138 A. 665 | Md. | 1927
The present record contains three appeals from an order of the Circuit Court of Baltimore City, dated March 23rd, 1927, overruling the demurrer of the Reed and Fibre Products Corporation and John G. Woelfel to the bill of complaint filed by Justin J. Rosenthal, and sustaining the demurrer on behalf of Edward L. Ward, receiver of the Reed and Fibre Products Corporation, interposed to said bill. The case being heard on demurrers to the bill of complaint, the well-pleaded allegations of the bill are to be taken as true for the purposes of this case.
The bill was filed by Rosenthal against Reed and Fibre Products Corporation, John G. Woelfel and Edward L. Ward, receiver of the corporation, and in substance alleges: That about the 23rd day of March, 1924, Woelfel, conducting business as the Rich Reed and Fibre Company, employed Rosenthal; that it was the intention of Woelfel at that time to form a corporation to take over the business theretofore conducted by him, and that Rosenthal should continue in the employment of said corporation. That in the month of April, 1924, Woelfel and his associates caused to be incorporated the Reed and Fibre Products Corporation, hereinafter referred to as the corporation, to take over the business aforesaid; and negotiations ensued between Rosenthal and the corporation as to the terms of his employment. That pursuant to said negotiations, terms were agreed upon, and in the month of May, 1924, a contract was drawn up embodying the terms of said employment, which was finally signed by all the parties thereto in July, 1924. This contract is filed with the bill as an exhibit and is in the following terms:
*506"This Agreement is made at Baltimore, Maryland, this ____ day of May, 1924, between the Reed and Fibre Products Corporation, hereinafter called `Company,' first party, Justin J. Rosenthal, hereinafter called `Rosenthal,' second party, and John G. Woelfel, hereinafter called `Woelfel,' third party.
"Woelfel has been instrumental in having incorporated Company, and in order to develop Company has employed, on behalf of Company and as officer of *505 Company, Rosenthal to act as general manager of said Company for a period of two years. Said Rosenthal is to be paid a salary of ten thousand dollars ($10,000) per year for two years, but is to receive only seventy-five dollars ($75.00) a week of said salary in cash, the balance to be applied to the purchase of stock of Company, the intent being to have said Rosenthal become a stockholder in said Company and to pay for his stock by his services to be rendered. Nothing herein contained, however, is intended to issue stock for services to be rendered, said stock only to be issued for cash after the services have been fully rendered.
"Now, therefore, in consideration of the premises and of the mutual covenants hereinafter expressed, said parties do agree as follows:
"1. Company employs Rosenthal to act as general manager of said Company for a period of two years, beginning March 24, 1924, and ending on March 23, 1926. As compensation for said employment, Company agree to pay said Rosenthal the sum of Ten Thousand Dollars ($10,000) per year. Of said sum, Rosenthal is to receive the sum of three thousand, nine hundred dollars ($3,900.00), payable in weekly installments of seventy-five dollars ($75.00) each, during the first year of said contract, and the same sum during the second year of said contract. In addition to said sum of $75.00 a week, said Rosenthal is to be credited upon the books of said Company with the sum of one hundred and seventeen dollars and thirty cents ($117.30) per week, but said Rosenthal shall not be entitled to the receipt of said sum until he shall have performed the services hereinafter set forth for the period of one year. At the termination of each year of the term of this contract, said Rosenthal shall receive the sum of six thousand one hundred dollars ($6,100.00).
"2. Said Rosenthal shall act as general manager of Company for said period of two years and shall devote himself exclusively to the business of said Company. The duties to be performed by Rosenthal are those which usually appertain to such employment.
"3. At the expiration of the first year of said employment, Rosenthal agrees to purchase with the money payable to him as the balance of the salary, stock of said Company of the par value of $6,100.00 and at the end of second year, in the same manner, stock of the par value of $6,100.00, so that at the expiration of the two years of this contract, he shall be the owner of stock of said Company of the par value of twelve thousand two hundred dollars ($12,200). Should the said Rosenthal wrongfully leave the employment, during the term of this agreement, then any amounts to which he would have been entitled as unpaid salary which has not been used in the purchase of stock as provided for in this agreement shall be forfeited by said Rosenthal, said Rosenthal being entitled to said additional compensation of $6,100.00 per year only should said Rosenthal complete his services under this contract for the full term of one year. Should the employment of said Rosenthal be wrongfully terminated during the course of this contract by Company or Woelfel, then said Rosenthal shall be entitled immediately to any unpaid salary credited to him under this agreement and shall be under no obligation to purchase any of the stock of this Company with said unpaid salary. Should this event, that is, the discharging of Rosenthal prior to the termination of this agreement by Company or Woelfel, or the breach of this agreement by Company, occur during the second year of this contract, if Rosenthal shall have already purchased stock of the Company of the par value of $6,100.00, Company and Woelfel hereby agree to repurchase from said Rosenthal said stock at its par value.
