194 P. 1024 | Cal. | 1920
The complaint in this action purported to state two causes of action, one for money claimed as rent and one for money claimed as damages for the breach of an alleged covenant to rebuild. The action was prosecuted against defendants Rea, Kehrlein, and Sullivan, the original lessees, against Fillmore Arcade Company, a corporation, the assignee of the lease, and against the remaining defendants as stockholders in the latter corporation.
The undisputed facts are these: On July 1, 1906, the original lessees accepted a lease of the premises in question. By this lease they obligated themselves to erect forthwith upon the demised land buildings of the approximate value of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and they further obligated themselves to pay the sum of three thousand five hundred dollars monthly as rent for the said premises for the period of three years. The lessees further agreed that at the expiration of three years from the commencement of the lease they would either surrender possession, together with all buildings constructed upon the premises, accepting one-half of the appraised value of said buildings, or, at their option, continue in possession under the lease for three additional years, paying as rent the sum of two thousand five hundred dollars monthly and surrendering all interest in the buildings to the lessor. The lease also contained certain covenants relative to repairs which will be considered in detail elsewhere in this opinion. On December 14, 1906, this lease was assigned to defendant Fillmore Arcade Company and accepted by it. On May 28, 1909, defendant company gave notice of its election to continue in possession for the additional three-year period. On May 29, 1911, the buildings on the leased premises were destroyed by fire. The rent was paid up to the first of June of that year. On August 7, 1911, this action was commenced to recover rent for the months of June, July, and August, and to recover damages alleged to have been sustained by reason of defendant company's refusal to rebuild.
Judgment was entered in favor of plaintiff and against the original lessees and against defendant Fillmore Arcade Company upon the first cause of action. It was held, however, that defendant company's liability to pay the rent had been created at a time over three years prior to the bringing of *568
the action, and that, therefore, the action was barred as to the stockholders of the corporation under the provisions of section
This appeal has been taken by plaintiff from so much of the judgment as was adverse to it. Two questions are, therefore, presented for our consideration, the first relating to the time of the creation of the liability of defendant Fillmore Arcade Company to pay rent, the second relating to the construction of the covenants in the lease obligating the lessees to make repairs.
It is conceded that if the liability of defendant Fillmore Arcade Company to pay rent during the second three-year period was created when it accepted the assignment of the lease, the stockholders are subject to no liability in the present action, and that if, on the other hand, this liability was not created until the company exercised its option to continue in possession for this further period, the stockholders are liable herein for the rent demanded by plaintiff and appellant.
[1] In respect to the rights and liabilities of stockholders of a corporation there is a clear distinction between the creation of the liability of the corporation and the existence of a right of action against it. Upon this subject the cases uniformly hold that the liability of stockholders of corporations under section 322 of the Civil Code has its inception in the creation of the original liability of the corporation, and ceases at the end of three years after said date. (Hunt v. Ward,
It is an undisputed fact in the instant case that, neither at the time of the assignment of the lease to the defendant corporation, nor at any time subsequent thereto up to the time of the exercise of the option to extend the term of the *570 lease, was there any express agreement on the part of the assignee to be bound by the covenants of the lease. By the assignment of the lease, and until the exercise of the option to extend the term of the lease, any obligation of the corporation with respect to the premises in question was dependent upon mere occupancy under the assignment and arose solely by virtue of privity of estate.
The lease assigned to the defendant corporation contained a provision to the effect that, at the expiration of the three-year term, the lessee might, by giving notice, "elect to take a three years' extension of this lease at a monthly rental of twenty-five hundred ($2,500.00) dollars." The assignee elected to extend the term of the lease and, in May, 1909, served a written notice of election which contained the following statement: "This notice of election and intention is given under and upon and subject to all the terms and conditions in said lease contained." This express declaration that the parties were to be governed by the covenants of the lease, signed by the assignee and accepted by the lessor, definitely created and established a contractual relation between the lessor and the assignee and the covenants of the lease were made the measure of the rights and liabilities of the parties for the extended three-year period. It may be that, irrespective of the creation of a contractual relation, the liability of the corporation during the extended term arose upon its election to extend the term, inasmuch as, until that time, any liability for an extended term was entirely optional with the corporation. (Chambers v. Farnham,
[2] The contractual liability for the payment of rent during the extended term was created at the beginning of the extended term or at the time of the exercise of the option, each of which was less than three years before the commencement *571 of the present action, and it is upon this contractual liability upon the covenants of the lease that the present action is brought. It follows that the stockholders are liable for the rent sued for.
