22 F.2d 465 | 2d Cir. | 1927
REAM
v.
BOWERS.
Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
*466 Choate, Larocque & Mitchell, of New York City (William R. Bayes and Clarence V. S. Mitchell, both of New York City, of counsel), for plaintiff in error.
Charles H. Tuttle, U. S. Atty., of New York City (Samuel C. Coleman, Asst. U. S. Atty., of New York City, of counsel), for defendant in error.
Before L. HAND, SWAN, and AUGUSTUS N. HAND, Circuit Judges.
AUGUSTUS N. HAND, Circuit Judge (after stating the facts as above).
Under the Revenue Acts of 1913, 1916, and 1917 (40 Stat. 300) it was provided that there should be levied upon the net income received by each person a specified tax. Income was defined as including:
"Gains, profits, and income derived from salaries, wages, or compensation for personal service of whatever kind and in whatever form paid, or from professions, vocations, businesses, trade commerce, or sales, or dealings in property, whether real or personal, growing out of the ownership or use of or interest in real or personal property, also from interest, rent, dividends, securities, or the transaction of any business carried on for gain or profit, or gains or profits and income derived from any source whatever. * * *" Section 2 B, chapter 16, of the Act of October 3, 1913 (38 Stat. 167), and chapter 463, title 1, part 1, section 2 (a), of the Act of September 8, 1916 (Comp. St. § 6336b).
There was excepted from such taxable income "the value of property acquired by gift, bequest, devise or descent," but not the income from such property. Revenue Act 1916, § 4 (Comp. St. § 6336d). The question before us, therefor, is whether the direction by the testator in the sixteenth article of his will, "that my executors shall each be paid and shall each receive in full payment for all commissions, percentages, and allowances by statute or otherwise, for acting as executors of this my will, the sum of fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) each," created bequests that were exempt from taxation by the income tax acts, or whether it was nothing more than a provision for payment of compensation to the plaintiff and others for complete service as executors.
Plaintiff's counsel contends that the testamentary provisions directing payment of $50,000 to each of the executors of Norman P. Ream must, under the recent decision of the Supreme Court in United States v. Merriam, 263 U.S. 179, 44 S. Ct. 69, 68 L. Ed. 240, 29 A. L. R. 1547, be regarded as a bequest. But the language in that case was in the form of an ordinary bequest. The testator said in article eleventh of his will:
"I give and bequeath to my brother, Reginald C. Vanderbilt, five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000); to my uncle, Frederick W. Vanderbilt, two hundred thousand dollars ($200,000); to Frederick M. Davies, five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000); to Henry B. Anderson, two hundred thousand dollars ($200,000); to Frederick L. Merriam, two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($250,000); to Charles E. Crocker, ten thousand dollars ($10,000); and to Howard Lockwood, one thousand dollars ($1,000)."
No mention of executorial appointment *467 or duties was made in this article of the Alfred C. Vanderbilt will, the bequests greatly varied in amount, and the last two legatees were not among those afterwards named as executors. It goes without saying that the subsequent appointment of the first five legatees as executors and trustees under the will could by no possibility have given rise to the claim that these bequests should be regarded as compensation for services, except for the provision in the sixteenth article, which added to the appointment the words:
"The bequests herein made to my said executors are in lieu of all compensation or commissions to which they would otherwise be entitled as executors or trustees."
But, in view of the strict construction of taxing statutes (Gould v. Gould, 245 U.S. 151, 38 S. Ct. 53, 62 L. Ed. 211), and because of various decisions which had held that bequests to executors eo nomine, even when "for care and pains," were not to be regarded as compensation for acting as executor, but as legacies conditioned only upon proving the will, or unequivocally manifesting an intention to act, the Supreme Court construed the clauses of the Vanderbilt will as creating conditional bequests, and not as "compensation for personal service." The cases cited were Lewis v. Mathews, L. R. 8 Eq. Cas. 277, 281, Kirkland v. Narramore, 105 Mass. 31, 32, 7 Am. Rep. 497, Scofield v. St. John, 65 How. Pr. (N. Y.) 292, 294-296, Morris v. Kent, 2 Edw. Ch. 175, 179, and Harrison v. Rowley, 4 Vesey, 212, 215.
The precise meaning of the word "bequest" was not defined, but the words of the New York Court of Appeals in Orton v. Orton, *42 N. Y. (3 Keyes) 486, were quoted, where the court said that the term was not limited to a mere gratuity, but included "a thing given, either as a gratuity or as a recompense." Hence the word "bequest" may include a legacy in lieu of dower, a satisfaction of an indebtedness, or a gift to an executor upon the condition "that the person named shall, in good faith, clothe himself with the character."
In the Vanderbilt will the bequests in the eleventh article were in greatly varying amounts, though the duties of those afterwards named as executors in the sixteenth article were not differentiated, and would have been under the law identical; they were in the form of ordinary bequests; they were placed in an article of the will in which there was no appointment of executors or trustees, and alongside of other bequests to persons nowhere named as executors; there was no provision requiring the persons appointed executors to perform services, and so both this court and the Supreme Court construed the provisions as conditional bequests non-taxable as income.