"The rights herein conferred upon Rosenthal upon breach of this agreement are in addition to any other rights which he might have at law or in equity.
"4. At the expiration of the term of this agreement, should Rosenthal and said Company fail to agree upon a satisfactory continuation of his employment as General Manager of said Company for an additional *507 term, Woelfel and Company agree that they will purchase any of the stock of the Company obtained by Rosenthal under the terms of this agreement from said Rosenthal at the par value of said stock, said purchase to be for cash or for such other terms as are satisfactory to said Rosenthal. In the event that no other terms are agreed upon, cash shall be paid on the twenty-third day of March, 1926.
"5. The obligations of Company and Woelfel herein shall be joint and several.
"6. Company will execute such further assurances as shall be necessary to effectuate the intention of this agreement and shall do all things necessary to convey clear title to any stock which said Rosenthal may purchase hereunder.
"As Witness the seal of said Company and the hands of its President, and the hands and seals of second and third party.
"Reed and Fibre Products Corporation, "By John G. Woelfel,
"President. "Justin J. Rosenthal. (Seal) "John G. Woelfel. (Seal)
"Attest: George Cook, Jr., "Secretary. "(Seal)
"Witness: Geo. Cook, Jr. "July 21, 1924."
The bill further alleges that Rosenthal faithfully complied with all provisions of the contract and performed all the duties therein required of him until the 23rd day of March, 1926, at which time, in order to give the parties to the said contract additional time to negotiate renewal in accordance with the terms of said contract, Rosenthal addressed to said corporation a letter reserving all rights in reference to the sale of stock to be issued to him as set forth in the contract, and consenting to an interim employment for two weeks. This letter demanded the issuance of the stock for the sum of $12,200 as provided by the contract, and the *508 terms of the said letter were accepted by the corporation and Woelfel. This letter is also filed as an exhibit with the bill and is in terms following:
*509"March 23, 1926.
"Reed Fibre Products Corporation:
"Inasmuch as my contract of employment as General Manager expires today and we have not agreed upon terms of a new contract, I hereby agree to continue as General Manager for the term of two weeks at the sum of one hundred and twenty-five dollars ($125.00) a week, it being distinctly understood, however, that this agreement is not to be construed as a satisfactory continuation of my employment within Paragraph 4 of my employment contract, and that should a satisfactory agreement not be reached during the two weeks herein provided for for a satisfactory continuation of my employment as set forth in Paragraph 4 of that agreement, all of the rights reserved to me under that agreement shall immediately go into effect.
"In other words, this period of employment for two weeks is merely to enable us to continue negotiations for my future employment satisfactory to all parties, and is in that respect merely a temporary waiver of my rights under the agreement of May . . . ., 1924.
"I have not yet had actually issued to me the $12,200 stock provided for in the aforesaid agreement, and you are immediately to issue that stock to me so that I can be in position to dispose of it in accordance with the aforesaid agreement, should a satisfactory continuation not be agreed upon between us.
"Very truly yours, "Justin J. Rosenthal.
"Accepted:
"Reed Fibre Products Corporation,
"(Seal)
"By John G. Woelfel, Pres. "John G. Woelfel. (Seal)
"Melvin F. Stern."
That the said corporation has authorized and unissued capital stock sufficient to enable it to comply with its obligations to Rosenthal under said contract, without any amendment to its charter. That Woelfel owns over ninety per cent. of the capital stock of said corporation now issued and outstanding, and through the ownership of said corporate stock controls the entire policy of the corporation. That said Woelfel by a vote of his stock can and does control all of the directors of said corporation, by removal and by election of directors amenable to his wishes, and by vote of his stock can authorize all things which said corporation can do and is authorized to do under the laws of the State of Maryland, including the authorization of issuance of stock at less than par. That Woelfel is president of said corporation, with all the rights and powers of the president, and can call regular and extraordinary meetings whenever it may be necessary to have such meetings to carry on the affairs of said corporation and comply with the obligations imposed upon the corporation. That said corporation is a close corporation, having as stockholders only Woelfel and his associates; that the stock is not listed on any exchange and there is no market in which it can be purchased; that exclusive of the shares owned by Woelfel, less than fifty shares of such stock are outstanding.