It then becomes necessary to determine the question of the liability of the defendant A. Ruef, sued as a stockholder of the defendant corporation. This defendant set up the defense that he was not a stockholder at the time the liability of the corporation was created, claiming that, in or about December, 1908, he transferred and assigned all of his stock in said corporation to one Henrietta Sittenfeld. The trial court found that said defendant Ruef was not the owner of the stock after December, 1908, basing its finding upon the testimony of said defendant to the effect that he had delivered a duly indorsed certificate representing his shares of stock to said Henrietta Sittenfeld and had requested the secretary of the corporation to issue the stock to the transferee. The court, however, further found that no transfer was, in fact, ever made upon the books of the corporation and that all of said shares have ever since remained on the books of the corporation in the name of said defendant Ruef. Judgment was rendered in favor of said defendant.
[3] In view of the fact that there was no specification of insufficiency of evidence, we must assume that the findings are supported by the evidence. The fact remains, however, that the findings as made are not sufficient to support the judgment in favor of Ruef. It is to be noted that this is not a case where shares of stock have been issued without authority in the name of a person who never assumed the relation of a stockholder, as was the fact in the cases relied upon by respondent Ruef. (Welch v. Gillelen,
The next point for consideration is whether or not the trial court erred in granting a nonsuit upon the cause of action for damages on the ground that the covenants to repair the buildings did not require the lessees to rebuild in case of total destruction of the buildings by fire.
[5] We are not in accord with respondents' suggestion that appellant has not presented a sufficient record for the consideration of this question because no proper offer of evidence appears to support the averments of the complaint. During the discussion arising upon the making of the motion for a nonsuit, plaintiff made a general offer of evidence *573 supporting all of the averments of its complaint, and the trial court in granting the motion obviously considered the offer sufficient to justify its consideration of the merits of the motion upon the larger ground of the inadequacy of the covenants in the lease to require the defendants to restore the destroyed structures upon the lands covered by it. The question in this larger aspect is, we think, properly before the court.
Nor do we favor respondents' contention that the action, if maintainable at all, has been prematurely brought, because the duty, if such existed, of the tenant in possession to restore the destroyed structures was one which, under the covenants in the lease requiring the tenant to surrender the premises in good order at the close of the term, could have been performed at any time before the close of such term, and that, therefore, there had been no default in its performance at the time of the institution of this action. If the covenants relied upon by appellant are sufficiently broad to require the tenant to restore the destroyed buildings, they were broken by the defendants' refusal to comply with the express demand in writing served upon them by the plaintiff and by the surrender of the premises by the tenant in possession to the plaintiff prior to the commencement of this action. [6] Moreover, the plea that an action has been prematurely brought is in the nature of a dilatory plea which must be specially pleaded in order to be taken advantage of by the defendant in such action. (Bemmerly v. Woodward,
We are also inclined to adopt appellant's contention that the covenants to repair contained in the lease are general covenants. These covenants read as follows:
"That the said lessees will repair and keep in good order, condition and repair the whole of said premises, at their own cost and expense and said lessees hereby expressly waive all right to make repairs at expense of landlord, as provided for in section
"The lessees hereby covenant and agree at their own cost and expense to keep in good order and repair all buildings and structures, and the piping and plumbing thereof, upon said property, and the sidewalks in front of the same. And in the event that new plumbing or piping, or new sidewalks or repairs to sidewalks, are at any time during the term or *574 any extension thereof required by the Municipal or other authorities, then as often as the same are so required the lessees shall furnish the same at their own cost and expense."
"The foregoing provision shall apply to all structures now upon said property which are not removed to make way for new buildings as herein provided for, and also to the said buildings and other structures which shall be built hereunder."
The lease also contained an agreement on the part of the lessees to surrender the premises "in as good state and condition as the same are now or may be put into, reasonable use and wear thereof, and damage by the elements, excepted."
[7] With respect to the first covenant, it is urged by respondents that the term "repairs," as used in the first clause, means only such repairs as are contemplated in sections
[8] With respect to the second covenant, it is even more obvious that the enumeration of particular items of repair was not intended to operate as a waiver of the obligation to make other repairs naturally comprehended in the agreement to "keep in good order and repair all buildings and structures . . ." (Italics ours.)
