34146. PLESS v. LONDON et al.
34146
Supreme Court of Georgia
January 4, 1979
Rehearing denied January 23, 1979
243 Ga. 1
NICHOLS, Chief Justice.
This is an appeal from the denial of injunctive relief that was sought in an effort to stop a foreclosure proceeding. The trial court did not err in refusing the injunctive relief sought. The appellee‘s motion to assess damages for a frivolous appeal is denied.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur, except Hall, J., who concurs in the judgment only, and Jordan, Hill and Marshall, JJ., who dissent.
ARGUED OCTOBER 11, 1978 — DECIDED JANUARY 4, 1979 — REHEARING DENIED JANUARY 23, 1979.
Larry Fowler, Charles Brown, for appellant.
Maylon K. London, for appellees.
34020. REDD v. THE STATE.
34020
Supreme Court of Georgia
January 4, 1979
Rehearing denied January 23, 1979
242 Ga. 876
BOWLES, Justice.
The appellant, Bob Redd, was indicted by a Richmond County grand jury for the January 26, 1976 kidnapping and murder of Paul D. Eskew, Sr. He was tried by a jury and found guilty of both offenses. In sentencing Redd to death, the jury found the statutory aggravating circumstance that the murder was committed while the offender was engaged in the commission of another capital felony.
In Redd v. State, 240 Ga. 753 (243 SE2d 16) (1978),
Upon resentencing, the jury again found that the murder was committed while in the course of kidnapping with bodily harm to the victim and, in addition thereto, found that the murder was outrageously and wantonly vile, horrible and inhumane in that the offense involved depravity of mind of the defendant and torture of the victim.
This case is here on direct appeal and for mandatory review of the death sentence imposed. The facts surrounding the kidnapping and murder of Paul D. Eskew, Sr. are adequately set forth in Redd v. State, supra, and will be repeated here only as necessary in addressing appellant‘s enumerations of error.
1. In his first enumeration of error appellant contends that the trial court erred in questioning the jury panel concerning their opposition to capital punishment. Appellant argues that since the guilt phase of trial was concluded, and the only purpose of the new trial was for resentencing, the jury need no longer be qualified under Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U. S. 510 (88 SC 1770, 20 LE2d 776) (1968).
In Witherspoon v. Illinois, supra, the Supreme Court of the United States made clear that, “[A] sentence of death cannot be carried out if the jury that imposed or recommended it was chosen by excluding veniremen for cause simply because they voiced general objections to the death penalty or expressed conscientious or religious scruples against its infliction.” Witherspoon, supra, at 522. Such a venireman cannot be excluded for cause unless he makes it unmistakably clear that (1) his attitude toward the death penalty would prevent him from making an impartial decision as to the defendant‘s guilt, or that (2) he would automatically vote against the
In a death case, qualifying the jury protects against bias during both phases of the bifurcated trial. First, it assures during the guilt phase of trial that jurors who are unable to render an impartial verdict because of their opposition to capital punishment are excluded. Second, during the sentencing phase of trial, it assures that those jurors who although able to render an impartial verdict as to a defendant‘s guilt are excluded because their opposition to capital punishment makes it impossible for them to consider the death penalty as punishment in the case, regardless of the evidence.
Appellant‘s contention that the trial court erred in qualifying the jury is, therefore, without merit.
2. In enumeration of error two, appellant contends that a prospective juror was improperly excused because of his beliefs concerning capital punishment.
During the voir dire examination the trial court asked all prospective jurors the following question: “Are you conscientiously opposed to capital punishment? If so, please raise your hand.” Juror Phillips raised his hand and was then asked: “Would your reservations about capital punishment prevent you from making an impartial decision on the issue of punishment . . . for defendant‘s conviction of murder according to the evidence and the instructions of the court?” Juror Phillips responded: “I believe it would, sir.” The trial court then asked this juror: “Are your reservations about capital punishment such that you could never vote to impose the death penalty regardless of the evidence and the instructions of the court?” Juror Phillips again responded, “Yes.” The juror was then asked, “Are your reservations about capital punishment such that you would refuse even to consider its imposition in the case before you, regardless of the evidence and instructions of the court?” Juror Phillips responded, “Yes, sir, I would be completely against it.” Finally, Juror Phillips was asked, “Are you irrevocably committed before the trial has even begun on the issue of punishment for the conviction of murder to vote against the penalty of death regardless of the evidence, facts, and circumstances that emerge in the course of the pro
It is clear that this juror‘s responses satisfy the test set forth in Witherspoon v. Illinois, supra, and Davis v. Georgia, 429 U. S. 122 (97 SC 399, 50 LE2d 339)(1977), and, therefore, the trial court did not err in excusing this juror for cause.