That on or about the 23rd day of October, 1926, Woelfel filed in the Circuit Court of Baltimore City a bill against the said corporation praying for the appointment of a receiver, the dissolution of the corporation, and an injunction against the corporation preventing its officers from disposing of its assets. This bill set forth that Woelfel was the largest stockholder and creditor of the corporation; that the corporation was unable to meet its obligations as they matured, and was insolvent under the laws of the State of Maryland, though its assets were in excess of its liabilities. The corporation, on the same day upon which the bill was filed, pursuant to the direction of Woelfel, filed an answer to said bill, admitting the allegations of the bill and submitting to the action of the court; and upon said bill and answer a *510 decree was passed appointing Edward L. Ward receiver of the assets of said corporation, but no further action has been taken upon the prayers of said bill.
That in those proceedings Woelfel and the corporation state that the assets of the corporation total the sum of $59,450.41 and the liabilities the sum of $48,232.83, excluding the liability of said corporation to Rosenthal on the contract referred to. The bill in this case further alleges that, by the inclusion of said liability of the corporation in the sum of $12,200 to Rosenthal, the said corporation is insolvent, and that, therefore, to issue the stock of said corporation in consideration of the obligation of the corporation to Rosenthal would require formal action by the board of directors and the stockholders, and the filing of a stock issuance statement in accordance with article 23, section 43, Code of 1924, inasmuch as said stock would be issued for less than the par value thereof.
That Woelfel has continually delayed taking the necessary corporate action to do all things necessary to issue Rosenthal the stock to which he is entitled, through the board of directors whom Woelfel controls, and by a vote of his controlling interest in the capital stock of the corporation; that Woelfel has finally filed a bill for receiver, in pursuance of a plan to defeat the rights of Rosenthal against said Woelfel under the contract, and to enable Woelfel to escape his just obligations to Rosenthal thereunder; that the purpose of Woelfel in filing the bill for receiver and the dissolution was in pursuance of his desire and plan to deprive Rosenthal of his rights against Woelfel by making it impossible for the corporation to issue the stock to which Rosenthal was entitled. The bill finally alleges that Rosenthal has no adequate remedy at law, and that the court should assume jurisdiction in the case in order to avoid a multiplicity of suits and a circuity of action, which would otherwise be necessary to do equity to Rosenthal.
The prayers of the bill are:
That the agreement between the corporation, Woelfel and Rosenthal be specifically enforced; *511
That the corporation may be decreed to issue to Rosenthal one hundred and twenty-two shares of the capital stock of said corporation of the par value of $100 per share, fully paid and non-assessable;
That Woelfel call a meeting of the board of directors and cause said directors, through his control, to adopt a resolution advising the stockholders to authorize the issuance of one hundred and twenty-two shares of the capital stock of the corporation, and call a meeting of the stockholders to take action thereon; and further, that Woelfel, at said meeting of stockholders, cause his stock to be so voted as to authorize the issuance of said stock, and cause said corporation to prepare and file a statement in the form prescribed by the State Tax Commission of Maryland, with reference to the issuance of stock, as provided by article 23, section 43, Code of 1924;
That Edward L. Ward be enjoined from proceeding as receiver with the dissolution of the corporation pending the termination of this suit and until after the issuance of the stock;
That the court having assumed jurisdiction proceed at equity and avoid the circuity of action by giving a monetary decree of $12,200, plus interest from March 23, 1926, against Woelfel in accordance with the terms of the contract.
There is also a prayer for general relief.