The present will is altogether different. After making ample provision, both by way of simple legacies and trusts, for the two sons who were appointed executors, the testator deals with the compensation of his executors and trustees in article sixteenth. This article is directed solely to the subject of compensation for administrative duties. It provides that his executors "shall each be paid and shall each receive in full payment for all commissions, percentages, and allowances by statute or otherwise, for acting as executors of this my will, the sum of fifty thousand dollars ($50,000) each. * * *"
We find here no words of "bequest," but simply provisions for identical compensation for each executor, placed in a clause regulating compensation and nothing else, and directing that the executors each be paid a fixed sum for acting as executors. By the law of Connecticut, which governs the administration of this estate, there are no statutory commissions, and the court is to award what it deems reasonable. Hayward v. Plant, 98 Conn. 374, 119 A. 341. Here the testator perhaps had particular reason to fix the compensation himself. That he made the amounts equal both for his two sons and Mr. Bannard is strong indication that the provision was made only to compensate for services. An additional reason is that the clause fixing the fees of the executors is coupled in the same article of the will with a direction as to compensation of the plaintiff, his brother, Norman P. Ream, and the New York Trust Company as trustees, calculated upon a percentage basis.
But it is argued that the Supreme Court, in United States v. Merriam, supra, at page 183 (44 S. Ct. 69), refused to decide whether "an amount expressly left as compensation for services actually performed is still not a bequest excepted from taxation under the statute. These words, limiting the decision to the facts before the court in that case, certainly are not even a dictum which this plaintiff can invoke in support of his contention. Nor can they be regarded as referring to a clause in a will which is neither in form nor substance a bequest, but a simple direction as to compensation for services and nothing else. Such provisions have been held in various cases not to be bequests, but solely words of compensation for performance of *468 fiduciary duties. Richardson v. Richardson, 145 A.D. 541, 129 N. Y. S. 941; Matter of Brigg, 39 A.D. 485, 57 N. Y. S. 390; Ellington v. Durfey, 156 N. C. 253, 72 S.E. 194; Re Hay's Estate, 183 Pa. 296, 38 A. 622; Matter of Runyon's Estate, 125 Cal. 195, 57 P. 783.
It is contended that there is no requirement in this will for performance of services, and that here, as in the Merriam will, it was enough to qualify as executor to earn the $50,000. Such was not the ruling in Ellington v. Durfey, supra, where the court went so far as to deprive the estate of an executor of a lump sum given in addition to commissions "in full compensation for all services," because he died before the services were completed. We think the direction in the Ream will to pay $50,000 to each executor "for acting" as such contemplated payment for rendering the entire service, and can see no reason why the court could not have apportioned the compensation between an executor who resigned or died and his successor, Kemmerer, had such a contingency arisen.
When the testator directed payment of $50,000 "for acting" as executor, it seems unreasonable to suppose that he intended the full sum to be paid for a partial administration. It likewise seems improbable that he should have intended all compensation to be withheld because, owing to death or other compelling circumstance, an executor could not complete his administration. If an executor who had partly administered his trust had been obliged to resign or had died, we see no legal principle which would require the adoption of such a strict rule as that in the Ellington Case, supra, where no part of the gross sum directed to be paid for executorial duties was awarded. If such a contingency had happened, the estate would have benefited by the service of each executor, and enrichment could not have been justly allowed at the expense of either. The value of complete administration by a single executor is fixed by the will at $50,000, and the two executors, in the case assumed, would have performed aggregate services upon the basis of that compensation. It would be contrary to the apparent intention of the testator to burden the estate with two payments of $50,000 in case two executors were required to do the work of one, and equally unjust to pay the first executor nothing because he could not finish his task. To construe the prescribed compensation as payment for complete administration, capable of apportionment in case a successor should act, is the only way to carry out the intention of the testator, and to do justice in all contingencies.
The decisions which have allowed recovery in quasi contract for services which were to be paid for at the end of a fixed time, or for completion of a specified piece of work, when the failure to complete performance was due to no fault of the promisee, would seem to justify payments here of apportioned amounts, aggregating $50,000, based upon the relative value of the services of an executor, who had died or resigned, and those of his successor. Ryan v. Dayton, 25 Conn. 188, 65 Am. Dec. 560; Wolfe v. Howes, 20 N.Y. 197, 75 Am. Dec. 388; Clark v. Gilbert, 26 N.Y. 279, 84 Am. Dec. 189; Parker v. Macomber, 17 Rawle I. 674, 24 A. 464, 16 L. R. A. 858; Fenton v. Clark, 11 Vt. 557; Fuller v. Brown, 11 Metc. (Mass.) 440; Green v. Gilbert, 21 Wis. 395; Lakeman v. Pollard, 43 Me. 463, 69 Am. Dec. 77; Hayes v. Gross, 9 A.D. 12, 40 N. Y. S. 1098, affirmed 162 N.Y. 610, 57 N.E. 1112; Young v. Chicopee, 186 Mass. 518, 72 N.E. 63; Dame v. Wood, 75 N. H. 38, 70 A. 1081.
We agree with the opinion of Judge Hazel in the District Court that the $50,000 was directed to be paid for personal services, and nothing else, was not a bequest, conditional or otherwise, and consequently was taxable as income.
The judgment is therefore affirmed.