.C. 43, 47 n. 5 (1982).