As stated, the corporation and Edward L. Ward, receiver, filed jointly their demurrer to the bill of complaint, Woelfel filing a separate demurrer on his behalf to the said bill. The grounds of these demurrers are, that the alleged contract is invalid and unenforceable against the corporation and the receiver thereof in a court of equity; that the alleged contract is not specifically enforceable in a court of equity; that the complainant has not stated in his bill such a cause as to entitle him to the relief sought and prayed for therein; that a court of equity has no jurisdiction to grant the relief prayed in said bill; that the complainant has a full, complete and adequate remedy at law; that said amended bill of complaint is multifarious as to parties and subject-matter. *512
From the foregoing statement of the allegations contained in the bill, it will be seen that the contract here sought to be specifically enforced was made, executed, and signed by three parties: First, by the corporation, by Woelfel as its president, with the seal of the corporation affixed, duly attested by the secretary thereof; second, by Justin J. Rosenthal, under seal, and, third, by John G. Woelfel, under seal; and being additionally witnessed by George Cook, Jr. It is therefore apparent that, in so far as its execution is concerned, this contract is the contract of the corporation and legally binding upon it. What is said in reference to the legality of the execution on the part of the corporation is true in respect to the execution by the other parties to the contract.
From a reading of the contract, together with the other allegations of the bill, it is clear that this contract was one by which the corporation was to receive the services of Rosenthal for the period of two years, these services to be rendered in the position of general manager, and in consideration of the salary or remuneration specifically set forth in the contract. We are aware of no legal obstacle which would prevent a corporation from making such a contract. By this contract it secures the services of an officer or employee, it being ostensibly for the mutual benefit of the corporation and Rosenthal, the corporation thereby receiving the services of Rosenthal, and in turn he being entitled to the salary or compensation agreed upon. Woelfel, for all practical purposes, being the corporation, owning more than ninety per cent. of the outstanding capital stock, knowing that what would be for the benefit of the corporation would also inure to his benefit as the owner of nearly all of its stock, signed the contract for the purpose of assenting to the performance of certain of its provisions by the corporation, thereby making it certain that Rosenthal would secure the benefits of his contract with the corporation, for which benefits his services had been rendered. The obligation imposed upon Rosenthal by the contract has been fully and faithfully complied with, and the corporation and Woelfel, its practical owner, have reaped *513 the benefits secured to it and him by the terms of the contract.
We have here a contract, duly executed by parties competent to contract, the terms of which are fair and reasonable, which has been fully and faithfully complied with by Rosenthal, and affirmed and ratified by the other parties thereto continuously over a period of two years, the full term of the contract, as evidenced by the acceptance of the service rendered. This presents a case which strongly appeals to a court of equity for relief, and it should be granted unless there be some well-settled legal or equitable principle which would be a bar.
The fourth paragraph of the contract, dealing with the contingency of Rosenthal and the corporation failing to agree, at the expiration of the term of the agreement, upon a satisfactory continuation of his employment as general manager for an additional term, provides that Woelfel and the company agree that they will purchase any of the stock of the company obtained by Rosenthal under the terms of the agreement from said Rosenthal at the par value of said stock, the said purchase to be for cash or on such other terms as are satisfactory to Rosenthal, and in the event that no other terms are agreed upon, cash shall be paid him on the 23rd day of March, 1926. It is objected by Woelfel and the corporation that this clause of the contract renders it null and void, for the reason that it is illegal for a corporation to purchase its own stock. There is cited in support of this contention Maryland Trust Co. v. National Mechanics Bank,
By this statute it now is valid and lawful for a corporation to do what theretofore was unlawful, to wit, to purchase shares of its own stock. It is true that under the paragraph above quoted a corporation can purchase shares of its own stock only when authorized to do so by its charter or by the vote at a meeting duly called and held of the holders of two-thirds of the shares of each class of stock outstanding, and unless one or the other of these conditions precedent had been complied with, the purchase of its own stock by a corporation would be an invalid orultra vires act. The case being heard on demurrer, there is nothing in the record to indicate that either of these conditions had or had not been complied with; but there being what on its face is a valid contract of the corporation to purchase, upon certain contingencies, shares of its own stock, we must, without any showing to the contrary, presume that the necessary condition precedent to the making of a valid contract had been complied with. Hagerstown Brewing Co. v. Gates, *515
What has been said in reference to the authority of the case ofMaryland Trust Co. v. Mechanics Bank, supra, is applicable to the cases of Schaun v. Brandt,
In addition, it is to be noted that by paragraph five of the *516 contract it is specifically provided that the obligations of the company and Woelfel under the contract shall be joint and several; the effect of which is that Woelfel agrees to do and perform the acts and things required by the contract severally and individually as well as jointly with the company. One of the things which Woelfel agreed to do is to purchase the stock which the company agreed to issue to Rosenthal, namely, one hundred and twenty-two shares at the par value of $100 per share, aggregating $12,200, at the expiration of the term of the agreement, that is, March 23rd, 1926, upon the failure of Rosenthal and the company to agree upon a satisfactory continuation of his employment as general manager of the company for an additional term. This agreement is specific, and provides that the purchase which Woelfel agrees to make of the stock from Rosenthal is to be for cash or for such other terms as are satisfactory to Rosenthal, and in the event no other terms are agreed upon, cash shall be paid on the 23rd day of March, 1926. Under this agreement Rosenthal was entitled to compel either the corporation or Woelfel, as he might elect, to purchase the stock which was agreed to be issued him for the debt, as shown by the books of the corporation, due him for services rendered. He has elected to proceed against Woelfel, and this we think he is entitled to do, without regard to whether or not the corporation could be compelled to purchase its own stock.
