This is an action of tort, to recover damages for an injury to the plaintiff, arising from the negligence of the defendants. The defendants have suffered a default, and have thereby admitted a cause of action, as alleged, but not the alleged extent of the injury, and the question now before the court is as to the tribunal by which the quantum of damages is to be ascertained. The plaintiff insists that he has a constitutional right to have the questions of fact in regard to damages determined by a jury, while the defendants assert, that, in accordance with the practice of the state courts in Connectiсut, the damages are to be assessed by the court.
The seventh amendment to the constitution of the United States provides, that, “in suits at common law, whеre the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexaminеd in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.” By the first clause of the amendment, the right of trial by jury, in common law aсtions, was guaranteed. The right, and the same right, of jury trial, which then existed, was to remain undisturbed. In some of the state constitutions, the same idea is expressеd by the phrase, “shall remain inviolate.” By the common law, at the date of the adoption of the constitution, the trial of all issues of fact must be by a jury. By issuеs of fact are meant questions of fact, as distinguished from questions of law, which the result of the pleadings in each case shows to be in dispute or controversy between the parties; and a jury trial in issues of fact was the right of the litigant. In harmony with the constitutional right afterwards guaranteed by the seventh amendment, congress provided, in the twelfth section of the act of September 24th, 1789 (1 Stat 79, 80), that the trial of all issues of fact shall, in all suits, except those of equity and of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, be by jury. But the assessment of damages, 'upon a default, either in actions of tort or of contract, stood upon a different footing from the trial of issues of fact. In the early history of the common law, the subject of the ascertainment of damages wаs in some confusion. The courts frequently fixed the amount of damages on a judgment by default and on demurrer (Rolle, Abr. tit. “Damages”): and, “though the justices use to award inquest of damages, when they give judgment by default, yet they themselves may tax the damages, if they will” (Sedg. Dam. 598. 2d Ed.; vol. 3, Yin. Abr. p. 84, “Damages,” I). Courts had also the right of revising the аmount of damages which had been assessed upon a writ of inquiry. In 1765, the date of the publication of the first volume of Blackstone’s Commentaries,' the рractice had become settled, that, upon a default, damages should be assessed upon a writ of inquiry, by a sheriff’s jury; but a practice was “estаblished in the courts of king’s bench and common pleas, in actions where judgment is recovered by default upon a bill of exchange or a promissоry note, to refer it to the master or protlionotary, to ascertain what is due for principal, interest, and costs, whose report supersеdes the necessity of a writ of inquiry.” 3 Bl. Comm, (by Sharswood) 398, note 11. In 1848, before the enactment of the statute of 15 & 16 Yict. c. 76, § 94, in regard to the ascertainment of dаmages by a master, in actions of contract, it is said, in Whitaker v. Harrold, 12 Jur. 395, an action of covenant, that the court of queen’s bench had the pоwer to assess damages, on demurrer or default, without the intervention of a jury. The assessment of damages by a jury, in actions of tort, was, however, a mаtter of practice, and not of right. Chief Justice Wilmot held, in 1770, as had been previously declared in 1764, that a writ of inquiry, in an action of tort, is an inquest of office, to inform the conscience of the court, which could itself have assessed the damages, without any inquest. Beardmore v. Carrington, 2 Wils. 244; Bruce v. Rawlins, 3 Wils. 61; 2 Finlаson’s Reeves’ History of English Law, 610.
In the 20th section of the act of September 24, 1789 (1 Stat. 87), congress provided, that, in all causes to recover the forfeiture annexed to any article of agreement, covenant, bond, or other specialty, where the forfeiture, breach or non-perfоrmance shall appear by the default or confession of the defendant, or upon demurrer, the court shall render judgment therein for the plаintiff, to recover so much as is due according to equity; and that, when the sum for which judgment should be rendered is uncertain, the same shall, if either of the parties request it, be assessed by a jury. This section is reproduced in section 961 of the Revised Statutes. No provision was made for assessing damages in aсtions of tort. By the 17th section of the same act, the United States courts were empowered to establish all necessary rules for the orderly conducting of business in said courts, provided such rules were not repugnant to the laws of the United States. It is said by Judge Washington, in Golden v. Prince [Case No. 5,509], in speaking generally of the rules of practice, that the different circuit courts, at their first sessi ons, adopted the state practice as it then existed. In 1797, the supreme court decided, in Brown v. Van Braam, 3 Dall. [3 U. S.] 344, upon a writ of error from
The practice in this state, at the date of the adoption of the constitution, in regard to the assessment of damages, is easily ascertained. Judge Swift, in his System, published in 1790, says: “Our courts possess the same power to assess damages as a jury in England, upon a writ of inquiry issued to the sheriff for that purpose. There, in these eases, thе court must issue a writ to the sheriff, commanding him, by twelve men, to inquire into the damages, and make return to the court, which process is called a writ of inquiry. The sheriff sits as judge, and there is a regular trial by twelve jurors, to assess the damages. This mode of proceeding must be productive of expense and delаy; and the practice of this state, introduced by our courts, without the authority of a statute, of assessing the damages themselves, without the intervention оf a jury, is one of the many instances in which we have improved upon the common law of England.” 2 Swift, Syst. Law Conn. 2GS. This practice of the courts was afterwards sanctioned by statute (Revision 1S21, p. 50, § 59), and has remained the law of the state ever since.
The practice of the United States courts, in the different circuits, has not been uniform. The more common method has been to assess damages by a jury, upon a writ of inquiry, but it is believed that the practice hаs conformed to the usages of the state in which the circuit court was held. 2 Abb. U. S. Prac. 50. In this district, neither the custom of calling in a marshal’s jury to assess damages, nor the assessment by a petit jury, under the direction of the court, has prevailed.
The conclusion is, that the assessment of damages by a jury, upon а default, is matter of practice, and not of right; and that the assessment should be made in this case according to the uniform practice of the state courts. Let the damages be assessed by the court, or, if the parties agree, by the clerk, as committee, to find and report the facts and the amount of damages.