3. Enumeration of error three complains of the trial court‘s refusal to allow in evidence, for the purpose of impeachment, a written report containing an alleged inconsistent statement made by a state‘s witness.
John Morris, the state‘s chief witness, testified at trial that he was with Redd when they both followed the victim, Paul Eskew, Sr., from a bar, blocked his attempted exit in his automobile, dragged him to Redd‘s automobile and drove him to the woods where Redd took the victim‘s wallet and killed him by beating him with a tire tool and hammer, and slashing his throat twice. On cross examination, Morris admitted that he had talked with investigator James Johnson on March 5, 1976, but denied that he had told him that he had taken the victim‘s wallet and placed it on the dashboard of appellant‘s car.
The defense, in presenting its case, called investigator Johnson for the purpose of introducing a statement made by Morris while under the influence of sodium pentothal for the purpose of showing that while drugged Morris had stated that he, not Redd, had removed the victim‘s wallet and placed it on the dashboard of appellant‘s car.1 Over the state‘s objection, the trial court ruled that appellant could present such testimony for the jury to give such weight and consideration as it saw fit. When questioning resumed, appellant sought to have investigator Johnson recite from a report of the interrogation written by Johnson and his partner. Upon objection by the state, the trial court ruled that it would not allow the witness to read from the report. The witness
“A written document previously made and signed by a witness, which is contrary to his testimony, may be introduced in evidence for the purpose of impeachment on the ground of contradictory statements . . .” Manley v. Combs, 197 Ga. 768 (2) (30 SE2d 485) (1944).
The written report sought to be introduced in the instant case was not previously made by nor signed by John Morris, the witness that appellant sought to impeach and, therefore, the trial court properly excluded its introduction in evidence for the purpose of impeaching this witness’ prior testimony.
4. In enumeration of error four the appellant contends that the trial court erred in failing to grant appellant‘s motion for mistrial after the district attorney, in his closing argument to the jury, stated, “. . . and having heard what you‘ve heard in this resentencing trial, you‘ve got to decide—whether you‘re going to fairly and adequately and appropriately punish this defendant, Bob Redd, or whether you‘re going to give him another chance.”
Appellant objected to the district attorney‘s remarks for the reason that they allegedly violated
The trial judge did not err in refusing to grant appellant‘s motion for mistrial.
5. In his fifth enumeration of error appellant contends that the trial court erred in failing to give his written request to charge the jury that should they find “. . . that there was another involved in the commission of this crime and that charges have been dismissed against such person, this would be a mitigating circumstance which you should consider in your deliberations.”
Although appellant‘s request to charge was not given, the trial court did charge the jury that they “should consider all of the evidence and all of the facts and circumstances of the case, including any mitigating circumstances. . .” The court further charged that “mitigating circumstances are those circumstances which do not constitute justification or excuse for the crime, such as low intelligence or intoxication, but which may be considered as extenuating or reducing the moral culpability or blame.”
In Thomas v. State, 240 Ga. 393, 401 (242 SE2d 1) (1977), this court held that mitigating circumstances were not required to be singled out in the charge. See also, Potts v. State, 241 Ga. 67 (243 SE2d 510) (1978); Spivey v. State, 241 Ga. 477, 479 (246 SE2d 288) (1978). “The reason behind that ruling was that Georgia law nowhere defines mitigating circumstances. ‘Mitigating circumstances’ are referred to in
In Lockett, supra, the Supreme Court found unconstitutional Ohio‘s statutory scheme whereby once a defendant was found guilty of aggravated murder with at least one of seven specified aggravating circumstances, the death penalty was mandatory unless one of three mitigating circumstances, specified by statute, was found. The court held that, “The limited range of mitigating circumstances which may be considered by the sentencer under the Ohio statute is incompatible with the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. To meet constitutional requirements, a death penalty statute must not preclude consideration of relevant mitigating factors.” Lockett, supra, 55 LE2d 992.
Though the opinion makes reference to “individualized consideration of mitigating factors” such reference does not imply that individual consideration be given to each potential mitigating circumstance, but rather, that individual consideration be given each defendant by not limiting mitigating factors that may be considered by the jury.