The second contention advanced by Woelfel and the corporation is that a contract by the president or majority stockholder of a corporation, purporting to bind the corporation to issue its stock upon certain terms, is illegal and unenforceable. Assuming, without deciding, this to be the law, we do not have such a case presented here. If we assume that the contract, so far as Woelfel was concerned, did undertake to bind him to have the corporation issue its stock to Rosenthal upon the terms set forth in the contract, and, being against public policy, was therefore illegal and void, it has no effect such as contended for in this case, because the contract was the legal act of the corporate entity, in addition to *517 the undertaking of Woelfel. In other words, the corporation having entered into the contract to issue its stock as therein provided, there could be no sound public policy which would render such a contract void, because, in addition to the corporation's agreement, the man who owned more than ninety per cent. of its issued stock, and through such ownership controlled its actions, also joined in the contract. The principle sought to be invoked is that a stockholder or director of a corporation should at all times be untrammeled and free to exercise his judgment in respect to all corporate matters for the best interests of the corporation, and that to allow a stockholder or director by contract to bind his action would be contrary to this principle of freedom of action, and therefore illegal and void as contrary to a sound public policy. This principle has found much favor with the courts in various jurisdictions, and has been frequently applied. In our opinion, however, it cannot be successfully invoked where the same contract entered into by the stockholder has also been entered into by the corporation. In such a case the stockholder's act is in furtherance of the act of the corporation, and is in no sense contrary or detrimental to the interests of the corporation as determined by it in its contract. If a corporation by contract agrees to do something which it has the power to do, it is to be presumed that it acted for its best interest, and the fact that its largest stockholder jointly and severally entered into the same contract with the other party to it cannot detract from the legality or enforcibility of such a contract. There can be no question of public policy involved, for the reason that the stockholder has only bound himself to do what the corporation has theretofore agreed to do. While it is true that the preliminary negotiations for Rosenthal's employment were made by Woelfel on behalf of the corporation, as shown by the preamble, nevertheless it affirmatively appears that the corporation employed Rosenthal and executed the contract of employment in its corporate capacity.
Another contention is that a court of equity will not grant specific performance of a contract to deliver property not *518 in existence at the time the contract was made. It is not necessary to discuss at length this proposition, further than to say that this principle, although sound when invoked in a proper case, in our opinion has no application to the one now under consideration. If it were held that a corporation, authorized under its charter to issue a definite number of shares of stock, could not make an enforceable contract for the sale of any of the authorized stock until same was issued, few corporations could successfully market their stock, because a stock subscription contract, by which the purchaser agreed to buy and the corporation agreed to issue to him a given number of shares, could not be specifically enforced against the corporation. Therefore few persons would desire to purchase a specific interest in the corporation, knowing that the contract for such interest could not be enforced. There can be no doubt that authorized but unissued shares of stock of a corporation duly organized are in existence, in legal contemplation, at least in so far as they may be the subject of contract of purchase, and a contract for their purchase may be specifically enforced by requiring their issuance and delivery.