[9] It is appellant's contention that a general covenant to repair imposes an obligation to rebuild structures which have been completely destroyed. This must necessarily be the nature of appellant's claim, inasmuch as the amended complaint filed herein avers and repeatedly affirms the fact that the buildings upon the demised premises were destroyed by fire on the twenty-ninth day of May, 1911, and the general offer of proof made during the trial was confined to an offer to prove the averments of the complaint.
Upon the question as to whether or not a general covenant to repair imposes an obligation to rebuild structures completely destroyed, the decisions in the different jurisdictions are not harmonious. Appellant relies upon the early case of *575 Polack v. Pioche,
The rule is at most a rule of construction and is necessarily subject to such contrary or inconsistent rules of construction as may have been devised and promulgated by our own legislature. In 1872, after the decision in Polack v. Pioche,
By the contract the lessees were to have the use of a small and very valuable tract of land in a city for a certain period of time and in return for such use they were not only to pay a large sum in money each month, but were also to place upon the land buildings of very considerable value which were to become the property of the lessor, not only by operation of law (Civ. Code, sec.
It is urged, in appellant's behalf, that the fact that the value of the buildings erected by the lessees constituted a substantial portion of the consideration, for the lease indicates that it was the intention of the parties that the lessees should rebuild in case of destruction of the buildings. The lease under consideration sets forth the agreement on the part of the lessees to erect buildings on the property and specifically limits the amount to be so expended by the lessees to one hundred and fifty-five thousand dollars. It is reasonable to suppose that, if it was intended that the lessees were to assume liability for an additionl one hundred and fifty-five thousand dollars in case of the accidental destruction of the buildings, such liability would have been set forth with equal particularity. Moreover, appellant's argument in this particular is further weakened by the fact that, while it is true that the value of the buildings erected constituted an important part of the consideration for the lease, still the covenants with respect to the erection of buildings had been fully performed prior to the fire, the performance had been accepted by the lessor, and, by the express terms of the lease, all liability upon these covenants had ceased. The lease provided that if, at the end of the first three years, the lessees did not elect to extend the term, the lessor was to purchase from the lessees the buildings erected by them at half of the appraised value. On the other hand, if the lessees elected to extend the term, then, immediately upon the exercise of the option to extend, the buildings were to "belong to and become and remain the absolute property of the lessor, and in such event the lessees do hereby sell, assign, transfer and set over the said building or buildings to the said lessor." The lease expressly provided that the lessees' "obligation to erect buildings" should terminate at the end of the first three-year period. The buildings were destroyed during the second three-year term, after the exercise of the option and, therefore, after the buildings had become the property of the *578 lessor, after performance of the covenants to build had been completed by the lessees, and after these covenants "to erect buildings" had ceased to operate. The liability of a tenant cannot be extended to include the liability of an insurer of the property of another by implication or by aught save a clear and unequivocal agreement in any case where such liability is not created by operation of law.
[10] The general agreement to surrender the premises, at the expiration of the term, in as good condition as they may have been in at the beginning of or during the term must be construed with the other covenants in the lease prescribing the liability of the lessees in the event of damages to the premises. It follows that the agreements to keep the premises in good repair and, at the end of the term, to surrender them in as good condition as they were in at the beginning of or during the term are not, and do not include, a covenant to replace a structure totally destroyed by fire without the fault of the tenant. (Wattles v. Omaha etc. Co., supra; Miller v.Morris,
We conclude, therefore, that, under the covenants of the lease now under consideration, neither the original lessees nor their assignee, the tenant in possession, were required to rebuild the destroyed structures, and, consequently, that they are not bound to respond in damages for their failure to do so. The trial court did not err in granting a nonsuit as to plaintiff's second cause of action.
That part of the judgment which directs that the plaintiff take nothing upon the first cause of action as against the stockholders of the defendant corporation and the defendant A. Ruef is reversed; that part of the judgment which directs that plaintiff recover upon the first cause of action against the defendant corporation and the original lessees is affirmed. The judgment of dismissal of the second cause of action as to all of the defendants is affirmed.
Shaw, J., Sloane, J., Olney, J., Wilbur, J., Angellotti, C. J., and Lawlor, J., concurred.
Rehearing denied.
*579All the Justices concurred.