As stated in the majority opinion, the sentencer must “. . . not be precluded from considering as a mitigating factor any aspect of a defendant‘s character or record and any of the circumstances of the offense that the defendant proffers as a basis for a sentence less than death . . . An individualized decision is essential in capital cases. The need for treating each defendant in a capital case with that degree of respect due to the uniqueness of the individual is far more important than in noncapital cases.” Lockett, supra, 55 LE2d 990. (Emphasis supplied.)
We adhere to what was previously stated in Thomas, Potts and Spivey that mitigating circumstances need not be singled out in the court‘s charge to the jury.
In the instant case, the trial court instructed the jury in sweeping language to consider all of the facts and
6. In his final enumeration of error appellant contends that the trial court erred in allowing the jury upon resentencing to consider statutory aggravating circumstances which were charged at appellant‘s previous trial but not designated by that jury as aggravating circumstances in support of the imposition of the first death penalty.
At appellant‘s first trial the jury was authorized to consider the following statutory aggravating circumstances: (1) The offense of murder was committed while the defendant was engaged in the commission of another capital felony; to wit, kidnapping with bodily injury (
Upon resentencing, the trial court charged that the jury was authorized to consider the same three statutory aggravating circumstances as listed above.2 The jury recommended sentencing appellant to death but this time
Appellant argues that by allowing the second jury, upon resentencing, to consider those statutory aggravating circumstances charged but not listed by the first jury in support of the death sentence, he is placed in double jeopardy since a finding of only one statutory aggravating circumstance by the first jury was an acquittal as to the other statutory aggravating circumstances that had been charged by the trial court but not listed by the jury in support of the first death sentence.
Recently, in Ward v. State, 239 Ga. 205, 208 (236 SE2d 365) (1977), this court held that in a capital case, if a defendant is sentenced to life on the first trial and later retried, a death sentence cannot be imposed at the conclusion of the second trial. This court found it impossible to say that the death penalty was not disproportionate where on the previous trial of the same case the jury imposed life imprisonment. Thus, Ward, supra, avoided the double jeopardy issue and based its decision on those factors to be considered in our review of the death sentence.
In the present case we do not have the issue as raised in Ward, supra. At appellant‘s first trial the jury sentenced him to death, and thus, upon retrial, the second jury was authorized to consider the death penalty as an
The double jeopardy clauses of the Federal and State Constitutions basically provide that no person shall be placed in jeopardy of life or liberty more than once for the same offense.
The United States Supreme Court, in United States v. Ball, 163 U. S. 662, 669 (1896), observed that, “The Constitution of the United States, in the Fifth Amendment, declares, ‘nor shall any person be subject [for the same offense] to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.’ The prohibition is not against being twice punished, but against being twice put in jeopardy . . .” (Emphasis supplied). Referring to this case, in Price v. Georgia, 398 U. S. 323, 326 (1970), the Supreme Court recognized that, “The ‘twice put in jeopardy’ language of the Constitution thus related to a potential, i. e., the risk that an accused for the second time will be convicted of the ‘same offense’ for which he was initially tried.” (Emphasis supplied.) Price, supra, goes on to state that, “. . . the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment is written in terms of potential risk of trial and conviction, not punishment.” Id. at 329. (Emphasis supplied.)
In the instant case the jury, at the first trial, found appellant guilty of the offense of murder. On appeal, appellant‘s conviction for murder was affirmed; however, the sentence for that offense reversed and a new trial ordered as to punishment. The appellant was not twice put in jeopardy of being convicted for the same offense since his conviction for murder was affirmed on appeal. Appellant‘s punishment was the only thing which remained to be decided by the jury upon his retrial. Further, the statutory aggravating circumstances as charged to the jury and as set forth in
For these reasons, appellant‘s enumeration of error is without merit.
7. Sentence Review. Our sentence review has included consideration of the aggravating circumstances found by the jury and the evidence introduced in court
The jury found as statutory aggravating circumstances that:
(1) the offense of murder was committed while the defendant was engaged in the commission of another capital felony, kidnapping with bodily injury (
(2) the offense of murder was outrageously or wantonly vile, horrible or inhumane in that it involved torture, depravity of mind, or aggravated battery to the victim (
Bob Redd has been determined to be of borderline intelligence with a passive aggressive personality bordering on being schizoid with much underlying hostility. Prior to the current episode, his criminal activity extending over a period of fifteen years has been reflected in conviction four times for theft.