It is further objected that specific performance should be denied because of lack of mutuality. This contention is answered by this Court, speaking through Judge Parke, in the recent case of Liggett Co. v. Rose,
In the present case there is a mutuality of right or obligation, and while it is true there is a contract for personal service, the contract provides that should Rosenthal breach his contract during the first year thereof he would forfeit all right to any compensation other than $75 per week; and in like manner, if at the expiration of one year he had received according to the terms of the contract $6,100 par value of the stock of the corporation, and breached the contract during the second year of its term, he would under its terms automatically forfeit the right to receive any further stock. It thus appears that the remedy, to which the corporation and Woelfel would be entitled in case of breach of contract by Rosenthal, is specifically provided in the contract and is self-executing; while on the other hand, if Rosenthal faithfully performed the whole of the contract on his part to be performed, as the record discloses he has done in this case, and, upon application by him for a completion by the other parties to the contract, it is refused, there can be no logical reason for refusing specific performance on the ground of want of mutuality. At the time the suit was brought there was nothing left to be done by Rosenthal, and therefore nothing which the corporation or Woelfel could ask a court to have him specifically perform. A court of equity is here *520 being asked to refuse specific performance against the corporation and Woelfel on the ground that at the inception of the contract they could not have compelled specific performance on the part of Rosenthal, while at the same time admitting that he had fully and faithfully performed his contract and they had received the benefits arising from such performance. The learned chancellor denied the validity of such a defense, and we concur in his action. The ultimate object of this proceeding is to require Woelfel to perform his part of the contract by purchasing the one hundred and twenty-two shares of the capital stock of the corporation, to which he is entitled, and to pay therefor the sum of $12,200. This, by the plain and unambiguous terms of the contract, Woelfel agreed to do, upon the implied condition that the stock be delivered to him. It is evident that he is now seeking to evade this contractual obligation by requiring Rosenthal to proceed at law, in which suit there might be interposed defenses not open in a court of equity, such as the failure on the part of Rosenthal to tender the certificate representing the shares of stock purchased. It is therefore necessary to have specific performance against the corporation, requiring it to issue the stock to Rosenthal, that he may be in a position to deliver it to Woelfel.
The allegations of the bill, admitted by the demurrer, are that Woelfel owns more than ninety per cent. of the issued stock, and that there are not more than fifty shares thereof outstanding, other than those belonging to him. Rosenthal is entitled to one hundred and twenty-two shares, for which he has paid par $12,200, as shown by the credits on the books of the corporation. Rosenthal cannot go upon the open market and buy the one hundred and twenty-two shares to which he is entitled under the contract, and the only source from which these can be obtained is the unissued shares of the corporation.
We are of the opinion that the contract in this case is valid and enforceable; that the corporation should be required to issue to Rosenthal the one hundred and twenty-two shares of its stock as provided in the contract; that a *521 court of equity has jurisdiction in this case to require such issuance; and that Woelfel is obligated by the terms of the contract to purchase same at their par value for cash on March 23rd, 1926.
The remaining question is whether or not equity, having assumed jurisdiction to compel the specific performance of that part of the contract requiring the issuance of the shares of stock, can retain jurisdiction for the settlement of all questions which arise out of the subject-matter in controversy, and to the extent of rendering a monetary decree against Woelfel. This question must be answered in the affirmative. We do not understand it to be seriously contended to the contrary. This conclusion is amply supported by Keighler v. Ward,
Rosenthal having, in accordance with the terms of the contract, purchased, and by rendering fully the services therein required, paid in full to the corporation $12,200, the *522 par value of one hundred and twenty-two shares of its capital stock, he is the equitable owner of said shares of stock, and the equitable owner of such interest in the corporation as is represented by that number of shares. He became such owner before the application for or the appointment of the receiver. From and after the time he became such equitable owner, the corporation held the legal title to the shares of stock in question, in trust for Rosenthal. The receiver took possession of the effects and assets of the corporation subject to the right of Rosenthal to have the certificate representing the said stock issued to him. The seal, books and records of the corporation are in the physical possession and control of the receiver. In order to effectuate the relief to which we have decided Rosenthal is entitled, we are of the opinion that the receiver is a proper party defendant, and there was error in sustaining the demurrer of the receiver to the bill of complaint.
From the views herein expressed, it follows that so much of the order of March 23rd, 1927, as sustained the demurrer of the receiver, must be reversed, and in all other respects the order or orders must be affirmed.
In No. 45, order affirmed, with costs to appellee, and causeremanded, that further proceedings may be had in accordance withthis opinion.
In No. 46, order affirmed, with costs to appellee, and causeremanded, that further proceedings may be had in accordance withthis opinion.
In No. 47, order reversed, with costs to the appellant, andcause remanded, that further proceedings may be had in accordancewith this opinion. *523