In reviewing the death penalty in this case, we have considered the cases appealed to this court since January 1, 1970, in which a death or life sentence was imposed for murder and we find that those similar cases set forth in the appendix support affirmance of the death penalty. Bob Redd‘s sentence to death for murder is not excessive or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in similar cases considering both the crime and the defendant.
Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur, except Hall, J., who concurs specially as to Division 6, and Hill,
ARGUED SEPTEMBER 19, 1978 — DECIDED JANUARY 4, 1979 — REHEARING DENIED JANUARY 23, 1979.
Pierce & House, Stanley C. House, for appellant.
Richard E. Allen, District Attorney, Arthur K. Bolton, Attorney General, Daryl Robinson, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.
APPENDIX.
Gregg v. State, 233 Ga. 117 (210 SE2d 659) (1974); Moore v. State, 233 Ga. 861 (213 SE2d 829) (1974); Floyd v. State, 233 Ga. 280 (210 SE2d 810) (1974); Mitchell v. State, 234 Ga. 160 (214 SE2d 900) (1975); Berryhill v. State, 235 Ga. 549 (221 SE2d 185) (1975); Smith v. State, 236 Ga. 12 (222 SE2d 308) (1976); Dobbs v. State, 236 Ga. 427 (224 SE2d 3) (1976); Pulliam v. State, 236 Ga. 460 (224 SE2d 8) (1976); Birt v. State, 236 Ga. 815 (225 SE2d 248) (1976); Young v. State, 237 Ga. 852 (230 SE2d 287) (1976); Douthit v. State, 239 Ga. 81 (235 SE2d 493) (1977); Corn v. State, 240 Ga. 488 (240 SE2d 694) (1977); Thomas v. State, 240 Ga. 393 (242 SE2d 1) (1977); Stanley v. State, 240 Ga. 341 (241 SE2d 173) (1977); Campbell v. State, 240 Ga. 352 (240 SE2d 828) (1977); Alderman v. State, 241 Ga. 496 (246 SE2d 642) (1978).
HALL, Justice, concurring specially as to Division 6.
I cannot agree with the ratio decidendi in Division 6 of the majority opinion on the application of statutory aggravating circumstances in a death case.
The beginning point for me is the statute itself. That statute sets forth ten aggravating circumstances and then provides that the “. . . statutory instructions [aggravating circumstances] as determined by the trial judge to be warranted by the evidence shall be given in charge and in writing to the jury for its deliberation. The jury, if its verdict be a recommendation of death, shall designate in writing, signed by the foreman of the jury, the aggravating circumstance or circumstances which it found beyond a reasonable doubt.”
We must remember that the General Assembly of Georgia has set a very strict standard on double jeopardy under its Criminal Code by preventing a second prosecution where “there was a finding that the evidence did not authorize the verdict.”
In my opinion, the trial court erred in submitting to the jury the two aggravating circumstances upon which the jury in the first trial had made an implicit acquittal. The next question is whether or not the error was harmless because the second jury also found the defendant guilty of a third aggravating circumstance—the same one for which the first jury found him guilty. I believe that the error in this case was harmless.
In Price v. Georgia, 398 U. S. 323 (2) (1970), the defendant was charged with murder in his first trial and was convicted of voluntary manslaughter. After a successful appeal, the case was retried. The defendant was again charged with first degree murder and was
Price v. Georgia is, of course, a federal constitutional case, and I have been concerned merely with Georgia‘s statutory requirements. By analogy, however, Price v. Georgia points to the conclusion that only harmless error occurred in this case.
In Price, the second jury faced three alternatives: guilty of murder, guilty of voluntary manslaughter, or not guilty. If the jury were divided, guilty of voluntary manslaughter might represent a compromise verdict. The impermissible charge on murder, therefore, created an option for the jury which prejudiced its deliberations. On the other hand, Redd‘s jury in the sentencing phase faced two options: death or life imprisonment. No possible compromise existed which would produce a different sentencing result. The reasoning of Price v. Georgia is, therefore, inapplicable.
I concur in the judgment.
HILL, Justice, concurring in judgment only.
Regarding the use of previously omitted aggravating circumstances (footnote 2 to the majority opinion), see my concurring opinion in Davis v. State, 242 Ga. 901, 909, post. (1979).
34049. BURGESS v. THE STATE.
34049
Supreme Court of Georgia
HILL, Justice.
In October, 1978, appellant Raymond Burgess, Michael Dixon, Michael Anthony Booker and Terri Jean